September 4th
The September 4 is the 247th day of the Gregorian calendar (the 248th in leap years ), thus remain 118 days by year end.
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Historical Anniversaries August · September · October |
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events
Politics and world events
- 476: The last Western Roman emperor Romulus Augustulus is deposed and banished by the Germanic military leader Odoacer . According to the traditional view, this is the end of the Western Roman Empire.
- 917: In the Battle of San Esteban de Gormaz on the Iberian Peninsula , King Ordoño II of León and his army defeated the troops of Caliph Abd ar-Rahman III, who had broken out from the Caliphate of Cordoba .
- 1024: With Konrad II , the first Salier is elected German king in Kamba near Oppenheim .
- 1260: Manfred of Sicily defeats the Florentines loyal to the Pope in the battle of Montaperti and brings all of Tuscany under his rule.
- 1414: The Peace of Arras temporarily ends the civil war of the Armagnacs and Bourguignons in France .
- 1479: Portugal and Castile sign the Treaty of Alcáçovas to end the War of the Castilian Succession . The Portuguese King Alfonso V renounces the Castilian throne, in return Portugal receives sovereignty over all waters and lands south of Cape Bojador . Only the Canary Islands are awarded Castile.
- 1564: The troops of the Swedish king . Erik XIV conquer the Northern Seven Years' War , the Danish ruled Ronneby , massacring more than 2,000 inhabitants, loot the place and burn it down. The residents who fled to the Holy Cross Church are not spared either.
- 1669: The siege of Candia , the longest in history, comes to an end after more than 21 years. The Venetians capitulate to Ottoman troops and are given free exit from the fortress on Crete .
- 1672: Georg Wilhelm von Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Celle acquires three large Elbe islands, which are then diked and connected by connecting dikes. From now on they bear the name Wilhelmsburg , today Hamburg-Wilhelmsburg .
- 1774: On his second voyage, the English circumnavigator James Cook discovers a group of islands in the Pacific 1500 km east of Australia. He calls it New Caledonia after the Latin name for Scotland ( Caledonia ) .
- 1781: 44 settlers found Los Angeles , now the second largest city in the USA , under the name El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora la Reina de los Ángeles del Río de Porciúncula .
- 1796: In the First Coalition War , the French Italian Army defeats opposing Austrian units in the Battle of Rovereto .
- 1797: The coup d'état of the 18th Fructidor V during the French Revolution gives France a radical republican government and a renewed climate of terror. The board of directors is subsequently controlled by a triumvirate dominated by Paul de Barras .
- 1862: During the American Civil War , General Lee crosses the Potomac River with his Army of Northern Virginia to attack Maryland and Pennsylvania .
- 1865: Joaquim António de Aguiar becomes Prime Minister of the constitutional monarchy in Portugal .
- 1870: In Paris, Léon Gambetta and Jules Favre proclaim the Third Republic after their defeat in the Franco-Prussian War .
- 1886: Submission of the Indians of North America : Geronimo , war chief of the Chiricahua , with the last remaining warriors faces the Americans under General Nelson A. Miles .
- 1888: The south of the island of Papua New Guinea is a colony called British New Guinea from the UK annexed.
- 1911: João Pinheiro Chagas becomes the first constitutional head of government of the newly established republic in Portugal .
- 1916: First World War in East Africa : British troops occupy Dar es Salaam , the seat of the German colonial administration of German East Africa .
- 1939: In the German Reich, women between the ages of 18 and 25 are required to do six months of compulsory national labor .
- 1940: After losing territory due to the Second Vienna Arbitration , King Carol II appoints Ion Antonescu as Romania's Prime Minister with dictatorial powers.
- 1946: In the presidential elections in Chile , Gabriel González Videla wins a relative majority of 40.1% of the vote.
- 1948: Juliana Louise Emma Marie Wilhelmina Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin takes over the official duties and becomes in fact Queen of the Netherlands . Her enthronement takes place two days later.
- 1948: In Chile , the controversial Law in Defense of Democracy ( Ley de Defensa de la Democracia ) is passed, banning the Communist Party . Many party members are deported to the Pisagua concentration camp.
- 1968: In a military coup in the Republic of the Congo , President Alphonse Massemba-Débat is deposed. Prime Minister Pascal Lissouba , however, remains in office.
- 1970: In the presidential elections in Chile , the Unidad Popular candidate , Salvador Allende , received the most votes, closely followed by ex-President Jorge Alessandri .
- 1973: The German-German border commission agreed in an additional protocol to the basic agreement begins its work with border markings on the inner-German border near Lübeck.
- 1974: The USA establishes diplomatic relations with the GDR .
- 1975: East Timorese hijack an Australian military plane to flee from Baucau on Timor to Darwin .
- 1981: The peace and human rights organization Peace Brigades International is founded.
- 1989: At the first Monday demonstration in Leipzig, around 1,200 participants demand freedom of travel, freedom of the press and freedom of assembly. In the following weeks, the demonstrations will be the most important protest event leading to the turnaround in the GDR .
- 1991: The President of the Soviet Union , Mikhail Gorbachev , recognizes the independence of the three Baltic states Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania .
- 1996: The President of Madagascar , Albert Zafy , is prohibited from exercising his office by a court order .
- 1999: A few hours after the announcement of the positive outcome of the independence referendum in East Timor , the Indonesian military started Operation Donner as a punitive action against the population.
- 1999: In Buinaksk , Dagestan , 64 people are killed in a car bomb explosion in front of a residential building .
- 2002: The Bush Doctrine is presented to the public, according to which the US reserves pre-emptive strikes against states that pose a risk of terrorists gaining possession of weapons of mass destruction.
- 2002: The EU calls on the US to carry out an attack on Iraq only with the consent of the UN .
- 2009: Up to 142 people, including many civilians, are killed and others injured in the air strike near Kunduz .
business
- 1883: The inventor Emil Berliner receives a patent for a type of parquet design in the United States .
- 1885: A cafeteria opens in New York City as the world's first self-service restaurant.
- 1888: George Eastman makes the trademark Kodak register and receives a patent for a roll film - camera , the Kodak no. 1 .
- 1949: Herta Heuwer invents the currywurst with the chill-up sauce in Berlin .
- 1965: In Germany, the ARD broadcasts the television draw of the lottery numbers for the first time.
science and technology
- 1802: The German philologist Georg Friedrich Grotefend presents his first steps towards deciphering the cuneiform script to the public in Göttingen .
- 1837: Samuel Morse demonstrates his telegraph in practice for the first time .
- 1843: The English explorer James Clark Ross returns from an expedition to Antarctica .
- 1882: Thomas Edison opened the first central power plant for electricity the United States in the New York Pearl Street.
- 1923: The first US rigid airship and at the same time the first airship filled with the lifting gas helium, the USS Shenandoah , has its maiden voyage.
- 1929: The 35-day world voyage of the German airship LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin ends in Friedrichshafen . Around 40,000 people come to witness the return.
- 1936: Beryl Markham starts in London in a Percival Vega Gull on her non-stop solo flight across the Atlantic, the first in an east-west direction.
- 1956: The first magnetic hard disk is introduced with the IBM 350 . It is part of the IBM 305 RAMAC computer .
- 1960: A newly ordered 50 kW radio transmitter goes into operation in Moosbrunn near Vienna, with a new omnidirectional trap antenna being used.
- 1964: The British royal couple solemnly open the Forth Road Bridge over the Firth of Forth to traffic, at the time of opening the longest suspension bridge in Europe.
- 1998: Founding of Google Inc. , an American Internet company
- 1999: The new long-wave transmission system for Polish radio in Solec Kujawski is inaugurated. This system replaces the world's tallest structure at times, the transmitter in Konstantynów , which collapsed during renovation work in 1991.
Culture
- 1708: The world premiere of the opera Amor tra nemici by Attilio Ariosti takes place in Berlin.
- 1813: In the notebook of Chancellor Hans Carl Leopold von der Gabelentz , which contains the game accounts of a group of Altenburg dignitaries, the term " Scat " appears for the first time . This is considered to be the date of birth of the game of Skat .
- 1852: The world premiere of Adolphe Adam's opera If I Were King ( King for a Day ) takes place at the Théâtre-Lyrique in Paris.
- 1857: Ernst Rietschel's Goethe-Schiller monument is unveiled in Weimar .
- 1952: Ernest Hemingway's novel The Old Man and the Sea appears in the USA
- 1959: The German-Danish Edgar Wallace film The Frog with the Mask is premiered in Stuttgart . The film triggered a wave of crime films in Germany that lasted into the 1970s .
- 1961: A morning TV program is broadcast for the first time in the Federal Republic of Germany , but for almost 20 years it is broadcast exclusively for residents of the GDR via West German border stations .
- 1965: The short film based on a script by Samuel Beckett and starring Buster Keaton premieres at the Venice Film Festival . The black and white film without dialogue and accompanying music received mixed reviews.
religion
- 1261: Urban IV , elected on August 29, is enthroned as Pope in Viterbo .
- 1483: Pope Sixtus IV publishes the papal bull Grave nimis. The bull clearly declares Mary's freedom from original sin at the moment of her conception.
- 1576: In the event that Venice is redeemed from the rampant plague , the Senate vows to build a church in honor of the Savior. Since the epidemic actually disappears a short time afterwards, construction of the Il Redentore church begins the following year .
- 1842: At the Cologne Cathedral Festival, the foundation stone is laid for the continued construction of Cologne Cathedral .
- 1943: Metropolitan Sergius is elected Patriarch of Moscow with the approval of Stalin . He is supposed to mobilize the faithful for the war against the Germans.
Disasters
- 1618: In the lower Bergell there is a landslide on the Conto mountain, which buries the village of Piuro (Plurs) for the most part and the village of Chilano (Schilan) completely under rock debris. Around 2,430 people are killed in the process.
- 1890: A major fire caused severe damage in the Greek city of Thessaloniki . The European quarter burns down completely. 20,000 people become homeless.
- 1971: During a snowstorm at the airport Juneau in Alaska a rebound Boeing 727 of Alaska Airlines in instrument landing against a mountain, all 109 people die on board.
- 2010: The Darfield earthquake on New Zealand's South Island causes severe damage, particularly in the city of Christchurch , and is considered to be the most expensive earthquake in the history of the country to date .
Minor accidents are listed in the sub-articles of Disaster .
Sports
- 1860: Hallam FC, the oldest football club in the world after Sheffield FC, is founded.
- 1867: Sheffield Wednesday Football Club is founded.
- 1923: The soccer club SC Hakoah Vienna defeated the English team West Ham United in their home stadium Upton Park with 0: 5, a so far unique defeat of a team from the "motherland of soccer ". Alexander Neufeld scored three goals in the game.
- 1938: After Tokyo's unilateral rejection of the 1940 Olympic Games, the International Olympic Committee decides in favor of St. Moritz (Switzerland) and Helsinki (Finland).
- 1972: Sixteen-year-old Ulrike Meyfarth becomes Olympic champion in the high jump during the Olympic Games in Munich .
- 1972: The American Mark Spitz wins the swimming competitions of the XX. Olympic Summer Games in Munich his seventh gold medal , making him the first Olympian with seven victories.
Entries of track and field world records can be found under the respective discipline under track and field .
Born
Before the 18th century
al-Bīrūnī (* 973)
Amadeus VIII / Felix V (* 1383)
Wanli (* 1563)
Johann Adolf II of Saxony-Weißenfels (* 1685)
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- 973: Al-Biruni , Persian scholar and astronomer
- 1241: Alexander III, the Glorious , King of Scotland
- 1286: John Mowbray, 2nd Baron Mowbray , English nobleman and rebel
- 1383: Felix V , last Catholic antipope
- 1426: Wolfgang III. Chamberlain of Worms , court marshal
- 1455: Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham , Duke of Buckingham
- 1504: Johann IV. , Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
- 1531: Hans Fugger , German entrepreneur, Fugger merchant and patron
- 1543: Johann Lange , Saxon organ builder
- 1557: Sophie von Mecklenburg , wife of King Friedrich II of Denmark
- 1560: Karl I , Count Palatine and Duke of Pfalz-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld
- 1563: Wanli , Emperor of China from the Ming Dynasty
- 1596: Constantijn Huygens , Dutch poet
- 1610: Giovanni Andrea Sirani , Italian painter
- 1611: George III. , Duke of Brieg
- 1620: Ernst Gottlieb , Prince of Anhalt-Plötzkau
- 1626: Hermann Nottelmann , German educator
- 1629: Lorenzo Pasinelli , Italian painter
- 1644: Paulus II. Baumann , abbot of the Cistercian monastery in Ebrach
- 1644: Juan Cabanilles , Spanish Baroque composer (date of baptism)
- 1645: Johann Jakob Buxtorf , Swiss Reformed theologian and orientalist
- 1647: Gerhard Noodt , Dutch lawyer
- 1657: Martin Knorre , German mathematician
- 1666: Anna Maria Ehrenstrahl , Swedish painter
- 1675: Christian Gottlieb Schwarz , German philologist and university professor
- 1677: Johann Andreas Hommel , German painter
- 1685: Johann Adolf II. , Last Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels
18th century
Juliane of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel (* 1729)
Hans Axel von Fersen (* 1755)
François-René de Chateaubriand (* 1768)
Pauline of Württemberg (* 1800)
- 1711: Alexandre Guy Pingré , French astronomer
- 1719: Johann Conrad Seekatz , German painter
- 1721: Wilhelm Paul Verpoorten , German educator and Lutheran theologian
- 1729: Juliane von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel , Queen of Denmark and Norway
- 1729: Louis Ferdinand de Bourbon, dauphin de Viennois , Dauphin of France
- 1731: Johann Gabriel Arnauld de la Perière , Prussian major general
- 1732: Joseph Anton Pozzi , Swiss plasterer
- 1739: Blaise Duval , French general
- 1741: Friedrich August Wilhelm Wenck , German historian
- 1744: Étienne Malmy , French Trappist, prior, abbot and founder of a monastery
- 1755: Hans Axel von Fersen , Swedish politician and favorite of the French Queen Marie-Antoinette
- 1756: Christen Pram , Norwegian author
- 1757: Christophine Reinwald , Friedrich Schiller's sister
- 1767: José Gregorio Argomedo Montero , Chilean lawyer and politician
- 1768: François-René de Chateaubriand , French writer, politician and diplomat
- 1772: Charles-Ferdinand Morel , Swiss pastor and politician
- 1774: Johann Friedrich Fuchs , German medic
- 1779: Ernst von Bernuth , German lawyer
- 1783: Frederic Tudor , American businessman
- 1784: Friedrich Jäger von Jaxtthal , Austrian ophthalmologist
- 1786: Jehu Jones , American pastor
- 1787: Ninomiya Sontoku , Japanese agrarian reformer
- 1790: Joseph Anton von Maffei , German industrialist, railway manufacturer
- 1792: Heinrich Carl Esmarch , German lawyer and member of the Frankfurt National Assembly
- 1795: Friedrich von Alberti , German geologist
- 1796: Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld , Prussian Field Marshal General
- 1796: Peter Fendi , Austrian draftsman and engraver
- 1796: Karl Follen , German fraternity and writer
- 1798: Hippolyte Dussard , French economist
- 1800: Pauline von Württemberg , daughter of Duke Ludwig Friedrich von Württemberg and Princess Henriette von Nassau-Weilburg
19th century
1801-1850
Juliusz Słowacki (* 1809)
Anton Bruckner (* 1824)
Dadabhai Naoroji (* 1825)
Mihailo Obrenović (* 1825)
- 1802: Marcus Whitman , American doctor and missionary
- 1803: Eugène Daumas , French general
- 1803: Emil Devrient , German actor
- 1803: Sarah Polk , American first lady
- 1805: William E. Dodge , American businessman
- 1809: Ludwig Lindenschmit the Elder , German prehistorian, drawing teacher, lithographer and painter
- 1809: Federico Luigi Menabrea , Italian scientist, general and politician
- 1809: Manuel Montt , President of Chile
- 1809: Juliusz Słowacki , Polish poet
- 1810: Carl Alexander Spatz , German lawyer and politician
- 1811: Ludwig Müller-Uri , German glassmaker, artificial eye blower and pioneer of German eye prosthetics
- 1812: Franz Kuchenbuch , German lawyer and painter
- 1815: Mihály Mosonyi , Hungarian composer
- 1815: Johannes Roth , German zoologist and explorer
- 1816: François Bazin , French composer
- 1819: Adolf Pichler , Austrian writer and scientist
- 1819: Arthur von Ramberg , Austrian painter and draftsman
- 1821: Wilhelm Schwartz , German educator and writer
- 1824: Anton Bruckner , Austrian composer
- 1824: Phoebe Cary , American poet
- 1825: Dadabhai Naoroji , Indian freedom fighter
- 1825: Mihailo Obrenović , Prince of Serbia
- 1832: Antonio Agliardi , Vatican diplomat and cardinal to the Curia
- 1833: Peter Schmick , German engineer
- 1835: Leopold Grützmacher , German cellist and composer
- 1840: William of Orange-Nassau , Crown Prince of Orange-Nassau
- 1843: Rafael Ildefonso Arté , Spanish music teacher
- 1843: Ján Levoslav Bella , Slovak composer
- 1843: James-Alfred Porret , Swiss Protestant clergyman and university professor
- 1844: Hermann Bernhard Joachim Ascher , German lawyer
- 1846: Daniel Hudson Burnham , American city planner and architect
- 1846: Wilhelm Küchler , Lord Mayor of Worms and Finance Minister of Hesse
- 1846: Hans Zötl , Austrian lawyer and local researcher
- 1848: Heinrich Bruns , German mathematician and astronomer
1851-1900
Hermann von Wissmann (* 1853)
Karl Seitz (* 1869)
Kārlis Ulmanis (* 1877)
Gaby Deslys (* 1881)
- 1852: Edoardo Mascheroni , Italian conductor and composer
- 1852: Eilif Peterssen , Norwegian painter
- 1853: Hermann von Wissmann , German Africa explorer, officer and colonial official
- 1854: Henri Berguer , Swiss Protestant clergyman
- 1857: Jules Andrade , French mathematician, physicist and watchmaker
- 1859: Wilhelm Wetekamp , German nature conservation pioneer and reform pedagogue
- 1862: Hermann Winnefeld , German archaeologist
- 1863: Alfred Rehder , German-American gardener and botanist
- 1867: Franz Wilhelm Voigt , German painter
- 1869: Eugen Felle , German postcard painter
- 1869: Karl Seitz , Austrian politician, Federal President, Mayor of Vienna
- 1869: Johannes Philippus Suijling , Dutch legal scholar
- 1872: Clara Ratzka , German writer
- 1872: Nils Strindberg , Swedish scientist and photographer
- 1873: Emil Böhm , German painter
- 1874: Jean Pierre d'Orléans , head of the House of Orléans-Bourbon, pretender to the throne
- 1875: Saxton Pope , American archer
- 1876: Ernst Jakob Christoffel , German pastor, founder of the Christoffel mission for the blind
- 1877: Kārlis Ulmanis , Latvian politician
- 1881: Gaby Deslys , French revue dancer, actress and singer
- 1881: Engelbert Krebs , German dogmatist
- 1881: Lamine Bey , last Bey from Tunis
- 1882: Leonhard Frank , German writer
- 1884: Georges Pitoëff , French actor, director and theater manager
- 1885: Antonio Bacci , Italian Catholic Cardinal
- 1885: Vinçenc Kolë Prennushi , Albanian theologian, Archbishop of Durrës
Lamine Bey (* 1881)
Leonhard Frank (* 1882)
La Argentina (* 1888)
Fritz Todt (* 1891)
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- 1886: Otto Bülte , German football player
- 1886: Miloslav Fleischmann , Czech ice hockey player
- 1886: Georg Krogmann , German football player
- 1887: Otto Adams , German politician and trade unionist, MdR
- 1887: Erich Lasse , German academic painter
- 1887: Hermann Zondek , German doctor
- 1888: La Argentina , Spanish ballet dancer and choreographer
- 1888: Charles Belben , French racing car driver
- 1888: Oskar Schlemmer , German painter, sculptor and set designer
- 1889: Ramiro Artieda , Bolivian serial killer
- 1889: Heinrich von Prittwitz and Gaffron , German general
- 1889: Johannes Saß , German linguist and lexicographer
- 1889: Moses Schönfinkel , Russian mathematician
- 1891: Seweryn Barbag , Polish-Jewish composer, musicologist and teacher
- 1891: Joseph Becker-Dillingen , German agricultural and horticultural scientist
- 1891: Sam Lanin , American jazz musician
- 1891: Fridolin von Senger and Etterlin , German general
- 1891: Fritz Todt , German civil engineer, Reich Minister, founder of the Todt Organization
- 1892: Darius Milhaud , French composer
- 1892: Helmuth Plessner , German philosopher
- 1892: Franz Sedlacek , Austrian football player and coach
- 1892: Pete Smith , American film producer, Oscar winner
- 1893: Franz Honner , Austrian politician
- 1894: Andrew Beauchamp-Proctor , South African fighter pilot
- 1894: Egon Ranshofen-Wertheimer , Austrian-American diplomat, journalist, lawyer and political scientist
- 1894: Otto Winkelmann , German general of the police, SS and Waffen-SS, participant in the Holocaust of Hungarian Jews
- 1895: Nigel Bruce , British actor
- 1896: Antonin Artaud , French actor, director, poet and theater theorist
- 1896: Aspasia Manos , Princess of Greece and Denmark
- 1896: Friedrich Reimann , German animal and hunting painter
- 1896: Adolphe Reymond , Swiss football player
- 1896: Rodolphe Rubattel , Swiss politician, Federal Councilor
- 1896: Arthur Tell Schwab , Swiss walker
- 1897: Gus Arnheim , American pianist, composer, arranger and band leader
- 1897: William Urquhart-Dykes , British racing car driver and aviator
- 1898: Rodolfo Moleiro , Venezuelan poet
- 1899: Edmond Mouche , French racing car driver
- 1900: George Hoyningen-Huene , Russian-American fashion photographer
- 1900: Philipp Rupprecht , German caricaturist and painter, main draftsman for the Nazi weekly newspaper Der Stürmer
20th century
1901-1925
Max Delbrück (* 1906)
Richard Wright (* 1908)
Helmut Schlesinger (* 1924)
- 1901: William Lyons , British entrepreneur, founder of the Jaguar car brand
- 1901: Ahmet Kutsi Tecer , Turkish poet and politician
- 1902: Kurt Karl Julius Annecke , German pharmacist
- 1902: Hermann Eidenbenz , Swiss graphic artist and postage stamp artist
- 1902: Hanns Pfeifer , German lithographer and draftsman
- 1902: Albert Venohr , German actor
- 1903: Esther de Cáceres , Uruguayan poet
- 1904: Gereon Josef Ausserlechner , Austrian Premonstratensian and resistance fighter
- 1904: Sabin Carr , American athlete
- 1905: Mary Renault , British writer
- 1905: Walter Zapp , German inventor of the miniature camera
- 1906: Max Delbrück , German-American biophysicist and geneticist, Nobel Prize winner
- 1906: Alexander Moyzes , Slovak composer
- 1906: Wayne D. Overholser , American western writer
- 1906: Dita Parlo , Franco-German film actress
- 1907: Maurice Percy Ashley , British historian
- 1907: Marvin Griffin , American politician
- 1907: Werner Kleine , German rower
- 1907: Reggie Nalder , Austrian film actor
- 1907: Henry Palmé , Swedish athlete
- 1908: Edward Dmytryk , American film director
- 1908: Richard Wright , American writer
- 1909: Werner Böttcher , German athlete
- 1909: Eugen Keidel , German politician, Lord Mayor of Freiburg im Breisgau
- 1909: Johannes Willebrands , Dutch Archbishop of Utrecht and Cardinal
- 1909: Eduard Wirths , German SS medical officer in Auschwitz
- 1909: William H. Ziegler , American film editor
- 1910: Anthony J. Celebrezze , American politician and lawyer
- 1910: Remo Giazotto , Italian musicologist
- 1913: Joseph Anthony De Palma , American Bishop of De Aar in South Africa
- 1913: Stanford Moore , American biochemist, Nobel Prize winner
- 1913: Kenzō Tange , Japanese architect
- 1914: Rudolf Leiding , German manager
- 1915: Harry Larsen , Danish rower
- 1915: Rudolf Schock , German lyric tenor, opera, lied and operetta singer
Walter Zapp (* 1905)
Dita Parlo (* 1906)
Henry Ford II (born 1917)
Pál Maléter (* 1917)
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- 1917: Henry Ford II , American entrepreneur, President of the Ford Motor Company
- 1917: Geoff Love , British band leader, composer, arranger and trombonist
- 1917: Pál Maléter , Hungarian Defense Minister
- 1917: Hilary Mason , British actress
- 1918: Bill Talbert , American tennis player
- 1918: Gerald Stanley Wilson , American jazz musician
- 1919: Sante Geminiani , Italian motorcycle racer
- 1919: Gualtiero Jacopetti , Italian director of documentaries
- 1919: Howard Morris , American comedian
- 1920: Clemar Bucci , Argentine racing car driver
- 1920: Jackie Holmes , American racing car driver
- 1920: George Little , Canadian music teacher, choir conductor and organist
- 1921: Ariel Ramírez , Argentine composer
- 1921: Herbert Weicker , German actor and voice actor
- 1922: Filip Jánský , Czech writer
- 1922: Rosalio José Castillo Lara , Venezuelan religious, cardinal to the Curia
- 1922: Walther Reyer , Austrian castle actor
- 1924: Joan Aiken , British writer
- 1924: Bobby Grim , American racing car driver
- 1924: Helmut Schlesinger , German economist, President of the German Bundesbank
- 1925: Leo Apostel , Belgian philosopher
1926-1950
Élias Hrawi (* 1926)
Dawn Fraser (born 1937)
Erwin Teufel (* 1939)
Peter Behrens (* 1947)
- 1926: Yevgeny Nikolajewitsch Andrejew , Russian test pilot and parachutist
- 1926: Elias Hrawi , Lebanese politician, President
- 1926: Ivan Illich , Austrian social reformer
- 1926: Helmut Ringelmann , German film producer
- 1927: John McCarthy , American computer scientist, inventor of the Lisp programming language
- 1927: Ulrich Finckh , German Protestant pastor
- 1928: Dominique Colonna , French football player
- 1928: Jo Jastram , German sculptor
- 1928: Hans-Jürgen Treder , German theoretical physicist and astrophysicist
- 1928: Dick York , American television actor
- 1929: Karl Markus Michel , German writer
- 1929: Hans-Jürgen Steinmann , German writer
- 1930: Günter Döding , German trade unionist
- 1930: Edgar Wisniewski , German architect
- 1931: Anthony de Mello , Indian Jesuit priest and spiritual teacher
- 1931: Mitzi Gaynor , American actress
- 1931: Rupert Hollaus , Austrian motorcycle racer
- 1931: Riz Ortolani , Italian film composer
- 1933: Horst Hirschler , German Lutheran theologian, bishop and abbot
- 1934: Guy-Claude Burger , Swiss musician and physicist
- 1934: Eduard Anatoljewitsch Chil , Russian Estrada singer
- 1934: Clive WJ Granger , British economist
- 1934: Engelbert Kliemstein , Austrian artist
- 1934: Jan Švankmajer , Czech surrealist artist
- 1935: Walther Kauer , Swiss writer
- 1935: Adolf Müller , German administrative lawyer and local politician
- 1936: Judea Pearl , American computer scientist
- 1937: Garnet Brooks , Canadian singer and vocal teacher
- 1937: Dawn Fraser , Australian swimmer, Olympic champion
- 1938: Michel Rateau , French composer
- 1939: Mario Casoni , Italian entrepreneur and racing car driver
- 1939: Erwin Teufel , German politician, Member of the State Parliament, Prime Minister of Baden-Württemberg
- 1940: Mona Kelly , Canadian singer
- 1940: Wilfried Kindermann , German athlete
- 1941: Felipe Pirela , Venezuelan singer
- 1941: Earl Ross , Canadian racing driver
- 1942: Brian Cherney , Canadian composer
- 1942: Raymond Floyd , American professional golfer
- 1942: Merald "Bubba" Knight , American singer ( Gladys Knight & the Pips )
- 1944: Hédi Annabi , Tunisian UN diplomat
- 1944: Anthony Atkinson , British economist
- 1944: Gene Parsons , American country musician
- 1945: Pentti Airikkala , Finnish rally driver
- 1945: Philippe Rousselot , French cameraman
- 1945: Afërdita Tusha , Albanian sports shooter
- 1946: Heiner Bartling , German politician, Minister of the Interior of Lower Saxony
- 1946: David Liebman , American tenor and soprano saxophonist
- 1946: Shyam Saran , Foreign Minister of India
- 1947: Peter Behrens , German musician
- 1947: Danièle Dubroux , French director, actress and screenwriter
- 1947: Dieter Köster , German film and television director
- 1948: José Tomás Arita Valle , Honduran lawyer
- 1948: Heribert Bruchhagen , German football player and official
- 1948: Antonio Gasperi , Italian composer and music teacher
- 1948: Hans Koch , Swiss woodwind player
- 1949: Tom Watson , American professional golfer
1951-1975
Wolfgang Flatz (* 1952)
Arpana Caur (born 1954)
Blackie Lawless (born 1956)
Shinya Yamanaka (* 1962)
- 1951: Judith Ivey , American actress
- 1951: Casey Viator , American bodybuilder
- 1952: Wolfgang Büld , German film and television director and author
- 1952: Wolfgang Flatz , Austrian performance artist, musician and composer
- 1952: Evelyn Roll , German journalist and publicist
- 1953: Michael Klemm , German author, director and actor
- 1953: Luis Mejía Oviedo , Dominican sports official
- 1953: Fatih Terim , Turkish football player and coach
- 1954: Carmen Boullosa , Mexican writer
- 1954: Arpana Caur , Indian painter and graphic artist
- 1954: Bruno Kassel , German music journalist
- 1954: Bruno Knust , German cabaret artist and author
- 1955: Brian Schweitzer , American politician, governor of Montana
- 1955: Yevgeny Trefilow , Russian handball player and coach
- 1956: Gerold Lauber , Swiss lawyer and local politician
- 1956: Blackie Lawless , American musician
- 1956: Nikola Špirić , Bosnian-Herzegovinian professor and politician, Prime Minister
- 1956: Werner Zirngibl , German tennis player
- 1957: Khandi Alexander , American dancer, choreographer and actress
- 1957: Hanns-Jørg Rohwedder , German politician, MdL
- 1957: Patricia Tallman , American actress and stuntwoman
- 1958: Thorsten Becker , German writer
- 1958: Mario Guedes , Brazilian heavyweight boxer
- 1958: Norbert König , German sports journalist
- 1958: Roger Liebi , Swiss Bible teacher, Bible translator and creationist
- 1959: Robbie Deans , New Zealand rugby player and coach
- 1959: Armin Kogler , Austrian ski jumper
- 1960: Lonnie Plaxico , American jazz bassist
- 1960: Ralf Pröve , German historian
- 1960: Elke Richter , German soccer player
- 1960: Kim Thayil , American musician
- 1960: Damon Wayans , American actor and comedian
- 1962: Bob Arnz , German music producer, composer and music manager
- 1962: Shin'ya Yamanaka , Japanese doctor and stem cell researcher, Nobel Prize winner
- 1963: Barbara Drossel , physicist
- 1963: Luigino Pagotto , Italian racing driver
- 1963: Alfredo Studer , Swiss paraglider pilot
- 1963: John Vanbiesbrouck , Canadian ice hockey player
- 1964: Hubertus Becker , German football player
- 1964: Michael Bentt , Jamaican heavyweight boxer
- 1964: Robson da Silva , Brazilian sprinter, Olympic medalist
- 1964: Ron Edwards , American game designer and theorist
- 1964: Nadja Engel , German actress
- 1964: María Cecilia Villanueva , Argentine composer and pianist
- 1964: Anthony Weiner , American politician
- 1965: Silke Allers , German politician, MdL
- 1965: Marc Degryse , Belgian football player
- 1966: Jearl Miles Clark , American athlete
- 1966: Biréli Lagrène , French guitarist and jazz musician
- 1966: Wolfgang Lenk , German musician ( Die Prinzen )
- 1966: Gary Neiwand , Australian track cyclist, world champion and Olympic medalist
- 1966: Torsten Sträter , German horror and comedy writer, slam poet, comedian and cabaret artist
Torsten Sträter (* 1966)
Peggy Black (* 1971)
Lidia Șimon (* 1973)
Carmit Bachar (* 1974)
- 1967: Rainer Aigner , German football player
- 1967: Susanne Vogel , German bassist
- 1968: Natacha Amal , Belgian actress
- 1968: John DiMaggio , American actor
- 1968: Don Lemmon , American nutritionist and author
- 1968: Phill Lewis , American actor
- 1968: Mike Piazza , American baseball player
- 1969: Andrea Göpel , German television presenter
- 1969: Alex Hicks , Canadian ice hockey player
- 1969: Giorgi Margwelaschwili , Georgian politician, President
- 1969: Sasha , Welsh DJ and music producer
- 1969: Werner Schuster , Austrian ski jumper and jumping coach
- 1969: Kristen Wilson , American actress
- 1970: Igor Cavalera , Brazilian drummer
- 1970: Daisy Dee , singer and TV presenter from the Netherlands Antilles
- 1970: John Garcia , American rock singer
- 1971: Herwig Barthes , German jazz trumpeter
- 1971: Mark Knowles , Bahamian tennis player
- 1971: Lilian Laslandes , French soccer player
- 1971: Peggy Schwarz , German figure skater
- 1971: Ione Skye , British actress
- 1971: Maik Taylor , Northern Irish soccer player
- 1971: Max Urlacher , German actor
- 1972: Daniel Nestor , Canadian tennis player
- 1973: Stéphane Lémeret , Belgian journalist and racing car driver
- 1973: Lidia Șimon , Romanian athlete
- 1974: Rita Atria , Italian informant of the judiciary
- 1974: Carmit Bachar , American singer, dancer and actress
- 1974: Sören Bartol , German politician, Member of the Bundestag
- 1974: Carmen Consoli , Italian rock singer
- 1974: Nona Gaye , American singer and actress
- 1975: Miguel Acosta Moreno , Mexican soccer player
- 1975: Sevim Dağdelen , German journalist, politician and translator
- 1975: Dominik Marks , German football referee
1976-2000
David Garrett (* 1980)
Beyoncé (* 1981)
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- 1976: Borislav Georgiev , Bulgarian football player
- 1976: Lise Legrand , French wrestler
- 1976: Mario-Ernesto Rodríguez Berutti , Uruguayan-Italian football player
- 1977: Bekkay Harrach , German-Moroccan Islamist and terrorist
- 1977: Lucie Silvas , New Zealand singer and songwriter
- 1978: Wes Bentley , American actor
- 1978: Michael V. Knudsen , Danish handball player
- 1978: Danijel Ljuboja , Serbian football player
- 1978: Frederik Veuchelen , Belgian racing cyclist
- 1979: Maxim Afinogenov , Russian ice hockey player
- 1979: Kerstin Garefrekes , German soccer player
- 1979: Gledson , Brazilian soccer player
- 1980: Zachary Abel , American actor
- 1980: David Garrett , German-American violinist
- 1980: Cem İslamoğlu , German-Turkish soccer player
- 1980: Hitomi Shimatani , Japanese J-pop singer
- 1980: Lim Yo-hwan , South Korean computer gamer
- 1981: Stéphane Auvray , French football player
- 1981: Richard Garcia , Australian soccer player
- 1981: Tomáš Hübschman , Czech football player
- 1981: Beyoncé Knowles , American singer and actress
- 1982: Marcin Bachleda , Polish ski jumper
- 1982: Mark Lewis-Francis , British athlete
- 1982: Benjamin Weigelt , German soccer player
- 1982: Fabián Yantorno , Uruguayan soccer player
- 1984: Jonny Adam , British racing car driver
- 1984: Camila Bordonaba , Argentine actress and singer
- 1984: Bine Zupan , Slovenian ski jumper
- 1985: Raúl Albiol , Spanish soccer player
- 1985: Juan Carlos Arias Pérez , Cuban track and road cyclist
- 1985: Andrew Meyrick , British racing car driver
- 1985: Matías Russo , Argentine racing car driver
- 1986: Danilo Asconeguy , Uruguayan football player
- 1986: Aaron Hunt , German soccer player
- 1987: Menowin Fröhlich , German singer
- 1988: JJ Hickson , American basketball player
- 1988: Michael Tieber , Austrian soccer player
- 1989: Gregory Baxter , Canadian ski jumper
- 1990: Stefanía Fernández , Venezuelan model, Miss Universe 2009
- 1990: Anatoly Sossnitskij , Ukrainian cyclist
- 1991: Aleksandar Atanasijević , Serbian volleyball player
- 1991: Carter Jenkins , American film actor
- 1991: Anders Zachariassen , Danish handball player
- 1992: Layvin Kurzawa , French football player
- 1993: Matej Ašanin , Croatian handball player
- 1993: Yannick Ferreira , Belgian-Spanish soccer player
- 1993: Jeremy Mockridge , German actor
- 1994: Elvar Ásgeirsson , Icelandic handball player
- 1995: Pauline Angert , German actress
- 1998: Geert Nentjes , Dutch darts player
- 2000: Sergio Gómez , Spanish football player
Died
Before the 16th century
Ida von Herzfeld († 825)
Rosalia († 1166)
- 422: Boniface I , Pope
- 454: Dioskorus I of Alexandria , Patriarch of Alexandria
- 799: Mūsā al-Kāzim , Shiite imam and descendant of Mohammed
- 825: Ida von Herzfeld , German church donor
- 999: Franko , Bishop of Worms
- 1063: Tughrul Beg , Sultan of the Seljuks
- 1166: Rosalia , virgin and hermit, saint
- 1199: Joan of England , Queen of Sicily and Countess of Toulouse
- 1207: Boniface of Montferrat , leader of the Fourth Crusade, Margrave of Montferrat and King of Thessaloniki
- 1247: Balian , Lord of Beirut
- 1254: Judenta von Hagenbuch , third Thurgau abbess of the Fraumünster in Zurich
- 1308: Margaret of Burgundy , Countess of Tonerre, Queen of Sicily and Naples
- 1323: Suddhipala , Mongolian Emperor of China
- 1324: Sancho I , King of Mallorca, Count Cerdanya and Roussillon, and Lord of Montpellier
- 1378: Bartolomeo Bulgarini , Italian painter
- 1416: Johann I , Count of Nassau-Dillenburg
- 1417: Robert Hallum , English Chancellor of Oxford University, Bishop of Salisbury
- 1439: Křišťan z Prachatic , Czech scholar, astronomer
- 1485: Stephan von Pfalz-Simmern , Canon in Strasbourg, Mainz, Cologne, Speyer and Liège
16th to 18th century
Philip I of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen († 1551)
Robert Dudley († 1588)
Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth († 1727)
John Fielding († 1780)
- 1515: Barbara von Brandenburg , Duchess of Glogau and Queen of Bohemia
- 1526: John Stewart, 3rd Earl of Lennox , Scottish nobleman
- 1551: Philip I , Duke of Braunschweig-Grubenhagen
- 1571: Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox , Scottish nobleman
- 1588: Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester , English military leader
- 1618: Nicolò Rusca , Roman Catholic archpriest in Sondrio
- 1626: Leopold von Stralendorf , Vice Chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire
- 1656: Petrus Lucius , German printer
- 1663: Johannes Hornschuch , German philologist and educator
- 1676: John Ogilby , Scottish cartographer, writer and translator
- 1680: Wilderich von Walderdorff , Vice Chancellor of the Holy Roman Empire
- 1684: Rasmus Vinding , Danish professor
- 1699: Reichardt Fux , Austrian stonemason and sculptor
- 1704: Anthonius Lucius , German legal scholar
- 1709: Jean-François Regnard , French writer
- 1719: Heinrich Hiller , Mayor of St. Gallen
- 1727: Christiane Eberhardine von Brandenburg-Bayreuth , Electress of Saxony and titular queen of Poland
- 1742: Sophia Albertine von Erbach-Erbach , Duchess of Saxony-Hildburghausen
- 1745: Christian Ernst , Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
- 1748: Niklaus Tscheer , Swiss pietist and writer
- 1750: José de Cañizares , Spanish playwright and librettist
- 1750: Margret Zeerleder-Lutz , Swiss Pietist
- 1751: Jacques Philippe d'Orville , Dutch classical philologist
- 1753: Philipp Millauer , German builder
- 1757: Levin Winder , American politician
- 1767: Charles Townshend , British nobleman and politician
- 1777: Johannes Caprez , Swiss Protestant clergyman
- 1780: Sir John Fielding , British judge and social reformer
- 1784: César François Cassini de Thury , French geodesist and astronomer
- 1787: Louis-Frédéric Petitpierre , Swiss Protestant clergyman
- 1791: Daniel Nettelbladt , German lawyer
- 1794: Daniel Freiherr Peharnik-Hotkovich , Austrian knight of the Military Maria Theresa Order
19th century
José Miguel Carrera († 1821)
Francisco Javier de Elío († 1822)
Henriette Méric-Lalande († 1867)
August-Valentin Kautz († 1895)
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- 1811: Matsumura Goshun , Japanese painter of the Edo period and founder of the Shijō school
- 1813: Jean-François Thomas de Thomon , Franco-Russian architect
- 1813: James Wyatt , British builder
- 1821: José Miguel Carrera , Latin American national hero and Chilean politician
- 1822: Francisco Javier de Elío , Spanish officer, governor of Montevideo and last viceroy of the Río de la Plata
- 1834: Peter Erasmus Müller , Danish bishop, historian and linguist
- 1835: Albert Jakob Arnoldi , German theologian and orientalist
- 1843: Hermann Diedrich Piepenstock , German businessman and manufacturer
- 1847: František Vladislav Hek , Czech patriot, poet and publicist
- 1849: Karl Ferdinand Becker , German doctor, scientist, pedagogue and linguist
- 1852: William Pitt Adams , British diplomat
- 1859: Wilhelm Pfeil , German forest scientist
- 1864: Augustus French , American politician
- 1864: Henry Johnson , American politician, governor of Louisiana, Congressman
- 1867: Henriette Méric-Lalande , French opera singer
- 1868: Eduard Friedrich Poeppig , German explorer
- 1874: Alfred de Bougy , French writer
- 1876: Franz Xaver von Andlaw-Birseck , Baden diplomat
- 1880: Hans Heinrich Ryffel , Swiss entrepreneur and politician
- 1886: Agustina Gutiérrez Salazar , Chilean painter and draftsman
- 1895: Émile Bouichère , French organist
- 1895: August-Valentin Kautz , German-American cavalry officer of the Union in the Civil War
20th century
1901-1950
Edvard Grieg († 1907)
Paul Friedlaender († 1923)
Vladimir Arsenyev († 1930)
Erich Fellgiebel († 1944)
- 1903: Hermann Zumpe , German conductor
- 1904: Antonio Chiattone , Swiss sculptor
- 1904: Carlo von Erlanger , German explorer and ornithologist
- 1907: Edvard Grieg , Norwegian pianist and Romantic composer
- 1909: Ernst von Stubenrauch , German district administrator
- 1914: Theodor Weber , German doctor
- 1918: Hans Droysen , German classical philologist and historian
- 1919: Franz Reber , German art historian
- 1923: Paul Friedlaender , German chemist
- 1923: Howard Wilcox , American racing car driver
- 1930: Vladimir Arsenyev , Russian explorer and writer
- 1932: Heinrich Schulz , German reform pedagogue and politician, MdR, pioneer of shorthand
- 1933: Otto Baschin , German geographer and meteorologist
- 1934: Paul Aust , German landscape painter, graphic artist and writer
- 1938: Paul Arbelet , French Romance studies and Stendhal specialist
- 1940: Henri Lavedan , French writer and journalist
- 1942: Zsigmond Móricz , Hungarian writer
- 1944: Erich Fellgiebel , German general, resistance fighter of July 20, 1944
- 1948: Alice Barbi , Italian violinist, singer and composer
- 1949: Frank Croxton , American singer
- 1949: Hermann August Eidmann , German zoologist and forest scientist
- 1949: Herbert Eulenberg , German poet and writer
- 1949: Liberato Ribeiro Pinto , Portuguese officer and Prime Minister
1951-2000
Carlo Sforza († 1952)
Robert Schuman († 1963)
Albert Schweitzer († 1965)
Georges Simenon († 1989)
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- 1951: Louis Adamic , American journalist and writer
- 1951: Leo Waibel , German geographer
- 1952: Carlo Graf Sforza , Italian politician and anti-fascist
- 1957: Joseph Canteloube , French composer, pianist and musicologist
- 1961: Isidore Fattal , Syrian Archbishop
- 1961: Josef Haubrich , German art collector and patron
- 1963: Robert Schuman , Franco-German statesman, foreign minister, prime minister, is considered one of the founding fathers of the European Union
- 1964: Werner Bergengruen , German writer
- 1964: Lothar Müthel , German actor and theater director
- 1965: Tommy Hampson , British middle-distance runner and Olympic champion
- 1965: Albert Schweitzer , German doctor, Protestant theologian, philosopher, missionary and pacifist, Nobel Prize winner
- 1969: Marcel Riesz , Hungarian mathematician
- 1971: Enrico Dassetto , Italian-Swiss composer, conductor and violinist, pianist and organist
- 1972: Stanisław Milski , Polish actor and director
- 1973: Willy Haas , German publicist, film critic and screenwriter
- 1974: Creighton W. Abrams , American general
- 1974: Marcel Achard , French playwright and screenwriter
- 1975: Tsuboi Shigeji , Japanese writer
- 1977: Ernst Friedrich Schumacher , British economist
- 1979: Sefton Delmer , British journalist
- 1980: Wolfgang Gentner , German physicist
- 1982: Jack Tworkov , Polish-American painter
- 1983: Ike Armstrong , American football coach
- 1985: George O'Brien , American actor
- 1987: Walther Abel , German classical philologist
- 1988: Artur Missbach , German politician and party functionary, Member of the Bundestag, Member of the Bundestag
- 1988: Oda Schaefer , German poet and author
- 1989: Colin Clark , British-Australian economist
- 1989: Georges Simenon , Belgian writer mainly of detective novels ( Commissioner Maigret )
- 1989: Ronald Syme , New Zealand ancient historian
- 1990: Irene Dunne , American theater and film actress
- 1990: Turan Dursun , Turkish critic of religion and civil rights activist
- 1991: Charlie Barnet , American jazz saxophonist
- 1991: Tom Tryon , American actor and writer
- 1991: Dottie West , American country singer
- 1992: Carl Butler , American country singer
- 1993: Hervé Villechaize , French actor
- 1995: Elizabeth AH Green , American music teacher, conductor and composer
- 1997: Chuck Arnold , American racing car driver
- 1997: Pierre Bergé , French experimental physicist
- 1997: Hans Jürgen Eysenck , German-British psychologist
- 1997: Aldo Rossi , Italian architect and designer
- 1998: Inge Aicher-Scholl , German writer
- 1998: Hans Brenner , German actor
- 1999: Georg Gawliczek , German soccer player and coach
- 1999: Gertrud Heinzelmann , Swiss lawyer and theologian
21st century
Giacinto Facchetti († 2006)
Steve Irwin († 2006)
Lalla Aïcha of Morocco († 2011)
Christopher Lawford († 2018)
- 2003: Lola Bobesco , Belgian violinist of Romanian origin
- 2003: Tibor Varga , Hungarian violinist, conductor and teacher
- 2004: Aquilino Boyd , Panamanian diplomat and politician
- 2004: Richard Hey , German writer
- 2004: Moe Norman , Canadian professional golfer
- 2005: Lloyd Avery II , American actor
- 2006: Giacinto Facchetti , Italian football player
- 2006: Steve Irwin , Australian wildlife filmmaker ( Crocodile Hunter )
- 2006: Colin Thiele , Australian children's author
- 2006: Astrid Varnay , Swedish opera singer
- 2007: Michael Cromer , German entrepreneur
- 2008: Dan Bar-On , Israeli psychologist, author, Holocaust and peace researcher
- 2009: Franz Olah , Austrian politician
- 2011: Lalla Aicha of Morocco , Moroccan princess and ambassador
- 2011: Lee Roy Selmon , American football player
- 2014: Wolfhart Pannenberg , German Protestant theologian
- 2014: Joan Rivers , American entertainer
- 2014: Dick Thompson , American racing car driver
- 2015: Rainer Kirsch , German writer and poet
- 2016: Klaus Traube , German environmental researcher
- 2018: Christopher Lawford , American actor and writer
- 2019: Roger Etchegaray , French cardinal
- 2020: Gary Peacock , American jazz bassist
Holidays and memorial days
- Church memorial days
- St. Moses , Israelite prophet (Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant: LCMS )
- Giovanni Mollio , Italian reformer and martyr (Protestant)
- St. Rosalia , Italian hermit, nun and patron saint (Catholic)
The list of days of remembrance and action contains further entries .
Commons : September 4th - Collection of images, videos and audio files
