Gerhard Noodt

Gerhard Noodt

Gerhard Noodt (also: Gerard Noodt ; born September 4, 1647 in Nijmegen ; † August 15, 1725 in Leiden ) was a lawyer at the elegant school in the Netherlands , rector of the University of Leiden and early enlightenment .

Life

The son of the goldsmith and councilor Peter Noodt and his wife Gisberte Biesman came from a respected Nijmeg bourgeois family. Noodt attended the local Latin school from 1647 and, as a sixteen-year-old, studied at the newly established local Illustrious Academie Nijmegen from 1663 . First he completed the basic philosophical subjects with Johann Schultingh (1630–1666) in rhetoric and history and with Theodor Craanen (* around 1633/34; † 1688) in mathematics and philosophy. Under Petrus de Greve , he began to study law and had held two legal disputes de Transactionibus and later de Adquirenda et retinenda et amittenda possessione under this in 1668 . At the age of twenty-one he moved to the University of Leiden on October 5, 1668 , where he studied law with Daniel Colonius the Younger (1608–1672), Adriaan Beeckerts van Thienen (1623–1669) and George Konrad Crusius (1644–1676) continued.

But he had also attended the lectures of Johann Friedrich Gronovius (1611–1671) in rhetoric and literature at the philosophical faculty. At Easter 1669 he moved to the University of Utrecht and attended the lectures of Henricus Regius (1598–1684), Philipp Matthäus (1641–1690), Lucas van de Poll (1630–1713) and Johann Georg Graevius . After two months he moved to Franeker University , where he received his doctorate in law on June 9, 1669 under Taco van Glins (1619–1673). After brief stays in Groningen , Harderwijk and Deventer , he returned to Nijmegen, where he worked as a lawyer. In addition, he had also published various writings, so that on December 25, 1671 Noodt was appointed professor at the university in his hometown. During that time, he was offered a professorship at the University of Duisburg in 1677 , which he turned down.

After Ulrich Huber (1636–1694) resigned his professorship in Franeker in 1679, a suitable successor was found in Noodt. As a result of Noodt's departure, the university in Nijmegen was dissolved. Noodt took up his new office on October 16, 1679 with the speech De Civili prudentia , in which he recommended natural international law and Roman law to be studied. In Franeker he gave lectures on the work De Jure belli ac pacis by Hugo Grotius . As early as 1680 and 1683, the curators of the Utrecht University tried to bind him to their institution. However, Noodt was able to be kept in Franeker by means of a substantial salary supplement. In 1684 he could not resist the Utrecht offer and took up his professorship in Utrecht on February 12 of that year with the speech De Causis corruptae Jurisprudentiae .

In 1686 he moved to the University of Leiden as a professor of Dutch constitutional and civil law, a position that he held until his death. In Leiden he also took part in the organizational tasks of the university and was rector of the university in 1698 and 1705 . He resigned these offices in 1699 with the speech Dissertatio de Jure summi Imperii et Lege regia (Leiden 1699) and in 1706 with the speech De Religione ab Imperio jure gentium libera (Leiden 1706). As he grew older, Noodt began to show physical ailments that he had to struggle with for the last three years of his life. He eventually died after visiting his son-in-law. His body was transferred to his parents' burial site in Nijmegen.

Grave of Gerard Noodt, Stevenskerk, Nijmegen

His only daughter Sara Adriane comes from his marriage to Sara Marie van der Mark van Leur († October 1698) from The Hague on April 16, 1686, who was the Amsterdam Johann Ham van der Ende, son of the Amsterdam lawyer Abraham van der Ende, got married.

Act

Noodt supported Jacques Cujas' legal methodology . In contrast to the jurists of Usus modernus pandectarum , such as Johannes Voet , he examined and taught Roman law in its classic form and did not take into account contemporary, local law. At the same time he called for the introduction of natural law as a separate subject.

Enlightenment thoughts are echoed in his Leiden rectorate speeches . Noodt spoke out in favor of the people taking power away from the prince (1699: Dissertatio de jure summi imperii et lege regia ). In his second famous speech from 1706 he took the view that the subjects were absolutely free in questions of religion towards the ruler.

On the hotly debated question of whether it was forbidden to take interest, Noodt spoke out against the interest ban , despite the clearly negative Bible passages and a papal ban. He justifies this with the fact that the profit from borrowed money is actually due to the owner, so that it is fair to compensate the owner with interest. Noodt considered the biblical prohibition of interest to be irrelevant, since it was not a jus gentium , but only applied to one another among Jews .

Works

De foenore et usuris , 1698

De religione ab imperio jure gentium libera , 1708

• Oratio funebris in obitum P. de Greve, jur. prof. Nijmegen 1678
• Probabilium Juris Liber primus, Leiden 1674, Liber II et III, Leiden 1679, Probabilium Liber IV, quibus accedunt de Jurtsdictione et Imperio Libri II et ad Legem Aquiliam Liber singularis. Leiden 1691, Notae ad Ger.Noodt JC et Antecessoris Probabilium Juris Civilis Liberos tres, Wittenberg 1681, Opuscula rariora, Traj. ad Rhen. Jac. van Lanckom. 1733
• Dissertation. de Civili prudentia, habita Franekerae Frisiorum ad 6 Oct. AM DC. LXXIX, cum auspicaretur Juris Professionem. Franeker 1679
• Oratio de causis corruptae Jurisprudentiae, habita Ultraj. ad Rhen. Prid. Id. Feb. MDC. LXXXIV. Utrecht 1684
• De Foenore et Usuris Libri III, in quibus multa Juris Civilis, aliorumque Veterum Auctorum loca aut illustrantur, aut emendantur. Leiden 1698
• Dissertatio de iure summi Imperii et Lege Regia, habita in Acad. Lugd. Bat. ddV Id. Febr. M. DC. XCIX cum Magnifici Rectoris munere abiret. Leiden 1699, in French Amsterdam 1707, 1714, 1731, in English London 1708; in Dutch under the title Redevoering over hetrecht der Opperste Magt. Amsterdam 1784
• Opera Varia. Suffering 1705
• Julius Paulus, sive de Partûs expositione et nece apud Veteres, liber singularis. Leiden 1700, 1710,
• Diocletianus et Maximianus, sive de transactione et pactione Criminum liber singularis. Suffering 1704
• Dissertatio de Religione from Imperio Jure Gentium libera, habita in Academiâ Lugduno-Batavâ, ad VI. Id. Feb. AM DCC. VI cum aboret Magnifici Rectoris munece. Leiden 1706; Also published in French, English and German under various titles in 1706, 1734, 1784, 1724.
  • De religione ab imperio jure gentium libera ( la ) 1708.
• Observationum Libri duo in quibus complura Juris civilis, aliorumque Veterum Scriptorum loca aut illustrantur aut emendantur. Leiden 1706, 2nd vol. 1713
• De formâ emendandi doli mali, in contrahendis negotiis admissi apud Veteres, Liber. Leiden 1709,
• Opera omnia, cum ante edita, tum adhuc inedita. Leiden 1713
• Comment. in D. Justiniani Digesta, sive Fandectas Juris enucleati ex omni Vetere Jure collecta; quorum prima pars in IV libros distributa; hoc volumine exposure. Leiden 1716
• Amica Responsio ad difficultates Julio Paulo, sive Libro de Partûs expositione et nece, nuper notas a Viro Amptissimo Cornelio van Bijnkershoek, Jcto .... Opusculo de Jure occidendi, vendendi et exponendi literos apud Romanos. Leiden 1722, 1723
• Opera omnia, ab ipso recognita, aucta, emendata multis in locis, atque in duos Tomos distributa, LB 1724, fol. TI p. 644. Tomus II continens: Comment. in D. Just. sanctissimi Principis, Libros XXVII Digestorum sive Pandectarum. Juris enucleati ex omni vetere jure cotlecti adhuc ineditum, praeterquam ad Libros priores IV, pp. 590. It. Huic novae Ed. inter alia accessit V. Cl. Joannis Barbeyracii Hist. Vita Auct. Narration. Leiden 1735,
• The Responsum vindt men ook in het 3de deel der Utr. Consult. en is in het Lat vertaald door Alex. Arn. Pagenstecher, en gevoegd in zijn Irnerius injuriâ vapulans. Groningen 1702

literature

• van den Bergh, Govaert CJJ: The Dutch elegant school . - Frankfurt a. M .: Klostermann, 2002. - ISBN 3-465-03170-9
• Zuidema: Noodt, Gerard . In: Petrus Johannes Blok, Philipp Christiaan Molhuysen: Nieuw Nederlands Biografisch Woordenboek. (NNBW) Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis (ING), AW Sijthoff, Leiden, 1912, vol. 2, col. 999
• Abraham Jacob van der Aa : Biographical woordenboek der Nederlanden, bevattende levensbeschrijvingen van zoodanige people, who zich op eenigerlei wijze in ons vaderland vermaard made. Verlag JJ Van Brederode, Haarlem, 1867, vol. 13, p. 289, ( online , Dutch)
• Johann Friedrich Jugler : Contributions to the legal biography, or more precise literary and critical reports on the life and writings of deceased legal scholars and statesmen who have made themselves famous in Europe. Verlag Johann Samuel Heinsius, Leipzig, 1773, 1st volume, 1st item, p. 305, ( online )
• Thomas Moosheimer: Gerard Noodt . In: Gerd Kleinheyer, Jan Schröder (ed.): German and European lawyers from nine centuries . 4th edition Müller, Heidelberg 1996. ISBN 3-8252-0578-9 , pp. 306-309. (= UTB 578)
• Margreet Ahsmann: Noodt, Gerard. In: Michael Stolleis (Ed.): Juristen. A biographical lexicon . CH Beck, Munich 1995. ISBN 3406393306 , pp. 459-460.

Web links

Commons : Gerard Noodt  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Works by and about Gerhard Noodt  in the German Digital Library
• The Three Books on INTEREST-BEARING LOANS and INTEREST (FOENUS ET USURAE) by Gerard Noodt, Jurist and Professor of Law PDF (English)
• Utrecht University Museum