Adolf Pichler

Adolf Pichler (born September 4, 1819 in Erl near Kufstein , † November 15, 1900 in Innsbruck ) was an Austrian writer and scientist .

Adolf Pichler

Life

The monument on Innsbruck's Adolf-Pichler-Platz (picture postcard, 1909)

The Adolf Pichler Monument (2012)

Origin, youth

His father, Josef Anton, was a subaltern customs officer who had to endure repeated postings in the course of his life and who cared little about his son. His mother Josefa, who had to bear the brunt of the upbringing and moved with her husband from one department to the next, neglected the boy criminally, so that he was on his own from a young age. Pichler described this difficult time - not the last one in his life - in his memoirs from the past , which appeared in Leipzig in 1892, in detail and frankly. The fact that he was able to graduate from high school in Innsbruck despite the adverse circumstances he described was thanks to well-meaning relatives who gave him a little financial support.

Studied in Innsbruck and Vienna

After successfully completing “Philosophy”, the preparatory course for the university at the time, Pichler turned to studying law in 1840 , which however did not captivate him. Instead of preparing for exams, he preferred to devote himself to the writings of Hegel and the " Young Germans ", whose liberal thoughts made a deep impression on him.

In 1842 Pichler went to Vienna to study medicine. In addition to his studies, he still found enough time to work as a writer. Although his first literary attempts received little attention, they gave him access to Viennese literary circles.

In 1845 Pichler collected contributions for a Young Tyrolean anthology which, due to the strict censorship regulations of the Metternich regime, could not be published until 1846 under the title Spring Songs from Tyrol . Without giving his name, he himself provided several epigrams ; the main part of the collection consisted of works by his poet colleague Hermann von Gilm .

An unhappy love for a Viennese bourgeois daughter almost threw the poet off course. Pichler followed his lover, who had been ordered to change location by his parents, to Hungary , where he had to realize that all his efforts were unsuccessful. He recorded the pain of this loss in his Emma cycle :

They rushed me out of your close proximity;
I did not count the hours of the hike while fleeing.
I only felt one thing: the pain of separation,
but not the body's fatigue.

The year of the revolution, 1848

Despite this painful experience, Pichler completed his medical studies with a doctorate on time. However, because of the unrest that broke out in March 1848 , he was no longer able to implement the plan to work as a doctor in Vienna . When the news reached Vienna that Tyrol was being harassed by the Italians, Pichler made the decision to raise a volunteer corps made up of Tyrolean academics and to march with them to the southern border to protect his homeland. Among the 131 volunteers who left with him was Andreas Hofer's comrade in arms , the aged Capuchin Father Joachim Haspinger . On April 27, the students led by Pichler moved into Bolzano , where they were greeted with great cheers by the population. The next day the young men, who carried a black, red and gold flag with them as a sign of their German nationality, were examined by Archduke Johann . The following conversation took place between Adolf Pichler and the Archduke as they walked through the formation:

Pichler: "Who would have guessed that Tyrolean riflemen would go into the field under these colors?" - O we elders were convinced that this day would dawn again; he came, yes! Follow this flag always and everywhere, may it shine before you in battle, never leave it! "

36 years later, Pichler was informed by Feldzeugmeister Count Johann Carl Huyn , who was then a general staff officer in the Count Lichnowsky Division in South Tyrol, about what the archduke of the Volunteer Corps really thought: When Huyn asked him towards the end of the campaign, the student company withdrew To replace Storo , "because it would be a shame if this amount of intelligence, as represented in this company, would suffer great losses," he replied: "If none of these guys comes back, all the better!"

Pichler and his men had no idea of ​​any of this. They were busy with other things:

“Life at Storo was pretty boring, and the ill-disposed residents didn't try to sweeten it for us either; Among the women one would find true splendid pieces by Eumenids , as Aeschylus could hardly find better ones in Athens. Therefore, for lack of better entertainment, a lot of wine was eaten along with enormous loads of polenta and pan roast. "

Only once, at Ponte Tedesco, were the academics embroiled in a more serious skirmish in which the corps had several injuries and even one death to mourn. Pichler set a monument to this in his Fra Serafico :

The
images of the past rose up out of the gloomy darkness .
I thought Friese's who fell at the boundary stone,
The first there on the bank of the Chiese;
I thought Haspingers, the aged hero,
How he
laid his hand on his red wounds in front of the coffin in his priestly dress.

On June 10, the volunteer corps returned to Bolzano after two months of service on the border, where the company dispersed to the wind. Instead of being praised, individual members of the corps were placed under police supervision, as it was feared that they could stir up the people with their German nationalism. In a police order from the Schwaz district office, which Pichler was later able to inspect, the students, who had just unselfishly helped to protect the borders of their home country, were dubbed restless "vertigo", gripped by the revolutionary spirit, and severe Need observation.

After the dissolution of the Freikorps, Pichler returned to Vienna, where he witnessed the October uprising ; but he himself no longer took part in it.

Teaching at the grammar school

In November 1848 he took over a substitute position at the chair for natural history at the philosophical faculty of the University of Innsbruck. His hope that this auxiliary activity could be of use to him later was not fulfilled; twice a competitor was preferred to him when the professorship was awarded. Instead of working as a doctor - as would have been expected based on his training - Pichler passed the teaching examination after these rejections. But the job at the grammar school was also delayed because he - as he later said - “did not bend down and always called black, black and white white with more honesty than cleverness.” Finally, he succeeded in getting his appointment; this took place by decree of June 18, 1851.

The Schleswig-Holstein adventure

Even before starting school, Pichler hurried to Rendsburg in Schleswig-Holstein in August 1850 to offer military assistance to “the small German fraternal tribe oppressed by the Danes”. After exploring the situation, he returned to Innsbruck to put together a volunteer corps made up of Tyroleans. But before he could implement his plan, he was summoned to the governor, where it was made clear to him that the government did not allow Tyroleans to participate in the Schleswig-Holstein war . Pichler felt - as he confided in his diary - "forever sidelined" and cheated of his political ideals.

Geognostic Studies

Geological map of the area around Innsbruck, created by Adolf Pichler in 1859

Köfelsit

Since teaching at the grammar school did not fill him, Pichler turned to geology and mineralogy in his spare time . In order to collect illustrative material for his geognostic research, he undertook extensive hikes through the Tyrolean mountains. By describing the material collected on these forays in the greatest detail, he arrived at an overall picture that was incomparably sharper than that of his predecessors. The number of minerals he collected amounts to several thousand pieces.

Pichler caused a sensation in the geological world when in 1863 he qualified Köfelsite , a slag-like rock from the district of the same name in the municipality of Umhausen, which had been sent to him for investigation, as the product of a volcanic eruption that occurred after the Ice Age. This would have been the only young volcanic rock deposit in the Alpine region. As recent research shows, however, Pichler was wrong on this point: the lava-like consistency of the rock is not of volcanic origin, but the result of the heat generated during major landslides , which leads to pumice-like rock glazing.

Visit to Alexander von Humboldt

The endeavor to perfect his geological training, to compare his finds with museums outside the Alps and to make contact with other researchers prompted Pichler to travel several months to Munich, Berlin, Dresden, Vienna, and Graz at the turn of 1855/56 Istria. On this occasion he paid a visit to the aged Alexander von Humboldt in Berlin:

“His figure was small, almost feeble, and his frugal, short hair was snow-white; The pale forehead towered up powerful and significant, beneath which two not large, but bright and sharp eyes flashed with an unusual brilliance, so that I was almost reminded of those busts in which the Romans used precious stones instead of pupils. ... We first talked about literary matters. ... Then the talk turned to the natural sciences. Among other things, he told me that he used to work on his cosmos (draft of a physical description of the world) during the night between 11 a.m. and 3 a.m., because during the day he was completely occupied with things that were hardly related to the smaller circle of his studies related. "

marriage and family

Adolf Pichler's house on Müllerstrasse

After this meeting, Pichler returned to Innsbruck "praising his luck that he was granted to meet one of the luminaries of the great classical era face to face", where he and Josefine, the daughter of the art dealer Johann Groß, got known. After a short engagement period, the wedding took place on September 9, 1857 in St. Johann in Tirol . His wife bore him three children, a son and two daughters, one of whom died at a young age. Little is known about his family life. However, the marriage does not seem to have been particularly happy, especially since Pichler's notes repeatedly contain remarks about previous love affairs, while his wife hardly plays a role in his writings. Nevertheless, Pichler believed he could say of himself that he had been an honest man to his wife and a loyal father to his children. His wife, with whom he only dealt with letters in the end, passed away in 1888 after two days of deep unconsciousness. His “poor, unhappy son, who was also rich in mind and body” (who was also called Adolf) died under unknown circumstances, probably by his own hands, at the age of 33, in autumn 1893.

Discovery of the Tischofer Cave

In May 1859, on a hike in the Kaisertal, Pichler discovered a strange "bone cave " (the so-called Tischofer Cave ), in which, according to the discoverer, "whole generations of bears must have lived in the distant past". During later archaeological excavations in this cave, several spearheads were unearthed, dating from around 30,000 BC. Come from BC. Today they are considered to be the oldest evidence of the settlement of Tyrol.

University career

When the newly created chair for German studies had to be filled in the same year, Pichler, who had made a name for himself in the field of literary history with his research on the Drama of the Middle Ages in Tyrol (1850), hoped for the post. But since he was seen as an unadjusted liberal who was critical of the monarchy and the church, he could not be politically enforced. Finally he returned to the academic high school in Angerzellgasse, where he taught from February 1861 to June 1867. He had to hold out in this position for eight years until he was appointed professor of geology on April 23, 1867, and received the long-awaited academic dignity.

With the appointment as professor of geology, Pichler had reached the zenith of his academic career. However, this has not changed his attitude towards those in power, although he no longer expressed his thoughts publicly, but only confided in his diary:

“I spend the summer knocking stones; the petrified dinosaurs are much more important to me than all the pigs in politics. "

In September 1869 the 43rd meeting of natural scientists and doctors took place in Innsbruck, at which Pichler became acquainted with Carl Vogt , Rudolf Virchow , Karl Semper and other scientific greats.

In the summer of 1874, Pichler almost fell to his death on an excursion. He could only save himself by jumping over the abyss.

In 1879 he was elected rector of the University of Innsbruck, an honor which he refused without giving any reason.

When he retired in the autumn of 1890 after 42 years of service, he noted in his diary:

“In these years, as far as a person can say it, I have honestly fulfilled my duty and can therefore look back with a certain comfort. I am quiet and serious, almost in a solemn mood; A new phase of life begins for me, may I bear with patience all that it still brings me of suffering and finally be granted peace until my end. "

The writer

Professor Pichler on a hike

Despite his achievements in the field of geognosy, Pichler felt primarily as a poet. In his youth and even in his manhood, he had believed that drama was the art form in which he could best express himself. The scenes he wrote The Student (1838), the draft for the revolutionary drama Ulrich von Hutten (1839) and the tragedies The Tarquinier (1861) and Rodrigo (1862), composed two decades later, do not confirm this self-assessment, even if the last-mentioned play on kk National Theater in Innsbruck was performed with great success. The Innsbrucker Nachrichten reports on the performance on April 5, 1862:

“This week's event for Innsbruck remains the first performance of the drama Rodrigo by our native poet Adolf Pichler, which took place yesterday . The historical drama was received yesterday with general enthusiastic applause and its poet and the actors in the main roles were called more than ten times after the closings of the files, which is a rarity in a tragedy here. Germany has gained a very successful drama! "

But Pichler earned even greater praise for his lyrical works. His hymns are considered to be his most important achievement in this field . The poet himself writes about his work in his diaries:

"30. June 1855: Hymns printed by Wagner in an edition of 250 copies. They were received with approval. Alexander von Humboldt described them in a letter to me as seriously sublime and at the same time gracefully fresh poetry . "

In addition to his dramatic and lyrical works, Pichler also left behind epic works. His hiking sketches, which he published in various magazines to cover the costs of his travels, attracted attention, until finally in 1861 some of them were combined in the book Aus Tiroler Bergen . He later added to this collection and reissued it in 1896 under the title Kreuz und quer . The Stories from Tyrol (1867), which were joined by the Jochrauten in 1897 and the anthology Last Alpine Roses in 1898 , which Pichler dedicated to the German poet Ferdinand von Saar , also come from this fund .

Related to the hiking sketches are the writings Pichler himself called “narrative poems”, which are summarized in the Marksteine and Neue Marksteine collections. The works of the last-named volume are written in rhymeless blank verse , which allows the closest possible approximation to the language of everyday life. According to their content, they are character drawings of simple mountain characters in which the main character, the old stone knocker, can easily be recognized as the poet himself:

A black cloud, blazed through by bright lightning,
I saw the hail's streaks draw closer.
The storm made my face icy cold;
Home it was too late for today, I grabbed a
stick, a rifle, and
heavy locks soon spurred me to gallop until
I reached the wizard's ostracized hut panting.
(From: Der Hexenmeister, 1871)

The last years of life

Student wake for Adolf Pichler

Adolf Pichler spent the last years of his life alternately in Freundsheim near Barwies and in Innsbruck. He was able to keep his spiritual freshness to the last. On the occasion of the founding of the German People's Association for Tyrol in March 1898, he wrote the following powerful verses about Dietrich von Bern , which can also be considered his legacy:

Do you know Dietrich the Bernese? Who was once locked
in shackles - he
breathes flames in anger -
That iron flowed like wax
Follow the example of your hero -
Never tolerate a foreign yoke -
Never tolerate the slave as master - Who
crawled on the ground in front of you.

On November 15, 1900, Pichler died of a heart attack. The mourning house in which the body was laid out soon became a kind of pilgrimage site: “Young and old, rich and poor, noble and low make a pilgrimage there to personally say goodbye to the great dead person”, reported an Innsbruck newspaper. And: “An award of a rare kind, which is only bestowed on the best of the nation, is granted to the noble champion of freedom: the German young team at our university pays its final honor; the fraternity , the German national connections and the corps form the guard of honor of the highly deserved teacher of our alma mater - in full wich , with drawn thugs, two of them stand in the mourning chamber, who are replaced by others after each hour. "

Political sentiment

A liberal from the very beginning

In the first three decades of his life, Pichler's thoughts and actions were still entirely determined by liberalism . Filled with the idea of ​​enforcing the right to free speech as well as free expression and public dissemination of opinion in word and writing and to restrict the emperor's claim to absolute power through a written constitution, he took part in the March uprising in 1848. After its crackdown, he had to abstain from political statements in order not to ruin his chances of getting a job, which he only partially succeeded in doing. Only when the empire weakened after the lost wars of 1859 and 1866 could he raise his voice again. At that time he was still a guest speaker at meetings of the liberals, but soon found out that his word was no longer given the weight it had been used to.

From liberalism to German nationalism

While the liberals abandoned German national ideas more and more in the 1960s , Pichler stuck to this idea and never missed an opportunity to emphasize the linguistic, cultural and political unity of Austria with Germany. Since he was not followed in this, he began to become estranged from his former co-thinkers:

“Like worms after a spring rain, the liberals broke out from every corner where they had hitherto safely sheltered; Soon it was said that I was too far left, a Freemason and atheist, a Republican and Democrat, or else: my choice would damage the cause of progress. "

His political credo was:

“I only wish that every German in the stories that I tell here feel the beat of kindred hearts and recognize that the men on the Inn and on the Adige are not to the crippled and weak branches, but to the core tribes of the great German People belong. May God grant that after a long fragmentation and powerlessness the dawn of new magnitude, new glory will begin to shine on the German people, who have suffered much! "

When Germany's victory was announced in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71 , Pichler seemed to be reconciled with the world again. Those who still felt like Greater German expected a corresponding reaction from his students after this victory report and was bitterly disappointed when it failed to materialize. As so often in his life, he then expressed his feelings in a poem that was included in the collection of poems Deutsche Tage in Tirol published by Lipperheide . In this work he went so harshly into court with the students that several corporates of the Corps Gothia and Corps Athesia Innsbruck brought a lawsuit with the rector of the university and demanded that Pichler withdraw it.

Pichler was not impressed by such attacks - which in this case came from his own camp. He stuck to his German convictions until death.

Pichler's relationship with the Jews

Pichler had recorded his attitude towards the Jews in his diary. He wrote:

“I respect them as fellow human beings and advocate that the law of philanthropy also applies to them without restriction. As a fellow citizen I do not want to treat them (even if they recruited and paid taxes) as long as they form a solidary society among themselves in good and bad. "

Pichler demanded more than mere integration from the Jews ; he demanded that they completely adapt to German customs and traditions, which was tantamount to giving up their own cultural identity. For him, the Jews were only tolerated guests, whose right of residence could be withdrawn at any time if there were valid reasons, such as behavior that was harmful to the state. This attitude testifies to a clearly anti-Semitic attitude of Pichler, even if it is not yet underpinned ideologically and his statements lack the racist aim of National Socialism .

Pichler's relationship to the church

Pichler's life is overshadowed by a constant conflict with the clergy, who spearheaded the conservative reactionary party in the second half of the 19th century . Whenever it was possible for him, when the opportunity was suitable or inappropriate, he poured out his malice on church dignitaries. He once said:

"The priests with their various costumes and frocks, the bishops and abbots with their pointed caps, golden smoke coats and crooks seem to me as if they protrude from an extinct animal world into the present, to which they should no longer have a right."

Another time he irritated the high clergy with the poem "Metamorphoses, dedicated to all obdurate opponents of Darwinism ", which was written in Knittel rhymes , which even called the authorities on the scene. The result was that Pichler was convicted and the "slippery" work was confiscated and banned for the offense under Section 302 of the Criminal Code (inciting against nationalities, religious cooperatives and the like).

The supporters of the clerical conservative party, who were derisively referred to as “ Ultramontane ” because of their loyalty to the Pope , paid Pichler back for his challenging behavior with the same coin. The fact that this was repeatedly overlooked when filling the chair for geology is no doubt due to conservative intrigues. Even in old age the poet was not allowed to rest. A quarter of a year before his death, after an attack from the conservative side, Pichler felt compelled to respond in the national liberal magazine Der Scherer .

Afterlife

Thanksgiving (Nov. 19, 1909)

Appreciation

Adolf Pichler is considered the patron of a Tyrolean intellectual modernism that wanted to gain a place in the public against the dominant clericalism and loyalty to the Habsburg castle. He was not a man of equilibrium and rarely compromised, so that when he raised his voice his opinion on society was polarizing. He accepted that he made himself unpopular with his opponents.

Despite his contradicting spirit, Pichler was a man of excellent qualities. As a writer, Pichler was firmly rooted in his time and in his people. The ideas that were hidden behind his poems have lost their relevance over time, so that his lyrical works seem a bit clumsy today. Still worth reading, however, are his hiking sketches through Tyrol and the autobiographical work In my time, shadow images from the past , which was later supplemented with the selection From Diaries 1850–1899 . Mention should also be made of the brochure From the Wälsch-Tyrolean War , published by Josef Keck & Sohn, and the report on Das Sturmjahr, memories from the March and October days in Vienna in 1848 , both works that are still captivating today.

His achievements in the field of geology were extensively recognized by Robert Ritter von Srbik in the 1930s . Pichler himself was far from ascribing such global importance to his research results, even if he said of himself with full right:

"As an alpine researcher, I will not disappear silently."

His contributions to the geognosy of Tyrol were published in the magazine of the Ferdinandeum, the yearbooks of the Geologische Reichsanstalt, the yearbooks for mineralogy and geology by Leonhard von Bronn and the mineralogical-petrographic reports.

During his lifetime, Pichler was withheld this recognition for a long time, which seems to have offended the otherwise not striving for laurels, because when he was presented as a Tyrolean poet at a congress of naturalists, he acknowledged this phrase with the remark:

"In Tyrol no rooster crows at me, I'm just a German writer and a professor of geology to the local society."

The award of the nobility title "Knight of Rautenkar" was the first important honor of official Austria that the poet was bestowed. At the age of 70 he was granted honorary citizenship of the city of Innsbruck.

The celebration of his 80th birthday turned out to be a great triumph for him and the national cause in the country; the latter circumstance particularly pleased him. The clipper published an illustrated festival number. Pichler himself thought the day's work of his existence was over and began to prepare his writings for a complete edition, which his daughter Mathilde was now doing.

Adolf Pichler's grave at Innsbruck's Westfriedhof

Grave site, pictures and sculptures

After Pichler's death, the painter Professor Josef Schretter and the sculptor Professor Edmund Klotz were commissioned to remove the poet's death mask . According to the wishes of the deceased, his body was buried “outdoors” in the Westfriedhof in Innsbruck, outside the arcades.

Pichler left a daughter who cared for him faithfully in the last years of his life, two grandchildren and a brother to his closest relatives.

There are numerous paintings and sculptures by Pichler. The history painter Alois Reisacher immortalized him in 1848 as captain of the student army. The picture by the artist Joseph Anton Mahlknecht , which was exhibited in the Ferdinandeum Museum in 1854, is considered particularly successful . The sculptor Heinrich Fuß made two bronze statues by Pichler.

In May 1909, a statue created by Edmund Klotz was unveiled on Karl-Ludwig-Platz (which is now named after the poet). It shows Pichler in everyday dress, bent slightly forward, with hat and stick in hand, just as his contemporaries remembered him. His old friend Dr. Alois Brandl, a native of Innsbruck, gave the keynote address (Innsbrucker Nachrichten, May 17, 1909).

At the foot of the Kalkkögel in the Senderstal, the Adolf Pichler Hut, built in 1903, is a reminder of the poet.

Pichler lived in Wilten at Müllerstrasse 33. The simple building is adorned with a plaque with the inscription:

"To the German poet Adolf Pichler - Das Land Tirol."

His estate is administered by the Tyrolean State Museum Ferdinandeum and is currently on loan from the University of Innsbruck.

Work edition

The complete edition of Pichler's works, published by Georg Müller in Munich before the First World War, comprises 17 volumes:

1. In my time, shadows from the past . 2nd supplemented and corrected edition with a biographical introduction by SM Prem.
2. The storm year, memories from March and October 1848 . The autobiographical works Vol. II.
3. From diaries 1850–1899 . The autobiographical works Vol. III.
4. All sorts of stories from Tyrol . Newly improved and increased edition.
5. Jochrauten, new stories from Tyrol . 6th improved and increased edition.
6. Last alpine roses . Stories from the Tyrolean mountains; 4 increased edition.
7. Criss-cross; Forays . 4th increased edition.
8. From the Tyrolean mountains . A hiking book - the hikes, volume I; 5th increased edition.
9. Hiking pictures . From the estate
10. All sorts of things from Italy . From the estate
11. Contributions to the history of literature . The contributions to the history of literature, Vol. I.
12. To the Tyrolean literature . The contributions to the history of literature, Vol. II.
13. Landmarks . Collected Seals - The Landmarks Volumes I and II; 3rd increased edition.
14. New milestones . Narrative Seals - The Landmarks Volume III; 3rd increased edition.
15. Late fruits . Poems of various kinds; second increased edition.
16. Dramatic poems First complete edition.
17. In love and hate, elegies and epigrams from Tyrol . 4th increased edition.

literature

• Constantin von Wurzbach : Pichler, Adolph . In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich . 22nd part. Imperial-Royal Court and State Printing Office, Vienna 1870, pp. 225–229 ( digitized version ).
• Franz Huter :  Pichler von Rautenkar, Adolf. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Volume 8, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1983, ISBN 3-7001-0187-2 , p. 59.
• Josef Eduard Wackernell: Adolf Pichler. Life and works. 1st edition, Herder, Freiburg 1925, ed. and supplemented by Anton Dörrer .
• Simon Marian Prem : Adolf Pichler, the poet and man. 1901. In: Innsbrucker Nachrichten in continuation, beginning on November 28, 1900.
• Franz Kranewitter : Adolf Pichler. In: Tyrolean Ehrenkranz, male figures from Tyrol's recent past. P. 75 f.
• Johann Holzner and Gerhard Oberkofler (eds.): Outbreak from the province. Adolf Pichler - Alois Brandl: Correspondence (1876–1900) (German Series Volume 16). Innsbruck 1983. ISBN 3-85124-091-X .

Web links

Commons : Adolf Pichler  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wikisource: Adolf Pichler  - Sources and full texts

• Literature by and about Adolf Pichler in the catalog of the German National Library
• Works by Adolf Pichler in the Gutenberg-DE project
• Adolf Pichler in the Internet Archive
• Pichler, Adolf. Collected works in 17 volumes. (Original edition as a digital copy at ALO - Austrian Literature Online)
• Estate in the Brenner archive of the University of Innsbruck
• Entry in the Lexicon of Literature in Tyrol

Individual evidence

1. ↑ From the Walsch-Tyrolean War , p. 14.
2. ↑ From diaries 1850–1899 , p. 118.
3. ↑ From the Walsch-Tyrolean War , p. 24.
4. ↑ From the Walsch-Tyrolean War , p. 50.
5. ↑ From diaries 1850–1899 , pp. 66–71.
6. ↑ From diaries 1850–1899 , p. 339.
7. ↑ From diaries 1850–1899 , ad anno 1868, p. 163.
8. ↑ From diaries 1850–1899 , p. 135.
9. ↑ From diaries 1850–1899 , p. 284.
10. ↑ From diaries 1850–1899 , p. 64.
11. ^ Innsbrucker Nachrichten , March 14, 1898.
12. ↑ Innsbrucker Nachrichten, November 17, 1900.
13. ↑ From diaries 1850–1899 , p. 39.
14. ↑ Preface to all sorts of stories from Tyrol , p. 2.
15. ↑ From diaries 1850–1899 , p. 323.
16. ↑ From diaries 1850–1899 , p. 392.
17. ^ Innsbrucker Nachrichten , January 13, 1885.
18. ^ Sigurd Paul Scheichl : Adolf Pichler a liberal intellectual. Genius - society for free thinking.
19. ^ Adolf Pichler: From the Wälsch-Tyrolean war. Reck & Sohn, Vienna 1849. books.google.de
20. ^ Robert R. von Srbik: Adolf Pichler as a geologist. In: Reports of the scientific-medical association in Innsbruck. Volume 42 (1931) pp. 1-56. (PDF; 2.8 MB)
21. ^ Innsbrucker Nachrichten , September 4, 1889.
22. ↑ Innsbrucker Nachrichten , November 17, 1900.
23. ↑ Innsbrucker Nachrichten , November 9, 1854 and the Ferdinandeum magazine, the twenty-sixth annual report of the Administrative Committee (covering the years 1853–1854.)
24. ↑ Innsbrucker Nachrichten , June 28, 1889 and June 22, 1899.
25. ^ Pichler estate. University of Innsbruck.