Anita Augspurg

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Anita Augspurg, photograph by
Atelier Elvira , Munich 1902
Anita Augspurg in her Munich home on Koeniginstrasse (1899)
Augspurg and her companions from the Association for Women's Suffrage , from left to right: Anita Augspurg, Marie Stritt , Lily von Gizycki , Minna Cauer and Sophia Goudstikker , photograph by Atelier Elvira , Munich around 1896
Anita Augspurg (bottom right) at a congress in London, 1909
First edition of the magazine Frauenstimmrecht from April / May 1912 with the song "Weckruf zum Frauenstimmrecht" written by Augspurg, which was supposed to be sung to the melody of the Marsellaise .
"The Woman in the State" monthly published by Dr. Anita Augspurg
Manuscript of the memoirs by Anita Augspurg and Lida Gustava Heymann: "Experienced - Seen! Parts 1 and 2" from the beginning of 1941

Anita Theodora Johanna Sophie Augspurg (born September 22, 1857 in Verden (Aller) , † December 20, 1943 in Zurich ) was a German lawyer , activist of the bourgeois radical women's movement and pacifist .

Life

The youngest daughter of the lawyer Wilhelm Augspurg attended a private pension and teaching institution for daughters from 1864 to 1873 and worked in her father's office in Verden from 1874 until she was of legal age. After attending a private teacher’s seminar in Berlin , she passed the Prussian state examination for teaching at higher girls’s schools in 1879 and then a gym teacher’s exam. At the same time she took acting lessons from Johanna Frieb-Blumauer . From 1881 she was an apprentice in the Meininger Hoftheater ensemble and, after a temporary engagement in Riga , played in 1884 as a permanent member of the Altenburg court theater on guest tours.

An encounter with Sophia Goudstikker at her sister's in Dresden encouraged her to decide to learn the profession of photographer. Together the two women opened a photo studio in Munich in 1887 , which was called Atelier Elvira . In 1891 a branch followed in Augsburg, where Sophia Goudstikker's mother and sister had moved. In 1892 Augspurg was registered at Veterinärstrasse 5.

Augspurg had been in contact with Hedwig Kettler in Weimar since 1889 . She became a member of their German Women's Association Reform (later women's education reform ), which campaigned for women's studies , and joined the Society for Modern Life, founded in Munich in 1890 . She was involved in both associations through public appearances as a speaker and reciter, which caused a sensation and made her known. At least now Augspurg began to get involved in the women's movement for women's rights . One reason why, after years of successful educational work, she decided to study law in Zurich in 1893 was that women in Germany were still denied access to the university. In Zurich she was co-founder of the Swiss Association for Women's Education Reform; She also took part in the founding of the German association Frauenbildung-Frauenstudium , which advocated a radical reform of women's education . She completed her studies in 1896/97 with a thesis " On the Origin and Practice of Representation of the People in England ". This made her the first female doctor of law in the German Empire. In addition to Rosa Luxemburg , she was one of the founders of the “International Student Union”. As early as 1894, Augspurg, Goudstikker and Ika Freudenberg, who recently moved from Wiesbaden to Munich, founded the liberal society for the advancement of intellectual interests of women as a collection movement in Munich , to which numerous prominent figures from politics, science and art belonged and who named after Augspurg's departure Association for Women's Interests , under which it still exists today. Augspurg and Goudstikker, with their short hairstyles, their reform clothing , their public confessions for the struggle for women's liberation and their modern lifestyle, were two striking phenomena of their time. Augspurg's contacts with the Munich cultural scene made the Elvira photo studio very well known in Munich, so that ultimately the Bavarian royal family and customers also belonged to them.

In 1894 a sensational rally by the Association for Women's Suffrage took place in Berlin ; In 1896 an international women's congress for women's works and efforts followed . Minna Cauer , one of the initiators and founders of the Frauenwohl association , made it the propaganda association of the women's movement at the turn of the century and founded the journal Die Frauenbewegung as an association organ. Augspurg joined Cauer as a fellow campaigner and also became a close associate of the women's movement , for which she edited the supplement Parliamentary Affairs and Legislation from 1899 to 1907 . In 1907, after a falling out with Cauer, she continued the publication independently as a monthly for women's suffrage.

In 1898, Anita Augspurg and Sophia Goudstikker had moved into the photo studio built by August Endell at Von-der-Tannstrasse 15 in Munich, with a house and an exit to Queenstrasse by the English Garden. The house was Munich's first Art Nouveau building and caused quite a stir in the Munich urban landscape with its daring ornamentation. At the turn of the century, however, in view of the amendment to the German Civil Code (BGB), Augspurg was increasingly committed to women's rights in Berlin: Together with her political friends Minna Cauer and Marie Raschke, she introduced petitions on the new marriage and family law, which only partially Showed effect. Augspurg's “Open Letter” from 1905 caused a sensation, in which she called for “free marriages” to be entered into with the refusal of state marriage because of the then applicable patriarchal marriage law. This was interpreted as a call for a “marriage boycott” and triggered a storm of indignation at the time.

Around 1899 there was a rift within the women's movement, which was sparked primarily by dealing with the issue of prostitution, but more fundamentally also by questions of procedure. Augspurg and her companions Minna Cauer, Katharina Erdmann and her later life partner Lida Gustava Heymann advocated a more critical, more programmatic approach than the more pragmatic majority around Helene Lange and later Gertrud Bäumer, now referred to as “moderate” . The “radicals” around Augspurg and Cauer then organized themselves in the newly founded association of progressive women's associations , while the Federation of German Women's Associations represented the majority women's movement . Around this time, Augspurg also separated from her previous partner Goudstikker, who remained active in the women's movement in Bavaria and from then on lived with Ika Freudenberg. After a while Augspurg moved into a joint apartment with Lida Gustava Heymann in Munich's Kaulbachstrasse .

Augspurg and Heymann were elected to the board of the association of progressive women's associations. Unlike the “moderates”, who primarily focused on girls' education and practical improvements, they prioritized women's suffrage early on and founded the German Association for Women 's Suffrage in Hamburg in 1902 and the Bavarian State Association for Women 's Suffrage in 1907 . Until shortly before the outbreak of the First World War, they exerted a great influence in the fragmented German women's suffrage movement . From 1907 to 1912, Anita Augspurg published the magazine for Frauenstimmrecht , from 1912 to 1913 the magazine Frauenstimmrecht (in which she published her national anthem for women ) and from 1919 the magazine Die Frau im Staat , in which feminist, radical democratic and pacifist positions were represented .

During the First World War , Augspurg and Heymann took part in international women's peace conferences and held illegal gatherings in their Munich apartment. Together with other pacifists like Frida Perlen from Stuttgart , they distributed pamphlets against the war. You helped found the International Women's League for Peace and Freedom (IFFF); Heymann became Vice President there. Due to the common pacifist conviction, the cooperation with the Independent Social Democrats (USPD) , now separated from the SPD , was an obvious choice ; the earlier differences with the socialist women around Clara Zetkin became less important. Anita Augspurg cooperated with Kurt Eisner and after the proclamation of the Bavarian Republic in Munich in 1918 became a member of the provisional Bavarian parliament. In the elections that followed soon, she ran on the lists of the socialist USPD, but won no mandate.

When the NSDAP came to power , Augspurg and Heymann were on a trip abroad from which they did not return to Germany. They feared reprisals because, among other things, in 1923 they had applied to the Bavarian Minister of the Interior to expel the Austrian Adolf Hitler for sedition. Their property has been confiscated. Her library and all records from her decades of work in the national and international women's movement were lost.

Grave in the Fluntern cemetery

Augspurg and Heymann lived in Icking in the Villa Burg Sonnensturm from 1916 until they escaped from the National Socialists , after which they lived together in exile in Switzerland. From 1937 Augspurg was in need of a lot of care. Heymann wrote down the shared memories under the title Experienced-Seen until 1941. Heymann died of cancer in 1943. She only survived Augspurg by a few months. The two women, who had lived together for more than four decades, were both buried in the Fluntern cemetery in Zurich.

Publication of Heymann and Augspurg's memoirs

Three manuscripts of Heymann and Augspurg's memoirs have survived: two copies with different dates in the possession of Heymann's nephew and one copy that is now in the archive of the German women's movement and originally from Anna Rieper, a friend of Heymann and Augspurg and former chairman of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom local group Hamburg. The memoirs were first published in 1972 by the political scientist Margrit Twellmann , who had determined the whereabouts of the manuscripts.

Honors

  • The city of Zurich had a memorial stone erected in the Fluntern cemetery in honor of Heymann and Augspurg on December 20, 1993.
  • Anita Augspurg Prize of the City of Munich since 1994
  • Augspurg Heymann Prize of the State Working Group on Lesbians in North Rhine-Westphalia from 2009 to 2015
  • Municipal Anita Augspurg Vocational School for social affairs in Munich since the 2013/2014 school year. With the adoption of the name, the school family stands behind the political and social goals of Anita Augspurg.
  • Rebels against the war - Anita Augspurg Prize for women who campaign for peace and justice in their home countries, the German section of the International Women's League for Peace and Freedom together with the city of Verden , since 2017, winners:
    • 2017 the Syrian journalist Zaina Erhaim ;
    • 2018 the Armenian human rights activist and founder of the NGO Democracy Today , Gulnara Shahinian ;
    • In 2019 the Yemeni human rights activist Rasha Jarhum.
  • The WDR dedicated a time mark to her on the 75th anniversary of her death on December 20, 2018 .

Fonts

  • On the origin and practice of popular representation in England. Knorr & Hirth, Munich 1898, also: Dissertation, Zurich 1898.
  • Legal writings. Annotated study edition. Edited by Christiane Henke. (Legal history and gender studies 16). Cologne: Böhlau 2013.
  • Lida Gustava Heymann: Experienced - Seen. German women fight for freedom, justice and peace, 1850-1940 . in collaboration with Anita Augspurg. Ed .: Margrit Twellmann. Helmer, Frankfurt am Main 1992, ISBN 3-927164-43-7 (first edition: 1972).

literature

Contemporary

From 1950

  • Brigitte Bruns: Female avant-garde around 1900 . In: Rudolf Herz, Brigitte Bruns (ed.): Hofatelier Elvira 1887–1928, pp. 191–219.
  • Brigitte Bruns: The third gender of Ernst von Woliehen. In: Rudolf Herz, Brigitte Bruns (ed.): Hofatelier Elvira 1887–1928, pp. 171–190.
  • Rudolf Herz, Brigitte Bruns (ed.): Hof-Atelier Elvira 1887–1928. Aesthetes, emanciers, aristocrats . Exhibition catalog City Museum Munich 1985.
  • Christiane Berneike (later Christiane Henke): The question of women is a question of law. The lawyers of the German women's movement and the civil code. Nomos VG, Baden-Baden 1995, ISBN 3-7890-3808-3 , pp. 44-66.
  • Angela Dinghaus: Anita Augspurg (1857–1943): The other way of thinking . In: Angela Dinghaus (Ed.): Frauenwelten. Biographical-historical sketches from Lower Saxony . Hildesheim / Zurich / New York 1993, pp. 193-209.
  • Arne Duncker: Equality and Inequality in Marriage. Personal position of women and men in the law of conjugal union 1700–1914 . Böhlau, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-412-17302-9 (on A. Augspurg: pp. 359-361, 784-786, 936-950).
  • Anna Dünnebier , Ursula Scheu : The rebellion is a woman. Anita Augspurg and Lida G. Heymann. The most colorful couple in the women's movement. Hugendubel Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3-7205-2294-6 .
  • Christiane Henke: Anita Augspurg . Rowohlt, Reinbek 2000, ISBN 3-499-50423-5 .
  • Susanne Kinnebrock : Anita Augspurg (1857-1943). Feminist and pacifist between journalism and politics. A biography of communication history . Centaurus, Herbolzheim 2005, ISSN  0933-0313 . (In addition the review: Eric Neiseke: About the "public relations worker " Anita Augspurg . In: Querelles-Net. Number 18, March 2006.)
  • Sonja Mosick: Anita Augspurg - idealist or realist? An analysis of her journalistic activities with special consideration of her view on the question of women . Diploma thesis, University of Hildesheim, 1999
  • Ingvild Richardsen : »Passionate hearts, fiery souls«. How women changed the world . Frankfurt / M .: S. Fischer, 2019, pp. 18–22, pp. 79 ff, 209–212 and much more, ISBN 978-3-10-397457-7
  • Margarete Rothbarth:  Augspurg, Anita Johanna Theodora Sophie. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 1, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1953, ISBN 3-428-00182-6 , p. 445 ( digitized version ).
  • Hiltrud Schroeder : "The feeling that we had to be united was overwhelming." Anita Augspurg (1857–1943) and Lida Gustava Heymann (1868–1943). In: Luise F. Pusch , Joey Horsley (Ed.): Famous women couples. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt / Main 2005, pp. 96-136.
  • Hermann Wichers : Anita Augspurg. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .

Web links

Commons : Anita Augspurg  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Christopher Scharnhop: The Lüneburg Notariat in the 19th Century. An investigation into the public notarial service with special consideration of the notarial instruments , also dissertation 2008 at the University of Hamburg, Berlin: BWV, Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8305-1936-2 , p. 287; limited preview in Google Book search
  2. ↑ Augspurg Anita photgr. Institution (special child recordings) Veterinärstr. 5 ground floor in the garden house. See: [1] , p. 11, column 3, accessed on November 15, 2015.
  3. ↑ Ursula Köhler-Lutterbeck, Monika Siedentopf: Lexicon of 1000 women . Ed .: Verlag JHW Dietz Nachf. GmbH.
  4. ↑ Ursula Köhler-Lutterbeck, Monika Siedentopf: Lexicon of 1000 women . Ed .: Verlag JHW Dietz Nachf. GmbH.
  5. ↑ The sharp separation into a "radical" and a "moderate" wing, which was assumed for a long time, is increasingly being questioned in recent research, since in practice positions on individual topics often overlapped, people switched between "wings" and were also mediated , for example by Marie Stritt . It is correct, however, that there were two movements that preferred different approaches and strategies and that in some cases had different opinions. While the "Association" saw itself as a progressive avant-garde, which made demands early and clearly, the "Bund" tried to represent the broadest possible spectrum of female interests, which was also reflected in its appearance. See Bock, Gisela : Frauenwahlrecht - Germany around 1900 in a comparative perspective , in: History and Emancipation. Festschrift for Reinhard Rürup, ed. v. Michael Grüttner u. a., Frankfurt a. M. and New York 1999, pp. 95-136.
  6. ↑ Feminist and peace politician Anita Augspurg . In: Die Zeit , No. 8/2014.
  7. ^ Margrit Twellmann: Foreword . In: Margrit Twellmann (Ed.): Lida Gustava Heymann in collaboration with Anita Augspurg: Erlebtes-bewautes. German women fight for freedom, justice and peace 1850-1940 . Helmer, Frankfurt am Main 1992, ISBN 3-927164-43-7 , p. 5–6, here 5 .
  8. ↑ Sonnensturm Castle. Retrieved June 8, 2019 .
  9. ^ Christiane Henke: Anita Augspurg . Rowohlt, Reinbek near Hamburg 2000, ISBN 3-499-50423-5 , p. 133-135 .
  10. ↑ Sabine Hoffkamp: UNERHÖRT (e) consequences - impulse women's history. An echo of the work of Dr. Margrit Twellmann . In: Ariadne . No. 65 , 2014, p. 16–21, here 19–20 .
  11. ↑ Fluntern Cemetery - City of Zurich. Retrieved October 21, 2018 (see Graves of Celebrities).
  12. ↑ other 30. In: Debemur morti nos nostraque - ne mortem timueritis! Retrieved on October 21, 2018 (see section on Anita Augspurg).
  13. ↑ Städtische Anita-Augspurg-Berufsoberschule - Education in social affairs , accessed on May 16, 2014.
  14. ↑ Review: Women Rebels Against the War 2017 - International Women's League For Peace and Freedom . In: International Women's League For Peace and Freedom . August 31, 2018 ( wilpf.de [accessed September 12, 2018]).
  15. ↑ Rebels against the war: Anita Augspurg Prize 2018 goes to Gulnara Shahinian . In: frauenseiten.bremen.de . July 17, 2018 ( bremen.de [accessed October 21, 2018]).
  16. ↑ Rebel Women Prize. Accessed November 15, 2019 (German).
  17. ↑ Heide Soltau (Ed.): Anita Augspurg, women's rights activist (day of death December 20, 1943) . December 20, 2018 ( wdr.de [accessed December 20, 2018]).
personal data
SURNAME Augspurg, Anita
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Augspurg, Anita Theodora Johanna Sophie (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German lawyer and women's rights activist from the bourgeois radical women's movement
DATE OF BIRTH September 22, 1857
PLACE OF BIRTH Verden (Aller)
DATE OF DEATH December 20, 1943
Place of death Zurich