Langenbeck Virchow House
| Langenbeck Virchow House | |
|---|---|
 The Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus, 2017 |
|
| Data | |
| place | Berlin |
| architect | Hermann Dernburg |
| Construction year | 1914-1915 |
| height | 27.08 m |
| Floor space | 1436.70 m² |
| Coordinates | 52 ° 31 '32.8 " N , 13 ° 22' 45.6" E |
| particularities | |
| Provisional seat of the People's Chamber of the GDR from 1950 to 1976 | |
The Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus is a Grade II listed building in the Berlin district of Mitte .
In the meantime, as the house of the Volkskammer, it was also the seat of the Volkskammer of the GDR. It was built in 1914–1915 according to plans by the architect Hermann Dernburg on behalf of the German Society for Surgery and the Berlin Medical Society as the company headquarters and replaced the Langenbeck House , built in 1891 , which no longer offered enough space.
After a checkered history, it has been in the possession of the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus GbR since 2003 , which is supported by the Berlin Medical Society and the German Society for Surgery.
Location and surroundings
The Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus at Luisenstrasse 58/59 is in the immediate vicinity of the Charité and Berlin's Humboldt University .
architecture
The building was planned and constructed in the neoclassical style of the neighboring buildings built around 1840. It fitted into a number of medical institutes associated with the Berlin Charité . The building has five floors and a basement. On the side facing Luisenstrasse, the building is 27.08 meters high and has a built-up area of 1436.70 m². The usable area is 7000 m². On the back of the building there is a 350 m² garden 2.50 meters below street level on the basement level.
The facade is smoothly plastered and provided with cornices and stucco work . The two side projections house the two entrances to the building. At the level of the second floor above the entrances there are niches in which busts of the namesake Bernhard von Langenbeck and Rudolf Virchow are attached. In the middle there is a former entrance, which is now functionless and forms a floor-to-ceiling window front.
History of the building
prehistory
A home for German surgery
In 1872 the German Society for Surgery (DGCH) was founded in Berlin on the initiative of Bernhard von Langenbeck, Gustav Simon and Richard von Volkmann . While the founding congress was still held in the Hôtel de Rome in Berlin Unter den Linden in 1872, the next congresses were held in the large auditorium of the Friedrich Wilhelm University in the Palais des Prinzen Heinrich and in the old operating theater in the following years due to the significantly increasing number of participants -Surgical clinics in the Ziegelstrasse. At this time, the first ideas were formed for the German Society for Surgery to have its own club. In addition to the urgent need for space, this arose from the desire to create a home for German surgery , similar to the Royal College of Surgeons of England in London. Bernhard von Langenbeck and Wilhelm Baum from Göttingen were particularly committed to this issue. A patron was found in the Empress Augusta , who was on friendly terms with von Langenbeck. But in spite of prominent support, the financial resources were initially insufficient. As early as 1879, von Langenbeck proposed the use of the DGCH's equity capital gained from membership fees for this purpose.
After Bernhard von Langenbeck's death in 1887, the Berlin Medical Society decided to honor him with a memorial. The Empress Augusta suggested, however, that von Langenbeck be honored with a building associated with his name instead. Following this, the Berlin Medical Society decided to join the German Society for Surgery and to contribute its own financial resources. In addition to donations from the medical profession and the population, the imperial family donated a considerable amount. The Berlin Medical Society was won over as part of the tenant and committed itself to a minimum rental period of 25 years. School Minister Gustav von Goßler provided a large piece of land on the grounds of the Königlich-Surgical Clinic at Ziegelstrasse 11 at a price of 240,000 marks (adjusted for purchasing power in today's currency: around 1.74 million euros), so that according to the plans of the commissioned architect Ernst Schmid Construction could soon begin. After the foundation stone was laid on April 9, 1891, the Langenbeck House was inaugurated on June 8, 1892 on the occasion of the 21st congress of the German Society for Surgery (DGCH). The DGCH thus became the first scientific society in Germany to have its own home. The construction costs amounted to 325,000 marks, of which 25,000 marks were used to stabilize the sea wall.
Ernst von Bergmann, authorized to build for the DGCH, described the symbolic meaning of one's own clubhouse in his speech at the opening ceremony of the Langenbeck House:
“A permanent home has been created here […], house, farm and possessions, a secure property that is capable of further development and development and worthy of it. Nothing is more important for a class than that it is fixed, and where is it more stable than on your own, free, self-determination ground? "
The building quickly developed into a meeting place for other medical specialist societies, which could hold their conferences and meetings there.
The Langenbeck House
The German Society for Surgery and the Berlin Medical Society were initially well housed in the Langenbeck House. It was a three-storey building with a constructed area of 1000 m², which stood directly on the banks of the Spree between the Weidendammer bridge and the Ebert bridge . The entrance was from Ziegelstrasse and led across the courtyard of the Royal Surgical Clinic. A staircase led from a wide hallway on the ground floor, on the long right side of which was a cloakroom area, to a foyer on the first floor, in which a bust of Empress Augusta was placed in a niche in honor of the sponsor, who has since died. In another niche on the courtyard side of the hall there was a specially created painting by the painter Ismael Gentz entitled The Founders of the German Society for Surgery , which was unveiled by Friedrich von Esmarch on the occasion of the 23rd Surgeons' Congress from April 18 to 24, 1894 . Further busts of great German surgeons such as Theodor Billroth , Richard von Volkmann and Heinrich Adolf von Bardeleben were found in the foyer . Three double doors gave access to the large central auditorium , which offered 548 seats and 200 standing places and was 18 meters long and 20 meters deep and extended over all three floors. The auditorium received by a lunettes - Voute carried skylight daylight. In addition, four arc lamps and additional light bulbs illuminated the hall. The electric lighting was connected to the city's electricity network.
On the level of the main floor there was a second, smaller meeting room that faced the courtyard side of the house. Above that, accessible via a staircase, was a preparation room of about the same size. On the main floor, on the Spree side, there was a reading room connected by a book elevator to the library above, which holds around 25,000 specialist books. These four rooms were around 17 meters long and 7 meters deep. On the ground floor there was an apartment for the librarian and the caretaker, a room for the President of the German Society for Surgery and a waiting room for patients who were to be presented in the auditorium.
The central heating was located in the basement . The auditorium and the foyer on the main floor were heated by warm air heating with a circulation rate of 15,400 m³ / h. The other rooms were heated by means of a hot water medium pressure heater. Only the apartments and the presidential room were equipped with tiled stoves.
The Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus
A new home is sought
- Construction drawings of the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus
Front view drawing of the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus from the building description by the architect Hermann Dernburg
Longitudinal section drawing of the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus, on the left the street front, on the right the courtyard side of the building
Cross-sectional drawing of the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus
Floor plan of the ground floor and the courtyard area
Floor plan of the first floor
Floor plan of the second floor
While the old Langenbeck House in Ziegelstrasse initially served the German Society for Surgery (DGCH) and the Berlin Medical Society , the call for change grew louder in the following years due to the increasing number of members and the need for more modern technology. The number of members of the DGCH alone quadrupled between 1902 and 1910. There was also a desire for modern seminar and conference technology and demonstration equipment.
Due to the spatial nature and the tightness of the property in Ziegelstraße 11, a meaningful conversion or new construction on site was not possible. The DGCH initially lacked the financial means for a completely new building. The current cash assets amounted to about 295,000 marks.
At the same time, the Berlin Medical Society was planning to build its own company headquarters, which would serve in memory of its long-time chairman Rudolf Virchow and would be called the Virchow House. For this purpose, the city of Berlin made a sum of almost 396,000 marks available, a promised - at four percent interest - bearing - bond of one million marks and an annual grant of 10,000 marks. In addition, there was a donation from the Berlin publishers Rudolf Mosse and Albert Aber in the amount of 100,000 marks, which was tied to this purpose. However, these funds were too tight. In addition, there was the fact that you were tied to the Langenbeck House as a tenant for several years. This gradually led both companies to consider building a joint house under the name Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus and sharing the costs. For this purpose the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus GbR was founded by both companies . The managing directors of the mixed building and administration commission were Werner Körte for the German Society for Surgery and Leopold Landau for the Berlin Medical Society . The Berlin Medical Society first had to reallocate the bond promised by the city of Berlin for one million marks, as this was linked to the construction of a Virchow house. This succeeded, and the private donors Mosse and Aber also gave their consent for their donations to be rededicated. On the occasion of Bernhard von Langenbeck's 100th birthday, the DGCH was able to collect around 51,000 marks for the construction. With an annual income of around 52,000 marks, the DGCH's assets grew to 475,000 marks by 1913. The sale of the old Langenbeck house to the Prussian Ministry of Culture, which used it to expand the surgical university clinic, brought in another 500,000 marks.
After a long search, the property at Luisenstrasse 58 was acquired in 1910 at a price of 603,000 marks. The building commission had six blueprints, which were evaluated under the expert assessment of the secret senior building officer Otto March . After a detailed examination, the draft of the government architect Hermann Dernburg , who had previously adapted it to the wishes of the German Society for Surgery, was approved. Among other things, an increase in the number of seats from 700 to 900 and 200 additional standing places in the large conference room was requested.
Construction phase
At the beginning of 1914, the remaining dilapidated buildings on the building site in Luisenstrasse were demolished and then the construction of the foundation began. At first, construction progressed rapidly, so that the topping-out ceremony could already be celebrated on July 11, 1914 .
Due to the First World War , the construction project was delayed from August 1914, especially since numerous workers and craftsmen and even the architect Hermann Dernburg were called up for military service. The managing directors of Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus GBR, Leopold Landau and Werner Körte, were able to ensure that the building of the house could go ahead thanks to their high level of commitment and the concession of the military authorities and the city of Berlin. From 1915 Friedrich Trendelenburg took over the management of the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus GbR from Werner Körte for the German Society for Surgery. Leopold Landau in particular pushed ahead with the construction with the architect Wähnelt, who was commissioned on behalf of Dernburg.
The property manager and the companies Siemens & Halske and Chemische Industrie Basel, who had been won as sub-tenants, were able to move in as early as February 1915. Not least because of the ongoing First World War, the house was only handed over to the companies on August 1, 1915 as part of a simple inauguration ceremony.
"May the new house fulfill its purpose as a symbol of advancing medical art and science, for the benefit of the common good, for the glory of the German medical profession and the names of the two great physicians from Langenbeck and Virchow remain a permanent and worthy monument!"
The Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus
The Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus was much more spacious than the old Langenbeck-Haus. The 33.90 meter wide facade was designed in an " old Berlin plaster character with an antique look". There were numerous stucco work and cornices , which were kept in the neoclassical style of the neighboring buildings. The building had two side each 5.80 meters wide risalits . In these two busts of Bernhard von Langenbeck and Rudolf Virchow were found on the second floor . In the middle of the street was a small entrance that provided access to a separate entrance area for the wing rented to Siemens & Halske and the Basel chemical industry . In addition to a reception area, there were stairs and an elevator to reach the upper floors. From the first to the fourth floor there were rentable rooms with a depth of 7.60 meters that extended over the entire street front. Two separate entrances with access to the large entrance and cloakroom hall were available via the two side risalits. Hermann Dernburg had deliberately chosen this concept of two separate entrances, which are united in a large common entrance hall, in order to symbolize the cooperation between the two medical societies for a common purpose.
So he added the following poem to his building description:
Two gates lead into the same halls,
modest, but impressive and wide,
Two bands of priests escort them,
Who rise to the altar of a deity.
No
prayers nor doctrines resound,
This place is not vast in mysteries.
No, clever boldness, hard disputes.
Victims do not sink, but veils fall.
A pair of Dioskurs is set up,
That old goals have chosen new paths,
That old wisdom is reborn and reborn.
Illuminated by the bright light of experience,
knowledge, goodness, power flow from those gates,
healing flows into the veins of the world.
In his opening speech at the 44th Annual Congress of the German Society for Surgery, the President of the German Society for Surgery August Bier commented:
“And the other Dioscuri who shares the monument with von Langenbeck is Rudolf Virchow, one of the greatest researchers and doctors of all time. This house can be compared to the Goethe-Schiller monument in Weimar . As there are two princes of poetry, so here two princes of science are each depicted in the monument for themselves and yet united with one another to form an inseparable harmonious whole. "
The cloakroom, a kitchen and refreshment room as well as a business room could be reached from the large entrance hall. From the kitchen area, two small freight elevators led to the upper floors, which served to supply the boardrooms with refreshments and meals, but were also used as book elevators. There was a stairwell with an elevator on either side of the coat rack. Across from the coat rack was a spacious three-flight T-staircase that led to the foyer on the first floor. The bust of the Empress Augusta , which had previously stood in the old Langenbeck House, was placed on the corresponding pedestal .
The central element was the large lecture hall, which extends over three floors. It offered seats for 900 people. These were divided into an amphitheater-like parquet with 565 seats and a gallery with 335 seats. In the middle of the amphitheater were the executive seats with a lectern behind them. The large lecture hall was built at a height of 13 meters with a length of 24 meters and a depth of 17 meters as a free space without supports. The walls and ceilings were made of white wood with gilded ornaments. In addition to a 200 m² glazed skylight, 18 half watt lamps were used for lighting. The hall was equipped with an epidiascope and a cinematograph . A technical device made it possible to darken the skylight for slide shows.
While the rooms facing the street of the large auditorium were rented to companies, the rooms facing the courtyard were used by the two companies. On the first floor in the rear part of the building there was a lecture hall with 200 seats, which was also equipped with an epidiascope and a cinematograph. There was a blackboard with projection surfaces and a blackout facility. The walnut-clad hall had wide windows facing the backyard. The small hall was followed by a preparation room with laboratory equipment, the birch wood board room with secretariat and two waiting rooms for patients whose cases were to be presented in one of the rooms. There was direct access to the boardroom table and the lectern of the large auditorium from the corridor.
In addition to the board room paneled in mahogany, the second floor housed a boardroom with 160 seats and the associated side rooms. A switchboard was also located here. Next to it was a work room belonging to the library. In addition, there was a 130 m² reading room with 25 double tables for up to 50 visitors. The library of the German Society for Surgery, which already existed in the Langenbeck House, with a volume of 25,000 volumes, had found its place on the floor above and was significantly expanded here. It now comprised 200,000 volumes. In addition to the reading room, the book counter with an adjoining typewriter room and the two book lifts formed the end of the wing.
In the entire building, value was placed on smooth and easy-to-clean surfaces in order to “enforce the demands of modern hygiene, which are particularly justified in a home for medical science” ( Hermann Dernburg in: Building description of the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus ). The ladies' and men's toilets on all floors were equipped with floor and wall tiles. Linoleum floor coverings were used throughout the house ; only the two entrance areas and the large cloakroom on the ground floor were made of limestone and marble slabs. The building was equipped with a ventilation system that ensured a constant change of air in all rooms. The heating was carried out by means of a hot water heater, which was coupled with the ventilation system in the lecture halls and preheated the fresh supply air. Telephone lines and modern, state-of-the-art signaling technology for internal communication were laid throughout the building.
Between the wars
While the Berlin Medical Society met for the first time in the Langenbeck-Virchow House on October 20, 1915, the German Society for Surgery was only able to inaugurate the building on April 7, 1920 on the occasion of the 44th Surgeons' Congress. August Bier dedicated the house to the memory of Langenbeck and wished:
"May von Langenbeck's spirit move into this house, that is the spirit of true science, perfected medical art, faithful fulfillment of duties, nobility, honesty, humility and philanthropy."
In his opening speech, the President of the German Society for Surgery , August Bier, met concerns of some members of the society regarding the new ownership constellation with the Berlin Medical Society as an equal co-owner:
“One could believe that we would have deteriorated in only one point: the old Langenbeck house belonged to us alone, we were the only gentlemen in the house and the Berlin Medical Society lived with us for rent, now we share it with the latter Possession. [...] As long as a Langenbeck House has existed, that is to say since 1892, we actually had the same close relationship with the Berlin Medical Society, without ever having any quarrels or misunderstandings. "
Between 1920 and 1940 the German Society for Surgery met regularly for its annual congress in the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus. Other companies also used the building as a conference venue. Due to the inflationary crisis of the 1920s, the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus-Gesellschaft got into financial difficulties, which threatened to make it necessary to sell the house. In this situation, Siemens & Halske stepped into the breach as a long-term tenant and took over the house on lease for ten years . The head of the medical-technical office at Siemens Georg Mylius took over the function of the administrator. In doing so, he gained such confidence that he continued to manage the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus even after surviving the difficult economic times and even lived in the house. In addition, he held the position of managing director and treasurer of the Berlin Medical Society for many years.
After the outbreak of the Second World War , the last surgeons' congress took place in Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus in 1940.
post war period
During the Second World War, the building was largely unscathed. After 1945 it was initially annexed by the Soviet military authorities . The interior decoration with paintings but also furniture and technology was a victim of booty . The library, which comprises well over 200,000 volumes, was also confiscated and transported away. Her whereabouts are still unknown today. Georg Mylius , who had already been appointed trustee for the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus by the Main Health Office in Berlin immediately after the collapse , succeeded in obtaining permission for 15 of the portrait busts exhibited in the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus to be removed. These remained lost for a long time, until by chance on February 6, 1983 during renovation work in the Charité, eleven of the busts were found behind a wall in a former morgue.
The Soviet military authorities initially used the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus for their own purposes and carried out some renovation work for this purpose. In November 1949 the building was finally handed over to the authorities of the newly founded GDR . The Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus-Gesellschaft was charged 700,000 marks for the renovations carried out by the Soviets . Due to the political circumstances, a lease agreement was made with the government of the GDR on April 25, 1950, which was initially to be valid for five years. Since the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus was initially the only remaining functional auditorium in the east of Berlin , the People's Chamber of the GDR met here from November 8, 1950 . The building was renamed the House of the People's Chamber .
On February 1, 1953, the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus-Gesellschaft was expropriated as part of the GDR's construction ordinance and the building was transferred to public ownership . The entry in the land register took place as property of the people, legal entity secretariat of the people chamber. Compensation was not paid until the 1960s, despite multiple claims by the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus-Gesellschaft. The written consent of the Lord Mayor of Berlin , Friedrich Ebert , as required by law , was also missing.
During the time it was used as the Volkskammer building, Wilhelm Pieck was re- elected for the first and second time as President of the GDR and the GDR's National People's Army was founded on January 18, 1956
From 1976 the People's Chamber of the GDR met in the newly built Palace of the Republic and the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus was handed over to the East Berlin Academy of the Arts . The new owner renamed the large auditorium the Konrad Wolf Hall .
During the GDR era, there were a few attempts to win back the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus. For example, the then director of the Surgical University Clinic of the Charité, Helmut Wolff, and the president of the East German Society for Surgery, Richard Reding, wrote to Erich Honecker in 1987 and 1988 , and asked for the Langenbeck-Virchow House to be transferred back. This was rejected with reference to the space still required for the Academy of the Arts.
Battle for retransfer
After the fall of the Wall in 1989, a transfer back of the Langenbeck-Virchow House seemed to be quickly achievable. In 1993 the Berlin Senate offered a short-term transfer of the house back to the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus-Gesellschaft. In anticipation of an early transfer back, the German Society for Surgery and the Berlin Medical Society have already started concrete plans for the refurbishment and renovation of the building. The funds required for this were estimated at around eight to eleven million marks (adjusted for inflation in today's currency: around 8,238,000 euros). Unexpectedly, however, the re-transfer was rejected by the State Office for the Settlement of Open Property Issues in Berlin on the grounds that the expropriation was legal according to the construction ordinance and that the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus was now public property. The lack of compensation and the lack of signature from Lord Mayor Friedrich Ebert junior were dismissed as an "insignificant procedural error". Instead, the building was given to the Charité for use. Since it was feared that the Charité administration might try to convert the Langenbeck House for university purposes , disregarding the monument protection aspect, the Charité was offered to buy the building back. In this context, shared use was also offered. At the same time, legal action was taken.
However, after long and tough negotiations, the Charité administration refused to sell it due to high personal needs, and instead pursued plans to convert the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus into a library center. Among other things, it was planned to move a false ceiling into the large auditorium in order to create a library reading room, despite repeated concerns about monument protection. In addition to difficult negotiations with the Charité and the city of Berlin, the German Society for Surgery and the Berlin Medical Society launched a media campaign in the specialist and daily press to inform the public about the situation. This gradually had an effect, so that finally the Berlin Senator for the Interior, Jörg Schönbohm , said that high priority was being given to the return of the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus to the original owner.
While the lawsuit of the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus-Gesellschaft was still pending, a breakthrough was achieved in the negotiations with the city of Berlin and the Charité. The professional association of German surgeons rented office space in the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus from the Charité for itself and for the DGCH and in return assured the latter that it would be accepted as a tenant after the expected return of the house. The BDC was able to move into the Langenbeck-Virchow House in 1999 and the German Society for Surgery in 2000.
In 2003, the Berlin Administrative Court ruled that the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus had already undergone major renovation work for use as a parliament building before the expropriation, based on evidence that had emerged in the meantime, that it had to be transferred back to the owners.
reconstruction
Immediately after the transfer back, tenders for the modernization and reconstruction of the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus were issued. Among other things, a cooperation agreement was signed with the Aesculap company , which opened a branch in Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus and chose it as the location for the Aesculap Academy. After the tendering phase, construction began in August 2004. After a one-year construction period, the building was handed over to the German Society for Surgery and the Berlin Medical Society on August 31, 2005. The inauguration ceremony took place on October 1st, 2005.
During the renovation, emphasis was placed on a restoration that was largely true to the original, as far as monument protection and practical aspects allowed this. The current usable area of the building is around 7000 m². In contrast to the original plaster at the time, the outer facade is provided with smooth plaster. Cornices and stucco decorations were restored according to the classical model, as were the two entrances to the building located in the side risers . The facade niches that were removed during the GDR era now house the busts of Bernhard von Langenbeck and Rudolf Virchow again . In between, the name of the house was added in the Comic Sans font . The middle entrance was converted into a floor-to-ceiling window front. Other changes affected the interior of the building. The large lecture hall was rebuilt and now accommodates 500 seats, which are equipped with modern seminar and communication technology. The original skylight has been replaced by a lighting system that looks like the original. This was necessary because the usable area of the top floor was expanded by around 800 m² to accommodate the seminar, training and operating rooms of the Aesculap Academy located here.
In the former library and business rooms on the upper floors, there are other seminar rooms in addition to the offices of the societies and organizations based in Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus. The interior fittings and wall paneling in white wood with gilded decorations, which fell victim to the zeitgeist of the time after 1950, has been restored in accordance with the heritage. The busts, rediscovered in the Charité in 1983, were transferred back to the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus-Gesellschaft and have taken their old place here again - just like the founder's painting by Ismael Gentz, which has since been returned.
Todays use
Since the reopening in 2005, the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus has been used again in the sense of its original purpose as a house of medicine . There are conferences, seminars, training courses and congresses. The following specialist societies, associations, foundations and companies have a seat in the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus:
|
|
literature
- Hans-Jürgen Peiper : The Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus as reflected in the history of the German Society for Surgery. Einhorn-Presse Verlag, Reinbek 2001, ISBN 3-88756-821-4 .
- Leopold Landau : The Langenbeck Virchow House. Verlag Hirschwald, Berlin 1916, DNB 361127103 .
Web links
Individual references and sources
- ↑ a b c Monument Luisenstrasse 58-59, Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus, 1914–15 by Hermann Dernburg, reconstruction in 1950 by Hanns Hopp
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hans-Jürgen Peiper: The long-Virchow-house mirrors the history of the German Society for surgery. Einhorn-Presse Verlag, 2001, ISBN 3-88756-821-4 .
- ^ A b c d e f g h Friedrich Schultze, Gustav Meyer: The Langenbeck-Virchow house in Berlin . In: Zentralblatt der Bauverwaltung No. 65 35th year Berlin, August 14, 1915 pp. 426–429.
- ↑ a b Eva A. Richter-Kuhlmann; Martina Merten: Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus: brought back to life . Deutsches Ärzteblatt 2005, 102 (43): A-2956 / B-2499 / C-2352.
- ↑ a b c Detert, Ballenstedt: Architektur 1900. Volume 1: Entertainment and training (theater, circus, panoramas, hall buildings, club houses, sports facilities). Welz Vermittlerverlag, Mannheim 2005, ISBN 3-938622-43-1 .
- ↑ Chronicle: Berlin in 1891 at www.luise-berlin.de (accessed on September 2, 2012)
- ↑ a b Berliner Neubauten, 62. The Langenbeck House in Deutsche Bauzeitung , XXVI. Vintage. October 8, 1892.
- ^ L. Schumacher directory of the book collection of the German Society for Surgery Berlin 1904.
- ^ Bernhard Meyer: November 22, 1886 founding of the Berlin Surgical Society . In: Berlin monthly magazine ( Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein ) . Issue 11, 2000, ISSN 0944-5560 , p. 70-75 ( luise-berlin.de ).
- ^ Wilhelm Pieck was re-elected on October 7, 1953. chroniknet.de; Retrieved September 12, 2012
- ^ Law on the Creation of the National People's Army and the Ministry of National Defense of January 18, 1956. verfassungen.de; Retrieved September 11, 2012
- ↑ Slap in the face for every Goethe reader . In Berliner Zeitung , May 2, 1995
- ^ History of the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus on the website of the Berlin Medical Society (accessed September 12, 2012)
- ^ Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus in Berlin: Surgeons fight for their headquarters . In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt 1998; 95 (45): A-2855 / B-2219 / C-2025.
- ^ A b Surgery: Back in Berlin . In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt 2001; 98 (11): A-654 / B-549 / C-525
- ^ The Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus in Berlin . In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , May 6, 1998.
- ^ Eva A. Richter-Kuhlmann; Martina Merten: Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus: brought back to life . In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt , 2005, 102 (43), pp. A-2956 / B-2499 / C-2352.
- ^ HJ Peiper: The fate of the Langenbeck-Virchow house . Ceremonial lecture at the opening of the 120th Surgeon Congress 2003.
- ↑ Press kit for the reopening press conference ( Memento of the original from May 8, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF 932 kB, accessed September 19, 2012)
