Treaty of Kjachta (1915)

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The Treaty of Kjachta of 1915 (also Treaty of Kiachta ) was a treaty between the autonomous Outer Mongolia , the Russian Empire and the Republic of China . It was closed on May 25, 1915 in the Russian border town of Kjachta .

Shortly before the end of the Qing dynasty , the 8th Jebtsundamba (ruler title: Boghdo Gegen ) succeeded in  rising to head of state of an autonomous Outer Mongolia on December 30, 1911. The area had belonged to the Chinese Empire as the northern outskirts for 276 years . His goal now was to secure the independence of the area in international treaties by skillfully balancing the interests of the two overpowering neighbors Russia and China.

The Boghdo Gegen's goal of gaining real autonomy from Russia and China was not achieved. The following was determined at the conference:

  • Outer Mongolia recognizes the sovereignty of China.
  • China and Russia recognize the autonomy of Outer Mongolia.
  • Outer Mongolia is part of the Chinese territory.
  • Outer Mongolia does not conclude treaties on political or territorial matters with foreign powers (trade treaties, for example, were possible).

Outer Mongolia's autonomy should not last long. After the October Revolution in Russia in 1917, Russia failed as a protective power and counterweight to China, which sent the first troops to Outer Mongolia in September 1918, and then finally invaded under General Xu Shuzheng in October / November . On November 17, 1919, 16 government representatives of the Autonomous Mongolia signed a letter which contained the renunciation of autonomy for Outer Mongolia. Outer Mongolia's first attempt to establish an independent state had failed.

See also

literature

  • Peter C. Perdue : China marches west. The Qing conquest of Central Eurasia. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA et al. 2005, ISBN 0-674-01684-X .
  • Julianna Peresvetova: Sino-Soviet Amur Conflict (= ICE Case Studies 33). American University, Washington DC January 1998, accessed June 14, 2012.
  • Eric Widmer: The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Beijing During the Eighteenth Century (= Harvard East Asian Monographs. Vol. 69). Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA et al. 1976, ISBN 0-674-78129-5 .