Karl Hotz

Karl Hotz (born April 29, 1877 in Wertheim , † October 20, 1941 in Nantes ) was a German engineer and officer in the Wehrmacht . As head of field command 518 of the German military administration in occupied France , Hotz was murdered on October 20, 1941 by a communist resistance group of the Resistance in Nantes. The act had serious consequences: just two days later, at the instigation of the German military administration, 48 hostages were taken at Châteaubriant (25), Dept. Executed Loire-Atlantique , near Nantes (13) and in Fort Mont Valérien near Paris . Follow-up acts led to the shooting of another 95 hostages. In three subsequent trials, 47 people were sentenced to death and 14 relatives (if known) shot as hostages or deported and killed in concentration camps .

Life

Before the war

North entrance to the Saint-Félix tunnel

Karl Hotz had a doctorate in engineering and had served as a reserve officer in the First World War . In 1929 he came to Nantes as a manager of the construction company Carl Brandt, Düsseldorf , to carry out construction planning on the Loire and Erdre as part of the Dawes plan (German war reparations) . He was responsible for backfilling the Erdre in the urban area of ​​Nantes to one kilometer (today "Cours de 50 - Otages") and the construction of the "Saint-Félix tunnel", which replaced the surface waterway. In 1933 he returned to Germany. During his time in Nantes, he had made contact with the city's upper society.

Field Commander in Nantes

Immediately after the end of the fighting in the western campaign , the German occupation forces occupied French administrative units with military field commanders, usually older reserve officers. In this context, Karl Hotz came to Nantes as field commander in the rank of lieutenant colonel . Following instructions from the Prefect of the Loire-Atlantique (Nantes) department, Edmond Duméril, German teacher at the Lycée Clemenceau, acted as a liaison to the field command. Duméril, who, like Hotz , had studied at the University of Tübingen , described Hotz in his diary as a just, intelligent man, in no way a Hitlerian and a friend of the French . He had shown no arrogance (at the first meeting) , no joy in the victory (over France) , a cultivated and humble man who seemed to be suffering from an inner pain .

One episode is seen as characteristic of the actions of Field Commander Hotz: On the night of August 30th to 31st, 1940, a war memorial reminiscent of the Franco-Prussian War was almost overturned by unknown persons. Hotz then ordered the inclined monument to be cleared for safety reasons. The mayor of Nantes, Auguste Pageot (1884–1962), a member of the socialist Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière (SFIO), had then undertaken a funeral march to the statue in a political gesture. For this he was arrested by Hotz, but not brought before a court martial, but exiled in the free part of France. This decision was expressly welcomed by the prefecture in Nantes.

As field commander, Hotz was court lord in his area of ​​command. On January 22, 1941, the field judge under his command sentenced a French civilian who had violently assaulted a German soldier to death, not as the prosecution had requested, but to a prison sentence of 18 months. The verdict, which was unusually mild in the comparison, came about because the judge had rated the act as bodily harm under the Reich Criminal Code.

attack

prehistory

The territory of the military commander in France General Otto von Stülpnagel had remained without internal attacks from the armistice (June 22, 1940) to the beginning of the German-Soviet War (June 22, 1941). At this stage of World War II , the Soviet Union was in a non-aggression pact with the German Reich . As a result, the Moscow Comintern headquarters ordered the Parti Communiste Français (PCF) not to take any action against the German occupying power. With a telegram from the Comintern to the PCF of April 26, 1941, this line changed: A National Front was now to be formed, which from May 1941 only existed as an invitation to take action and which was only organized in autumn 1942 (!). On August 13th, members of the Bataillons de la Jeunesse formed by the PCF gathered in front of the metro station Strasbourg-St. Denis at a rally at which Samuel Tyszelman (1921–1941) and Henri Gautherot (1920–1941) were arrested and executed on August 19.

Two days later, on August 21, 1941, the first assassination attempt against a representative of the German occupation forces with a fatal outcome followed as revenge. The naval administrative assistant Alfons Moser was shot in the Paris metro station Barbès-Rochechouart by the PCF member Pierre Georges ( Frédo , later Colonel Fabien ) (1919-1944); Georges was accompanied by Gilbert Brustlein (1919–2009). On the same day, strangers fired a shot at Sergeant Schötz in the Bastille metro station , but he missed his target. For the assassination attempt on Alfons Moser, six French prisoners were sentenced to death and executed under pressure from the German occupying forces by a French special court that was newly constituted on August 14, 1941. On the day after the two attacks, the military commander in France declared all French prisoners in German hands hostage with the threat that a number of them would be shot in a number commensurate with the seriousness of the crime if the attack was repeated .

On September 3, 1941, the non-commissioned officer of the commandant's transport department (Paris) Ernst Hoffmann was shot by strangers. Hoffmann was accompanied by his bride, who had received permission to visit. The act took place at around 10 p.m. in front of Hoffmann's accommodation, the Hotel Terminus on Rue Strasbourg. Two days later, the commander of Greater Paris, Ernst Schaumburg, gave the military commander a list of 10 hostages with reference to the hostage release, the first three of which were executed on September 6th on Mont Valérien . On September 6, 10 and 11 there were further attacks, which resulted in injuries to the victims. In retaliation, the military commander ordered the shooting of 10 communist hostages. The executions were carried out on September 16 on Mont Valérien.

On September 15, an assassination attempt on Captain Wilhelm Scheben (Transport Command Paris-Nord) ended in death. Scheben had also lived in the Hotel Terminus and was shot from a car on the nearby Boulevard de Strasbourg. He passed away on September 17th. The military commander ordered the shooting of 12 communist hostages on the same day, which was carried out on September 20 on Mont Valérien.

Carried out on October 20, 1941

Rue du Roi Albert, view of the Saint Pierre et Saint Paul cathedral ; the attack took place in front of the last house in front of the cathedral on the right side of the street

The German occupying power had assessed the security situation in France as not threatened in August and September. The attacks have so far not affected internal security by and large (sic!) , Judged the situation report of the military commander for the months August – September. This should change with the assassination attempt on Karl Hotz. It was the first attack by communist resistance members on a high-ranking member of the German occupation forces in France, followed by another assassination attempt the following day in Bordeaux, which killed Reimer's War Administrator. Ernst Jünger , who worked in Department Ic (enemy reconnaissance, information analysis, defense) of the command staff of the military commander in France from June 1941 to August 1944, reported in detail on the attacks and their consequences in his memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42.

In the early morning of October 20th, Lieutenant Colonel Hotz and his adjutant Dr. Wilhelm Sieger of both residential quarters, leaving the Hotel Central with the aim of the local command at the Place St. Pierre. Two shots were fired shortly before at 1 Rue du Roi Albert. Hotz fell with the cry "O, you villains". Sieger tried to chase the assassin who fled via the Place St. Pierre in front of the cathedral, but was unarmed. The two identified perpetrators could "jump away". A French doctor hurried up to find that death had occurred quickly.

Karl Hotz was buried on October 24th in the Pont du Sens cemetery. At the funeral, a film sequence of which is available, A. part Lieutenant General Karl-Ulrich Neumann-Neurodde (1876-1958), head of the military administrative district B (southwestern part of occupied France), the neighboring field commanders as well as the regional prefect Jean Roussillon (1896-1970) (Angers: Loire-Inférieure, Maine-et -Loire, Mayenne, Sarthe and part of Indre-et-Loire), the Prefect of the Department of Loire-Inferieure Philippe Dupard and the Mayor of Nantes. In 1955 the grave was reburied in the Pornichet war cemetery. Grave 655 is in Block 2, Row 21.

German reactions

Around 8 o'clock, Lieutenant Kalbhenn informed his superior in Angers, Captain Dr. Schrader, Ic on the staff of Military Region B, on the attack. This forwarded the information to Major i. G. Hans Crome continued on the staff of the military commander in Paris. Schrader and one representative each of the Secret Field Police and the Security Service (SD) drove from Angers to Nantes and arrested the Prefect (Loire-Atlantique), his senior officials and dignitaries of the city for anti-German activities.

As early as 10.30 a.m., Field Marshal Keitel sent word in a flash that the Fiihrer had heard of the murder of Field Commander Hotz and that the latter considered exemplary retaliation to be appropriate. The French would have to be punished in such a way that they would implore England to stop further attacks in France. Field Marshal Keitel cited the shooting of 100 to 150 hostages and the suspension of a premium of one million gold francs for recording the perpetrator as evidence for the retaliatory measures. The military commander was instructed to submit the measures he intended to the Wehrmacht High Command by 12 noon. In this conversation, the Field Marshal General emphasized that it would be inexpedient for the military commander's proposals to be too mild.

The military commander-in-chief Otto von Stülpnagel immediately reported from his Paris headquarters at 11.50 a.m. that he intended to have 100 hostages shot, to take more prisoners hostage and to offer a million gold francs as a bonus at the expense of the French government. At 1.30 p.m. the Army Quartermaster Eduard Wagner (1895-1944) announced that the Army Commander-in-Chief, Colonel General Walther von Brauchitsch (1881-1948) had agreed to these measures in coordination with Adolf Hitler .

In view of the possible effect of the awarded bonus, a query was made to the Rastenburg Führer headquarters , which General Wagner answered by telephone at 14.05. 50 hostages were to be shot immediately; the other executions were to be suspended for two days. The 50 hostages were then compiled from various lists, the majority of them Communists, but also those convicted of possession of weapons or acts of violence against German military personnel, as well as three board members of the National Front Fighters Association from Nantes who had just been imprisoned. As it turned out in retrospect that two of the hostages were still free on the day of the attack, they were removed from the list, so that ultimately 48 hostages were convicted.

Culprit and consequences

On October 21, the prefecture of the Loire-Inférierue offered a premium of 700,000 francs to apprehend the perpetrators

On October 13, 1941, Pierre George formed the assassination squad as a three-person cell at the Montparnasse train station in Paris. The group was led by René Spartaco Guisco (1919–1942), a thirty-year-old veteran of the International Brigades in the Spanish Civil War . The other two members were the very young Marcel Boudourias (1924–1942) and Gilbert Brustlein (1919–2009), who had participated in the assassination attempt on Hans Moser. Brustlein was a protégé of Odile Arrighi (1923-?), The eighteen-year-old leader of the Jeunesse Communiste in the posh 7th arrondissement of Paris ; he led, under Pierre Georges, the battalions de la Jeunesse of the 11th arrondissement . Because of the pressure of persecution in the aftermath of the Moser attack, activities should be shifted to cities in the west. Therefore, a meeting was planned by Georges on October 18 in Nantes, where the three were with Jean Vignau-Balous (1911-1945), the head of the battalions de la Jeunesse in the Loire-Inférieure department. Georges- Fabien came to Nantes on October 18 and gave the group three orders: They were supposed to sabotage a railway line, kill a German officer as high as possible, and bring a cargo of explosives stolen the previous month to Paris.

In the early morning of October 20, they installed a cargo of explosives on the Nantes-Saint-Nazaire-Vannes railway line in the urban area. While Bourdourias stayed on site and observed the explosion at 5:50 a.m., the other two went into the city center and met the wanted senior German officer at 7:30 a.m., whose name and position they did not yet know at the time. Brustlein hit Field Commander Karl Hotz in the back with two shots from his 6.35 mm pistol, while Guisco's weapon failed, which saved Hauptmann Sieger's life.

Brustlein and Guisco stayed in town until the afternoon and then separated. On October 21, Brustlein reached Nozay Atlantique, 45 km away, on foot, boarded the bus to Rennes and reached Paris by train on the evening of October 21. Bourdourias and Brustlein, however, had committed the imprudence in eating in the same restaurant on all five days of their presence in Nantes. On November 2, the owner of the restaurant, who suspected the connections, informed the police. In a photo taken during the demonstration in Paris in August, she recognized breasts. Captain Siebert, who had seen the faces of Guisco and Brustlein, confirmed the identification, and thus Brustlein was also known by name and as the shooter of the attack.

On October 30, 1941, the French police succeeded in arresting four members of Brustlein's Paris group, followed by three more arrests by January 6. The police first arrested Roger Hanlet on October 30, 1941, who had been denounced for possession of weapons. Hanlet had apparently lost his nerve and gave extensive testimony on the way to the interrogation in the Quai des Orfèvres . He called u. a. the two addresses of Brustlein, namely the place of residence of the mother, Susanne Momon, rue de Montreuil and the room that Brustlein rented together with Ferdinand Zalnikow, 126, avenue Philippe-Auguste. Both places were now under police surveillance; Zalnikow could be arrested when entering the room. Brustlein, warned, escaped, while Roger Hanlet (1922–1942), Asher Semahya (1915–1942), Robert Peltier (1921–1942), Christian Rizo (1922–1942), Tony Bloncourt (1921–1942), Pierre Milan ( 1924–1942) and Fernand Zalkinow (1923–1942) were sentenced to death after a trial in the Palais Bourbon (March 2–6 , 1942) and executed on March 9, 1942 at Fort Mont Valérien. Zalkinow's parents Nojme Zalkinow and Haina Kantof (Anna Zalnikow) were detained in Santé prison in February 1942. As "parents of terrorists" they were held hostage according to the Oberg decree of July 10, 1942. Nojme or Noèl Zalnikow was shot on August 11, 1942 on Mont Valérien together with the father of Pierre Georges ( colonel Fabien ), Felix Georges (1887–1942), the mother to Auschwitz, the sisters Rachel and Juliette and Juliette's husband Raymond Moyen deported to the Sobibor extermination camp . The account of the priest accompanying the executions, reproduced by Boris Dänzer-Kantof, testifies to the harrowing reality of a death on Mont Valérien.

It is unknown how the other two assassins reached Paris. In any case, Bourdourias and Guisco rejoined their Paris resistance group and participated in various bomb attacks, including a. on the German bookstore Rive Gauche and in the assassination attempt on Lieutenant Rahl. The group killed two German soldiers. She was identified by the French police in early January and Bourdourias was arrested and tortured on January 5th. The trial of 27 arrested members of the Bataillons de la Jeunesse and the Organization spéciale (OS), known as the Brustlein circles in Germany, took place after torture by the Secret Field Police before a court martial in the Maison de la Chimie from April 7-14, 1942. It ended with 23 death sentences, which were carried out on April 17, 1942 at Fort Mont Valérien, among them Guisco and Bourdourias. The two female defendants Marie-Thérèse Lefebvre and Simone Schloss received prison terms and were deported to Germany, Simone Schloss was beheaded as a Jew on July 2, 1942 in Cologne prison. The youngest defendant, André Kirschen (15), was sentenced to 10 years in prison, deported to Germany and liberated on April 10, 1945. The harshness of the German and French judiciary is evident in his family: Brother Bernard (1921–1942) and father André of the Jewish boy were executed on August 11, 1942 on Mont Valérien, the mother was deported to Auschwitz in September 1942, where she Found death. As a general reaction to the series of attacks in November and December 1941, on December 6th, the military commander asked the Army High Command to shoot 100 hostages, a fine of 1 billion francs for the Jews of Paris, and the internment of 1,000 Jews and 500 young communists The purpose of their deportation to the east announced. The Fuehrer's approval decision came on December 12th. Finally, on December 15, 1941, 95 communists, Jews and anarchists were executed in various locations in France.

Gilbert Brustlein after the assassination attempt

After the arrest of Hanlet, Zalnikow and Milans, on October 31, Brustlein met the Spanish communist Conrado Miret-Muste (1906–1942) from the OS's Main d'Œuvre Immigrée (MOI). This initially brought him temporarily to a restaurant ( la Mère My ), a meeting place for communist resistance groups. Then Miret-Muste convinced Colonel Jules Dumont (1888-1943), co-founder of the OS and former commander of the Battalion Commune de Paris in the Spanish Civil War, that Brustlein could find accommodation in the OS explosives laboratory, which was run by France Bloch-Sérazin (1913-1943). was operated. In mid-November, a police agent recognized Brustlein in la Mère My , who was having lunch there with the guard of the laboratory, Louis Coulibeuf (1901–1942), whereupon the restaurant and the surrounding area were monitored. On November 25, 1941, the Brigades Spécials (anti-communist police unit) under the direction of police officer Fernand David (1908-1945) discovered the nearby laboratory on Avenue Debidour.

As a result, 30 arrests were made; 16 accused were sentenced to death on September 9, 1942 by the field war tribunal of the commandant of Greater Paris in the Hotel Continental ( Place Vendôme ), among them Coulibeuf and France Bloch-Sérazin. The latter died under the guillotine in the courtyard of the Hamburg remand prison. However, five days before the laboratory was discovered, on November 20 and one day after the photo of Brustlein had appeared in the newspapers, Pierre Georges- Fabien had apparently met Brustlein and advised him to flee France. Brustlein fled to Spain via unoccupied France, was arrested under a false name in the Francist concentration camp Miranda , escaped there and finally reached England via Gibraltar, where he joined the Forces françaises libres .

Suzanne Momon

Gilbert Brustlein's mother, Suzanne Momon (1896–1943), raised her sons Gilbert and André alone. The father, Gustave Brustlein, came from a Protestant family in Mulhouse, Alsace. Seriously ill with tuberculosis as a soldier, he died in 1920 before the wedding. Gilbert, then eight months old, and his brother were therefore not considered war orphans; she and her mother did not receive a pension. Suzanne Momon worked as a seamstress; the apartment was on rue Montreuil in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine . On October 30 or November 1, presumably on the testimony of Roger Hanlet, Suzanne was arrested and taken to the Santé prison in Paris, as were the parents of Zalkinov and Peltier and Milan's mother. In March 1942 Suzanne, Rachel Zalnikow and their two daughters were transferred to the prisons of La Roquette . On August 7, 1942, she was taken to the Fort de Romainville internment camp . From here they were transported with a total of 230 women from the resistance movement to the Royallieu concentration camp on January 22, 1943 , and on the following day they were loaded into wagons with 1,220 other prisoners and deported to Auschwitz via Halle. The convoy of 31,000 (transport train with the 31,000 numbers) was the only transport of women resistance fighters to Auschwitz. Later transports of female prisoners went to the Ravensbrück concentration camp . Of the 230 women, only 49 survived the deportation. Suzanne Momon with the Auschwitz number 31686 died in February or March 1943.

Hostage shootings

27 hostages from Chateaubriant

After the liberation , a letter from the sub-prefect Bernard Lecornu (1906-1993) to the German authorities was found in the (German) commandant's office of Châteaubriant, which accompanied a list of 60 names. The letter allows the conclusion that Lecornu and the then French interior minister Pierre Pucheu had worked particularly hard on a selection of communist hostages. These had been in Camp de Choisel , a barrack camp near Chateaubriant, about 20 kilometers north of Nantes , since May 1941 . 27 hostages were selected, including 17 from the Pucheus list, and 10 more were added by the German military, among them the 17-year-old Guy Môquet (1924–1941). The most prominent victim was Charles Michels (1903-1941), a former member of the National Assembly for the 15th arrondissement of Paris . The farewell letters, a selection of which Ernst Jünger has included in his documentation as an appendix, show that the hostages were taken from the barracks shortly after lunch and gathered in the empty barrack 6. There they were told their fate. From 1.30 p.m. on they wrote their farewell letters. Lecornu was there to bid us farewell and to express his regret . The hostages were driven with three German military trucks to a nearby sand pit (today: Carrière des Fusillés ) and shot there in three groups between 15.50 and 16.10. The terrible circumstances are described in detail in a joint work by the citizens of Chateaubriants.

Memorial steles in the Carrière des Fusillés sand pit near Chateaubriant

16 hostages from Nantes

The 16 hostages from Nantes, detained under German administration in the Nantes Lafayette central prison and in the Rochette military prison, died in four groups at the Bêle firing range on the northern city limits of Nantes. Among them were five veterans of World War I, including the leg amputee industrialist Jost Léon (1884–1941), president of the Associations d'anciens combattants et victimes de la guerre de la Loire-Inférieure and commander of the Legion of Honor , and Alexandre Fourny (1898–1941) 1941), lawyer and deputy mayor of Nantes, severely damaged by the war and awarded the Order of Chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 1918 for special bravery . Four hostages were young resisters who had been sentenced to prison terms that had been served on remand. Karl Hotz wanted them to be released, but the Gestapo continued to detain them. The youngest among them, André Le Moal (1923–1941), was not yet eighteen years old. Among the remaining hostages were communists and men who had been violent against German soldiers.

5 hostages from Paris

Among the five hostages held at Fort Romainville were three resistance fighters and two Nantes citizens. The hostages were sentenced at 2.30 p.m. and shot at 3.30 p.m. at Fort Mont Valérien. Pastor Franz Stock had given them ecclesiastical support.

French reactions

On October 25, 1941, after another 50 hostages had been shot the day before in Bordeaux, General de Gaulle turned to the French on BBC radio : En fusillant nos martyrs, l'ennemi a cru qu'il allait faire peur à la France! La France va lui montrer qu'elle n'a pas peur de lui ... (By shooting our martyrs, the enemy believes he is bringing fear to France! France will show him that it knows no fear of him ...) , and called for a symbolic general strike of five minutes. By decree of November 11, 1941, he awarded the city of Nantes the honorary title Compagnon de la Liberation . According to Ernst Jünger, Marshal Pétain (1856–1951) instructed Minister Pucheu and State Secretary Benoist-Méchin (1901–1983) to submit a declaration to the military commander in which he asked for an act of grace from the Führer. Pucheu and Benoist-Méchin then sought out the military commander in chief Stülpnagel on the evening of October 24, who, with the support of the German ambassador in Paris, Otto Abetz , (1903-1958), finally got Hitler to defer the shooting of another 100 hostages.

After 1945

The Monument aux Cinquante Otages designed by Jean Mazuet stands at the northern end of the 800 meter long and 70 meter wide Cours des 50-Otages . A female figure with an ear of wheat symbolizes the rebirth of France, a male with a sword the Resistance.

Gilbert Brustlein worked as an accountant after the war. In August 1950, in an article by l'Humanité, he confessed himself to being the Nantes assassin. In 1952 he returned his party membership card. In 1989 his book Le Chant d'amour d'un terroriste à la retraite was published .

In the north of the Cours des cinquante Otages a 13.5 meter high memorial was commemorated in 1952 in memory of the 50 (48) hostages. Every year on October 22nd there is a solemn ceremony.

Film and media

Volker Schlöndorff's TV film Das Meer am Morgen (in France: La Mer à l'aube ) from 2011 describes the events focusing on Ernst Jünger and the hostages of Chateaubriant. The film was released on Arte in March 2012 .

A postage stamp from the former GDR was dedicated to the hostages of Chateaubriant.

GDR postage stamp from 1974: dedicated to the hostages of Chateaubriant

The Musée des Ducs de Bretagne - Musée d`Histoire de Nantes has an interview with Gilbert Brustlein published on YouTube from 2002, realized by Marc Grangien and students of the Lycée de Montaigu. I never regretted it, it was war .

Individual evidence

1. ^ Robert Gildea: Mediators or Time-servers? Local Officials and Notabels in the Loire Valley . In: Bruno de Wever, Herman van Goethem, Nico Wouters (eds.): Local Government in Occupied Europe (1939–1945) . Academia Press, Gent 2006, ISBN 978-90-382-0892-3 , pp. 183 .
2. ^ Robert Gildea: Mediators or Time-servers? Local Officials and Notabels in the Loire Valley . In: Bruno de Wever, Herman van Goethem, Nico Wouters (eds.): Local Government in Occupied Europe (1939–1945) . Academia Press, Gent 2006, ISBN 978-90-382-0892-3 , pp. 183 .
3. ^ Edmond Duméril: Journal d'un honnête homme pendant l'occupation (juin 1940-août 1944) . Ed .: Présenté et annoté par Jean Bourgeon. Albaron, Thonon-les-Bains (Haute-Savoie) 1990, pp. 31 .
4. ^ Robert Gildea: Mediators or Time-servers? Local Officials and Notabels in the Loire Valley . In: Bruno de Wever, Herman van Goethem, Nico Wouters (eds.): Local Government in Occupied Europe (1939–1945) . Academia Press, Gent 2006, ISBN 90-382-0892-8 , pp. 182 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
5. ^ Gael Eismann: The procedure of the armed forces justice against the population in France 1940-1944. The escalation of a seemingly legal criminal justice system . In: Claudia Bade, Lars Skowronski, Michael Viebig (eds.): Nazi military justice in World War II: an instrument of discipline and repression in a European dimension . 1st edition. V&R Unipress, Göttingen 2015, ISBN 978-3-8471-0372-1 , p. 116–117 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
6. ^ Daniel Virieux: Front national. In: François Marcot, Robert Laffont (eds.). Dictionnaire historique de la Resistance. 2006, p. 124
7. ^ Daniel Grason, Gérard Larue: Tyszelman Samuel (Szmul), Cecel. April 2, 2014, accessed March 7, 2019 . 
8. ^ Jean-Pierre Besse, Daniel Grason, Gérard Larue: GAUTHEROT Henri, Auguste. January 31, 2019, accessed on March 7, 2019 (the last letter is also printed here). 
9. ↑ Ce Jeudi 21 Aout 1941, 8 Heures. In: l ´Humanité. journal du PCF. Parti Communiste Francais, August 23, 1994, accessed February 24, 2019 (French). 
10. ↑ Ernst Jünger: On the hostage question. Description of the cases and their effects . In: Sven-Olaf Berggoetz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42. The Moser case (ed.): Quarterly issues for contemporary history . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, p. 418 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
11. ↑ Boris Dänzer-Kantof: Attentat du métro Barbès-Rochechouart (21 août 1941). In: Musée de la Resistance en Ligne. Fondation de la Résistance, accessed March 18, 2019 . 
12. ↑ Ernst Jünger: On the hostage question. Description of the cases and their effects . In: Sven-Olaf Berggoetz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42. The case of Hoffmann (ed.): Quarterly issues for contemporary history . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, p. 422 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
13. ↑ Management report August-September (MBF). Sections special. See Journal Officiel of 23 August 1941, pp. 3550f .: N ° 3515. - Loi du 14 août 1941 réprimant l'activité communiste ou anarchiste. In: La France dans la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. 1941, accessed February 25, 2019 (French). 
14. ^ Claudia Moisel: France and the German war criminals: Politics and practice of criminal prosecution after the Second World War . Wallstein, Göttingen 2004, ISBN 3-89244-749-7 , p. 29 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
15. ↑ Ernst Jünger: On the hostage question. Description of the cases and their effects . In: Sven-Olaf Berggoetz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42. The Moser case (ed.): Quarterly issues for contemporary history . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, p. 419 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
16. ↑ Ernst Jünger: On the hostage question. Description of the cases and their effects . In: Sven-Olaf Berggoetz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42. The case of Hoffmann (ed.): Quarterly issues for contemporary history . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, p. 421–422 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
17. ↑ Ernst Jünger: On the hostage question. Description of the cases and their effects . In: Sven-Olaf Berggoetz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42. Measures based on the cases of Blasius Hoffmann, Deneke and Knop (ed.): Quarterly books for contemporary history . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, p. 425 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
18. ↑ Ernst Jünger: On the hostage question. Description of the cases and their effects . In: Sven-Olaf Berggoetz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42. The Scheben case (ed.): Quarterly books for contemporary history . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, p. 426 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
19. ↑ Management report August-September (MBF). In: La France dans la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Institut d'histoire du temps présent (IHTP), accessed on February 25, 2019 (French). 
20. ↑ on the development of the French Resistance, in particular the role of the Parti Communiste de France, PCF : Steffen Prauser: France: Resistance against collaboration and occupying power 1940-1944 . In: Gerd R. Ueberschär (Hrsg.): Handbook on resistance against National Socialism and Fascism in Europe 1933/39 to 1945 . Walter de Gruyter, 2010, ISBN 978-3-598-44092-2 , p. 100–107 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
21. ↑ Sven Olaf Berggötz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42 . In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, The Nantes Assassination , p. 404–472 , here pp. 427–432 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]). Ernst Jünger, On the Hostage Question. Description of the cases and their effects. With a foreword by Volker Schlöndorff. In: Sven Olaf Berggötz (Ed.): Historical magazine . tape
     297 , no. 1 . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-608-93938-5 , pp. 256 , doi : 10.1524 / hzhz.2013.0385 ( degruyter.com ).
22. ↑ Sven Olaf Berggötz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42 . In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, The Nantes Assassination , p. 404–472 , here p. 428 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
23. ↑ library: obsèques à Nantes du lieutenant colonel Hotz. LÓuest en Mémoire, accessed March 7, 2019 . 
24. ↑ Nick Hare: Dr Karl Holtz - Wrong place wrong time -. (PDF) In: The Wargraves Photogravic Project. Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC), July 2011, accessed February 18, 2019 (with pictures of grave and headstone). 
25. ↑ Kalbhenn was probably an IC officer (IC = enemy reconnaissance) in the field commander's staff; the designation as "Abwehr officer" in Thomas J. Laub. After the fall. German Policy in Occupied France 1940-44. Oxford 2010, p. 136 is wrong. The defense officer in Nantes was Corvette Captain Hans Pusback, originally a merchant naval officer. In: CIA report of the interrogation of Lieutenant Colonel Friedrich Dernheim , CI-IIR-57, p. 6 [1]
26. ^ Schrader was a Frankfurt lawyer; from 1940 to autumn 1942 he served as an IC in the staff of military region B, and in autumn 1942 he joined the Abwehr. The chief of the Abwehrstelle in Angers was Lieutenant Colonel Friedrich Dernheim. In: CIA report of the interrogation of Lieutenant Colonel Friedrich Dernheim CI_-IIR / 57, p. 75 [2]
27. ↑ erroneously "Abwehr officer" according to Thomas J. Laub. After the fall. Policy in Occupied France 1940-44 . Oxford 2010, p. 136. Crome (1900-1997) was from October 1940 to June 1942 Head of Division Ic in the command staff of the Military Commander-in-Chief. Then until February 1943 Chief of Staff in the IV Army Corps (6th Army), in Stalingrad as a prisoner of war, retired in 1962 as Brigadier General of the Bundeswehr. In: Katja Happe, Michael Mayer, Maja Peers, Jean-Marc Dreyfus: The persecution and murder of European Jews by National Socialist Germany 1933-1945 . Ed .: Institute for Contemporary History, University of Freiburg and Federal Archives. a, Western and Northern Europe 1940-1942. Oldenbourg, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-486-58682-4 , p. 654, note 7 (Crome is heavily burdened by his consent to the measures proposed by Werner Best against the French Jews (p. 654)).
28. ↑ Thomas J. Laub: After the Fall. German Policy in Occupied France 1940-44. In: Books Google. Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 136 , accessed December 13, 2018 . 
29. ↑ Sven Olaf Berggötz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42 . In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, The Nantes Assassination , p. 404–472 , here p. 429 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
30. ↑ Sven Olaf Berggötz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42 . In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, The Nantes Assassination , p. 404–472 , here p. 429 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
31. ↑ Jean-Pierre Besse, Claude Pennetier: June 1940. La Negociation de la Secrète. In: Les Communistes Francaises et les Autorités Allmandes. Les Éditions de l`Atelier-Édiztions Ouvrièrs, 2006, p. 111 u. Note 7 , accessed on March 2, 2019 (deported to Ravensbrück on August 28, 1943). 
32. ↑ Jean-Marc Berlière, Franck Liaigre: Le Sang des communistes: Les battalion de la jeunesse dans la lutte armée . Fayard , Paris 2004, pp. 105-126
33. ↑ Transport Parti de C0mpiègne le 4 June 1944 (I.223.). Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation, accessed on March 3, 2019 (deported to the Hanover-Misburg subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp on June 4, 1944 , died on February 28, 1945; only 46 percent of his transport of 2,061 people returned back to France). 
34. ↑ Jean-Marc Berlière, Franck Liaigre: Le Sang des communistes: Les battalion de la jeunesse dans la lutte armée . Fayard, Paris 2004, p. 130
35. ↑ Jean-Marc Berlière, Franck Liaigre: Le Sang des communistes: Les battalion de la jeunesse dans la lutte armée . Fayard , Paris 2004, p. 337
36. ↑ Suzanne MOMON - 31686. In: Mémoire Vive des convois 45000 et 31000 d´Auschwitz-Birkenau. Association Mémoire Vive ,, June 14, 2014, accessed March 7, 2019 . 
37. ↑ Roger Hanlet. Retrieved March 6, 2019 (father and uncle were deported and never returned; brother Ivan arrested and executed in Marseille). 
38. ↑ Acher Semahya. Retrieved March 6, 2019 (Semahya's mother and sisters Rachel and Sarah were deported to Auschwitz; only Rachel returned). 
39. ↑ Robert Peltier. Retrieved March 6, 2019 (the parents survived the deportation). 
40. ↑ Tony Bloncourt. Retrieved March 5, 2019 . 
41. ↑ Pierre Milan. Retrieved March 7, 2019 . 
42. ↑ Boris Dänzer-Kantof: Plaque en Hommage aux Familles Zalkonikov et Moyen. Musée de la Résistance en ligne 1940-1945, 2010, accessed March 5, 2019 . 
43. ^ Procès du Palais Bourbon , 2.-6. March 1942
44. ↑ Romain Rosso: Les nazis au Palais-Bourbon. C'est un bien dreary souvenir qu'a exhumé un chercheur à la demande de Laurent Fabius. In: LÉxpress. March 16, 2000, accessed March 5, 2019 (French). 
45. ^ Serge Klarsfeld: Le Livre des Otages. La politique des otages menée par les Autorités allemandes dÓccupation en France de 1941 à 1943 . Ed .: Les Éditeurs Francaises Réunis. Paris 1979, p. 65-66 (French).
46. ^ Serge Klarsfeld: Le Livre des Otages. La politique des otages menée par les Autorités allemandes dÓccupation en France de 1941 à 1943 . Ed .: Les Éditeurs Francaises Réunis. Paris 1979, p. 146 (French, arrested August 7, 1942).
47. ↑ Boris Dänzer-Kantof: Plaque en Hommage aux Familles Zalkonikov et Moyen. Musée de la Résistance en ligne 1940-1945, 2010, accessed March 5, 2019 . 
48. ↑ Ernst Jünger: On the hostage question. Description of the cases and their effects . In: Sven-Olaf Berggoetz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42. The Paris explosive attacks and assassinations from November 26, 1941 to December 7, 1941 (Ed.): Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, p. 437–441 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
49. ↑ Jean-Marc Berlière, Franck Liaigre: Le Sang des communistes: Les battalion de la jeunesse dans la lutte armée . Fayard , Paris 2004, p. 218
50. ↑ Marcel Bourdourias ( Alain ). Retrieved March 4, 2019 (French). 
51. ↑ Ernst Jünger: On the hostage question. Description of the cases and their effects . In: Sven-Olaf Berggoetz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42. The Paris explosive attacks and assassinations from November 26, 1941 to December 7, 1941 (Ed.): Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, p. 438 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
52. ^ In French sources: Procès de la Maison de la Chimie
53. ↑ At the Maison de la Chimie , 28 rue Saint-Dominique, a memorial plaque names all the victims
54. ^ Serge Klarsfeld: Le Livre des Otages. La politique des otages menée par les Autorités allemandes dÓccupation en France de 1941 à 1943 . Ed .: Les Éditeurs Francaises Réunis. Paris 1979, p. 88 (arrested March 20, 1942).
55. ↑ Hommage aux otages du 11 août 1942. Mont Valérien, August 12, 2017, accessed on March 27, 2019 (88 hostages were shot on this day as a result of the assassination attempt in the Jean Bouin stadium on August 7, 1942 with eight German victims, the largest mass execution on Mont Valerién). 
56. ^ Serge Klarsfeld: Le Livre des Otages. La politique des otages menée par les Autorités allemandes dÓccupation en France de 1941 à 1943 . Ed .: Les Éditeurs Francaises Réunis. Paris 1979, p. 74–174 (list, police report of the individual victims and reports of the German perpetrators).
57. ↑ Alain Simmonet: Evocation de la Famille cherries. (PDF) Retrieved March 4, 2019 . 
58. ↑ Ernst Jünger: On the hostage question. Description of the cases and their effects . In: Sven-Olaf Berggoetz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42. The Paris explosive attacks and assassinations from November 26, 1941 to December 7, 1941 (Ed.): Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, p. 443 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
59. ↑ Daniel Grasson: Coulibeuf Louis, Auguste. Retrieved March 7, 2019 . 
60. ^ Police et policiers parisiens. In: La Résistance et les Français: Lutte Armée et Maquis: Colloque international de Bésancon 15-17 Juin . In: François Marcot (Ed.): Annales Litteraires de l´Université de Franche-Comté . tape 617 , no. 13 . Besancon 1996, ISBN 2-251-60617-3 , pp. 177–178 (executed on May 5, 1945 for collaboration).
61. ↑ Suzanne MOMON - 31686. In: Mémoire Vive des convois 45000 et 31000 d´Auschwitz-Birkenau. Association Mémoire Vive ,, June 14, 2014, accessed March 7, 2019 . 
62. ↑ Suzanne Momon - 31686. Mémoire Vive, accessed March 7, 2019 . 
63. ↑ Présentation du convoi du 24 janvier 1943, dit convoi des 31000th Mémoire Vive, accessed on March 7, 2019 . 
64. ↑ January 27th: The numbers 31625-31854 are assigned to 230 female political prisoners from France who were brought to Auschwitz from Romainville. Among the women are Danielle Casanova (No. 31655), Maie Politzer, Helene Solomon-Langevin, Ivonne Blech, Henriette Schmidt and Raymonde Salez. In: Danuta Czech : Calendar of events in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. Reinbek, 1989, p. 394
65. ↑ Pierre-Louis Basse: Guy Môquet - Une enfance Fusillée . Stock, Paris 2007, ISBN 978-2-234-05271-0 , pp. 162 (French, comme suite à notre entretien de ce jour, j'ai l'honneur de vous confirmer que M. le ministre de l'Intérieur a pris contact avec le général von Stülpnagel afin de lui désigner les internés communistes les plus dangereux parmi ceux qui sont actuellement concentrés à Châteaubriant. Vous voudrez bien trouver ci-lingerie la liste de soixante individus fournie à ce jour.).
66. ^ Choisel region Pays de la Loire, Loire-Atlantique department. In: Memorial Sites Europe 1939-1945. German Resistance Study Group 1933–1945, accessed on March 12, 2019 . 
67. ↑ Charles Michels 1903-1941. Mort pour la France. Assemblée National, accessed March 12, 2019 . 
68. ↑ Sven Olaf Berggötz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42 . In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, translation of last letters on the occasion of the assassination of hostages in Nantes , p. 457–472 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
69. ↑ Sven Olaf Berggötz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42 . In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, farewell letter from Raymond Laforge (1898–1941), p. 461 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
70. ↑ Collective of authors from Chateaubriant: 1939-1945 Telles furent nos jeunes années. Le Pays Castelbriantais sous l'Occupatio. (PDF) Les "indésirables"; Trois salves meurtrières. Les dossiers de La Mée, 2009, pp. 41-48 , accessed on March 17, 2019 . 
71. ↑ Dossier No. 19800035/0109/13743. Archives Nationales, Retrieved March 13, 2019 . 
72. ^ Livre - Alexandre Fourny. Alexandre Fourny, avocat, exécuté le 22 octobre 1941. Châteaubriant, Histoire et Résistance, January 2, 2004, accessed on March 18, 2019 . 
73. ↑ Jean-Marc Berlière, Franck Liaigre: Le Sang des communistes: Les Bataillons de la jeunesse dans la lutte armée. Fayard, Paris 2004, p. 53
74. ↑ Le Moal, André. Amicale de Chateaubriant - Voves - Rouillet, accessed on March 13, 2019 . 
75. ↑ Ernst Jünger. In: Sven Olaf Berggötz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42 . In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, The assassination attempt in Bordeaux , p. 435 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
76. ↑ 25 October 1941: le général de Gaulle lance un appel à cinq minutes de garde à vous. l´Histoire en Rafale, 23 October 2015, accessed on 15 March 2019 . 
77. ↑ Archives de Nantes: Un lieu - une date - une mémoire Fiche n ° 1.22 octobre 1941 Execution des cinquante otages. (PDF) Retrieved on March 14, 2019 ( Face à l'atrocité de ces exécutions, le Général de Gaulle fait de Nantes la première ville Compagnon de la Liberation par décret du 11 November 1941 ). 
78. ↑ Ernst Jünger. In: Sven Olaf Berggötz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42 . In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, The assassination attempt in Bordeaux , p. 437 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
79. ↑ Sven Olaf Berggötz: Ernst Jünger and the hostages. Ernst Jünger's memorandum on the shooting of hostages in France in 1941/42 . In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte . tape 51 , no. 3 , 2003, p. 410 ( ifz-muenchen.de [PDF; 2.7 MB ]).
80. ^ Gilbert Brustlein (interview): J'étais avec Fabien . In: Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière - Parti Communist de France (ed.): L'Humanité . No. 99 . Paris 20th August 1950.
81. ^ Gilbert Brustlein: Chant d'amour d'un terroriste à la retraite . Ed .: édité à compte d'auteur. Paris 1989, ISBN 2-9504258-0-1 .
82. ↑ Archives de Nantes: Un lieu - une date - une mémoire Fiche n ° 1.22 octobre 1941 Execution des cinquante otages. (PDF) Retrieved December 13, 2018 (French). 
83. ^ Robert Gildea: Resistance, Reprisals and Comunitie in Occupied France. Read 18 th October 2002 at the University of Wales Aberystwyth. In: Google Books. The Royal Historical Society, 2003, accessed December 13, 2018 (Transactions of the Royal Historical Society: Volume 13: Sixth Series. Cambridge 2003. pp. 180-183). 
84. ^ Marc Grangien et des Élèves du Lycée de Montaigu: Gilbert Brustlein, filmé en 2002. Musée des Ducs de Bretagne - Musée d`Histoire de Nantes, June 25, 2018, accessed on March 17, 2019 (French).