Peace of Bucharest (1913)

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Bulgaria's borders after the London Conference (1913) and the Bucharest Peace Treaty (1913)
The Western Balkans after the Bucharest Peace Treaty (1913)

The peace of Bucharest of July 28th jul. / August 10, 1913 greg. ended the Second Balkan War , which Bulgaria had started because it was dissatisfied with the division of the European territories of Turkey after the First Balkan War. The treaty was concluded between Serbia , Greece , Montenegro and Romania on the one hand and Bulgaria on the other. Bulgaria signed the Treaty of Constantinople with the Ottoman Empire in September .

prehistory

With the mediation of the great European powers, the Treaty of London was concluded on May 30, 1913 in London , which ended the First Balkan War. The Turks had renounced all European areas west of the line between Midia on the Black Sea and Enos on the Aegean coast .

Disagreements in the distribution of the conquered Turkish territories, in particular Macedonia ( Wardarzone ), which had been decided by a secret agreement between Greece and Serbia before the war, finally led to the Second Balkan War in the same year. Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on June 29, 1913, which were soon supported by the Ottoman Empire , which was hoping to regain Thrace. The Bulgarian attack was soon halted and the Allied Powers began a counter-offensive. On July 10, 1913, when the Bulgarian defeat was already certain, Romania also declared war on the Bulgarians and marched towards Sofia with almost no resistance . The Turks took Eastern Thrace without a fight, as the Bulgarian troops had withdrawn to the west, and pushed through the expulsion of the Bulgarian population (→ Thracian Bulgarians ) from this area.

In the face of this overwhelming power, Bulgaria only had to surrender. On August 10th a peace agreement was signed with the Peace of Bucharest. Bulgaria had to bury the dream of a state within the borders of the peace of San Stefano and cede southern Dobruja with Silistra to Romania, Adrianople in the Treaty of Constantinople to Turkey and large parts of Macedonia to Serbia and Greece. Bulgaria was only allowed to keep western Thrace with parts of the Aegean coast and small areas of Macedonia of its territorial gains from the First Balkan War. In view of the results of Bucharest, people in Bulgaria still speak of the “First National Disaster”, which significantly influenced Bulgarian foreign policy in the decades that followed.

As a result, resistance arose among the Turkish population of Western Thrace with regard to the impending annexation to Bulgaria, which, with the help of the troops who had arrived from the neighboring Ottoman Empire, the Teşkilât-ı Mahsusa , under the command of Eşref Kuşçubaşı, led to the establishment of the short-lived Provisional Government of Western Thrace . In the following First World War Bulgaria entered the war on the side of the Central Powers . Bulgaria sought a revision of the newly drawn borders.

For Greece, the Bucharest settlement did not mean full, but extensive, satisfaction of national claims. In the course of the Balkan Wars, the territory of the Greek state increased by around 90 percent, and Greece's population grew from 2.6 to 4.7 million inhabitants.

Representative

The representatives at the negotiations and signatories of the peace agreement were:

Bulgaria
Greece
Montenegro
Romania
Serbia

See also

literature

  • Karl Adam: Britain's Balkan Dilemma. British Balkan Policy from the Bosnian Crisis to the Balkan Wars 1908-1913 , Verlag Dr. Kovac, Hamburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-8300-4741-4 .
  • Katrin Boeckh: From the Balkan Wars to the First World War. Small state politics and ethnic self-determination in the Balkans . Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-486-56173-1 .
  • Richard C. Hall: Balkan Wars 1912-1913. Prelude to the First World War . Routledge Publisher, London 2000, ISBN 0-415-22946-4 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Katrin Boeckh: From the Balkan Wars to the First World War. Small state politics and ethnic self-determination in the Balkans . Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, Munich 1996, ISBN 3-486-56173-1 , p. 59f.
  2. ^ Simeon Radew , Traian Radew: Konferentsiiata V Bukuresht I Bukureshtkiiat Mir Ot 1913 . (Eng. The Bucharest Conference and the Peace of Bucharest of 1913. ) Tinapres, Sofia 1992, ISBN 978-954-8309-01-1 .