Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
Princess Augusta Marie Luise Katharina of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (born September 30, 1811 in Weimar , † January 7, 1890 in Berlin ) was the wife of Emperor Wilhelm I. German Empress and Queen of Prussia .
Early years
Augusta was the second daughter of Grand Duke Carl Friedrich von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach and Grand Duchess Maria Pawlowna Romanowa , a sister of Tsar Alexander I of Russia . While her father was a shy person whose preferred reading remained fairy tales until the end of his life , Johann Wolfgang von Goethe called her mother “one of the best and most important women of her time”. Augusta herself received a comprehensive education, which was geared towards later performing court duties of representation. One of the teachers was Espérance Sylvestre (1790–1842) from Geneva . This also included drawing lessons given by the court painter Louise Seidler , as well as thorough music lessons, for which the court conductor Johann Nepomuk Hummel was responsible.
The court in Weimar where Augusta grew up was considered one of the most liberal; the first country in Germany to have passed a constitution in 1816 . Weimar was also very open to art and literature - thanks to the continued influence of Duchess Anna Amalie von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach , who died in 1807 . Goethe, a welcome guest at the ducal court, dedicated a poem to Augusta on the occasion of her ninth birthday, which began with the lines:
All the poplars high in the air,
each bush in its scent,
all looking for you ...
Meeting with Wilhelm
Augusta was only fifteen years old when she first met her future husband, Prince Wilhelm of Prussia, in 1826. Wilhelm found the young Augusta to be an “excellent personality”, but also as outwardly less attractive than her older sister. It was mainly his father who urged him to consider Augusta as a potential spouse. Wilhelm's younger brother Karl married Augusta's older sister Marie .
At that time, Wilhelm himself was still deeply in love with the Polish princess Elisa Radziwiłł . However, from the point of view of the Prussian royal court, a marital relationship with her would have been a mesalliance , since Elisa was not equal . At that time, Crown Prince was Wilhelm's older brother, Friedrich Wilhelm, who later became Friedrich Wilhelm IV , but the marriage of the Crown Prince couple had remained childless to date. Wilhelm was thus presumptive heir to the throne. Wilhelm's father, Friedrich Wilhelm III. therefore in June 1826 finally forbade the connection with Elisa Radziwiłł, and Wilhelm spent the next few months looking for a more suitable connection without giving up his emotional bond with Elisa Radziwiłł. It was only when the royal father intervened that Wilhelm asked for Augusta's hand in writing on August 29, 1828; Augusta happily agreed and on October 25, 1828 the two became engaged to each other.
The historian Karin Feuerstein-Praßer evaluated the correspondence of the two fiancés and showed the different expectations with which the two entered the marriage: Wilhelm wrote to his sister Charlotte, the wife of Tsar Nicholas I , referring to Elisa Radziwiłł “You can only do it once really love in life " and even confessed to Augusta a " The princess is beautiful and clever, but she leaves me cold " . Augusta, on the other hand, was in love with her future husband and hoped for a happy marriage. She was aware of her unhappy love for Elisa Radziwiłł, but gave herself the illusion that she could replace him.
On June 11, 1829, the day after their arrival from the three-day exhausting journey from Weimar to Berlin, Wilhelm married his fiancée, fourteen years his junior, in the chapel of Charlottenburg Palace .
First years of marriage and the birth of two children
The first few weeks of the marriage were thoroughly harmonious; Augusta was welcomed at the Prussian royal court, but she soon began to get bored at the sober military court in Berlin. The perception of charitable tasks and functions that could have counteracted this boredom was reserved for her sister-in-law, Crown Princess Elisabeth . At the same time Wilhelm began to be bothered by the lively spirit of his wife, who was not even twenty. A letter he wrote to his sister Alexandrine in March 1830 is informative:
“If you think that Augusta often does not completely satisfy me because she is too childish, then that is not the case because, on the contrary, she actually has too little the tendency of her age and could impatiate me in this respect. Her understanding is so mature and her judgment so keen that she too often engages in discussions, which she carries out with full understanding of the subject, but which actually go beyond her sphere, which of course not only gives her self-confidence, to such discussions but rather gives it a touch of femme d'esprit that is undesirable for it. Because it has always been in the reputation that the mind rules over the heart.
Fortunately, this is not the case, as I can honestly assure you; but if you only hear them lead those discussions, you will find that reputation well founded to believe, and I don't like that. I have often drawn her attention to this and also recommended her by name to keep her very mature spiritual gifts in harmony with her age and gender at least by making her statements appear less like a firm judgment than more like her opinion. "
Sexually, the two spouses didn't seem to be in harmony either. In a letter that Wilhelm wrote to his sister Charlotte on January 22, 1831, he complained about his wife's lack of femininity.
The first child, the future German Emperor Friedrich , was born on October 18, 1831. Wilhelm and Augusta had been married for more than three years at this point. It was more than seven years before the second child Luise , who later became Grand Duchess of Baden , who was born on December 3, 1838. In 1842 and 1843 Augusta suffered a miscarriage . Wilhelm had resumed his love affairs early on; As discreet as these relationships with women from various circles were, Augusta must have known about them. In any case, Augusta suffered repeatedly from manic-depressive phases since 1840 ; she found her life unattractive, depressed and suffering from the enormous pressure that weighed on her.
The politician Augusta
Augusta was very interested in politics; from 1845 in particular, she began to deal very intensively with political issues. Like so many other liberal-minded people, she had reacted hopefully to the accession to the throne of Friedrich Wilhelm IV, her brother-in-law, who was considered a modern, open-minded person. But Friedrich Wilhelm IV refused to give his country a constitution and ruled far more conservatively than his years as crown prince had suggested. The United State Parliament , which Friedrich Wilhelm convened in view of the hunger revolt that broke out on April 22, 1847 and whose participation was limited to financial issues, he dissolved again a few months later. For the bloody conflicts of the March Revolution of 1848 , when the military with grapeshot and grenades went off to the protesting people of Berlin, the population Wilhelm blamed. At the request of his royal brother, Wilhelm, now 51 years old, fled to London . Augusta withdrew to Potsdam with her two children . In Berlin people sang mockingly about her husband, who had been Crown Prince since Friedrich Wilhelm's accession to the throne:
Butcher Master Prince of Prussia,
come on, come to Berlin!
We want to throw you with stones
and pull the barricades.
In liberal circles the idea was seriously discussed whether the royal couple should abdicate, the crown prince renounce the throne and instead Augusta, the “noble and liberal princess” , should take over the reign until her son came of age. Since the letters and diaries of that time were later destroyed by Augusta, it is no longer understandable today whether she seriously considered this plan. After more than 800 members of the National Assembly met in the Paulskirche in Frankfurt in May 1848 , Wilhelm was able to return to Prussia in June 1848. He was appointed Governor General of the Rhine Province in 1849 , and in the spring of 1850 Augusta and Wilhelm moved into their new residence in Koblenz . They lived in the castle of the last elector of Trier , located on the Rhine .
The Koblenz years
Augusta felt at home in Koblenz; here she finally had the opportunity to live a court life as she was used to from her childhood at the Weimar court. After moving into the electoral palace in 1856, she had the empress Augusta complex in Koblenz, named after her, planned and implemented by the two most important Prussian horticultural artists Peter Joseph Lenné and Hermann von Pückler-Muskau . Her son Friedrich studied Meanwhile, in nearby Bonn Law and was the first Prussian crown prince, who received a university education. Augusta's influence was also significantly involved.
Liberal-minded people frequented the Koblenzer Hof, including the historian Maximilian Duncker , the law professors Moritz August von Bethmann-Hollweg and Clemens Theodor Perthes as well as Alexander von Schleinitz . Under the impression of the '48 revolt, Wilhelm also adopted a more moderate political stance, which was met with displeasure from his ruling brother. Augusta's tolerant attitude towards Catholicism was viewed critically , which was particularly evident during the period in Koblenz - an attitude that was felt to be inappropriate for a Prussian-Protestant princess at a time when the religious denomination was still very important. For example, she supported the building of a place of pilgrimage in Arenberg by Pastor Kraus . Their unprejudiced recognition of the work of Catholic welfare organizations and hospitals, in particular, interpreted their opponents in Protestant Berlin to their disadvantage. Bismarck remarked about her open attitude towards Catholics: The […] strange Catholicism had something attractive to a princess who was generally more interested in the foreign than in the nearer, the everyday, the homely. A Catholic bishop appeared more distinguished than a superintendent general. A certain benevolence for the Catholic cause, which it possessed earlier and z. B. was recognizable in the choice of her male environment and servants, was fully developed through her stay in Coblenz. She got used to seeing and representing the local interests of the old crook country and its clergy as being specially assigned to their care. The modern confessional sense of self on the basis of historical tradition, which in the prince not infrequently allowed Protestant sympathy to stand out with sharpness, was alien to his wife.
In 1856 Augusta's and Wilhelm's 17-year-old daughter Luise married Grand Duke Friedrich von Baden; in January 1858, Frederick and Victoria , also seventeen , called Vicki, the daughter of Queen Victoria of Great Britain, made the marriage vows. This marriage was one of the few triumphs that Augusta could achieve. She saw Great Britain as an example of a contemporary monarchy and was sure that her daughter-in-law would be sufficiently influenced by her origins to influence Friedrich in the direction of a liberal monarchy.
Return to Berlin
Also in 1858 Wilhelm was appointed regent after his brother was no longer able to govern after several strokes. Augusta had to leave Koblenz, which she valued, and returned to Berlin with her husband.
Wilhelm dismissed the old ministry and appointed ministers who stood for a more liberal policy and many of whom had frequented the Koblenz court (" Wochenblatt party "): Alexander von Schleinitz, the Augusta - as well as his future wife, the liberal Salonière and Bismarck critic Marie von Schleinitz - very familiar, became Foreign Minister, August Moritz von Bethmann-Hollweg became Minister of Education, and Prince Karl-Anton von Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was appointed Prime Minister . The conservative opponents saw Augusta's work in this selection, but in fact their political influence on Wilhelm was rather small. Nor could it prevent Wilhelm, who had been King of Prussia since January 2, 1861, from dissolving a parliament that did not bow to his intentions in 1862. Likewise, she could not prevent her husband from appointing Otto von Bismarck as Prussian Prime Minister. Augusta regarded Bismarck as her mortal enemy; Bismarck, on the other hand, despised Augusta for her influence on husband and son and saw in her the "crystallization point" of all political forces that worked against him. Many years later, in his autobiography “Thoughts and Memories”, he wrote about Wilhelm's idiosyncratic wife: “The head of fire”, this is how Kaiser Wilhelm I used to designate the wife in a confidential mood mixed with displeasure, respect and benevolence, and this expression with a wave of the hand to accompany who wanted to say something like: “I can't change anything.” I found this term extremely apt; As long as there was no threat of physical danger, the Queen was a courageous woman, borne by a high sense of duty, but, because of her royal feeling, reluctant to allow authorities other than hers to have their way. Augusta did not agree with Bismarck's policy, which never avoided war. At the same time, she was becoming more and more estranged from her husband. Bismarck, in turn, referred to her as an “old frigate”, incited newspapers against the liberal queen and expressed himself negatively about Augusta in parliament. In his own memoirs, the conflict with the princess and later queen or empress can be felt again and again. At one point Bismarck writes: What is certain is that the anti-Russian influence of this high woman, even in the times when she was Queen and Empress, often made it difficult for me to carry out the policy with my Majesty, which I recognized as necessary.
A major factor in this situation was the fact that Augusta was intelligent and politically curious, but lacked any tact and diplomatic approach. Bismarck also alienated her by treating his wife Johanna rudely; she attracted attention to her husband with instructions from the schoolmaster. Those around them also suffered from their manic-depressive phases that the court reacted with relief when the queen went to Baden-Baden for a cure more and more frequently . And while the majority of the Prussian population cheered over the victory at Königgrätz , the pacifist Augusta mourned the fallen and injured. That too was resented. Neither did she get along with her intelligent daughter-in-law, Crown Princess Victoria, although both held the same political convictions and opposed Bismarck. The devout and dutiful Augusta felt that Victoria was too devoid of religion, resented her occasional absence from official occasions and felt alienated from her son by the vital British woman. She only had a good relationship with her grandson Wilhelm .
After all, as Queen of Prussia it was now possible for her to do charitable work. Augusta, who hated war, founded the Patriotic Women's Association in 1866 , which looked after wounded and sick soldiers. She used her visits to Great Britain to exchange ideas with Florence Nightingale , whose work had contributed significantly to reducing the death rate in British hospitals. Several hospitals were founded on Augusta's initiative; this includes the Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus , which still exists today and is the seat of the German Society for Surgery . After the death of the surgeon Bernhard von Langenbeck , Augusta advocated setting up a place of its own for this society: “Not a statue of any kind, even if it had been made by the greatest artist's hand and displayed in an open place, the great master of surgery could do so honor like a house which is dedicated to the maintenance of the science which he has so powerfully promoted; not a statue of Langenbeck, but a Langenbeck house should be built, the sick, care of the healing art! ” was Augusta's cabinet order. The important Augusta Hospitals in Bochum still exist today , an acute care hospital that bears their name and is of supraregional importance. The memory of the empress is cherished here.
German Empress
Just as Augusta was hostile to the German Wars of Unification and blamed Bismarck above all for them, she was also an opponent of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71, which won her the imperial crown on January 18, 1871. Bismarck reported: I was told that before her departure from Ems for Berlin, Queen Augusta had sworn her husband in tears to prevent war in memory of Jena and Tilsit. I think the statement is credible to the point of tears.
Augusta felt the crown was a personal defeat; she wanted to achieve the unification of Germany under Prussian rule through "moral conquests", not through bloodshed. Their stance against the war found expression in the establishment of the Kaiserin-Augusta-Stiftung first in Berlin-Charlottenburg, later in Potsdam, which was established in 1872 “as a home for the education of needy daughters of those who remained in the field of honor or as a result of the war of 1870 / 71 dead German officers, military officials, clergymen and doctors ”was founded.
Her personal arguments with Bismarck continued after 1871. In the Kulturkampf , which was primarily directed against the Catholic Church, she took a decisive side for the Catholic Church. She succeeded in persuading Wilhelm not to drive out the Catholic orders that provided nursing services like the other orders. This first small partial victory was followed by more, and by 1878 Bismarck had to take back almost all coercive measures against the Catholic Church. Bismarck perceived this as a personal defeat and saw the empress guilty of which he repeatedly incited the press. Augusta only buried her aversion to Bismarck in the last years of her life. Bismarck, of all people, seemed to her the right man to prepare her beloved grandson Wilhelm for his government work.
The last few years
Augusta, who had been tormented by rheumatism for years , suffered such serious injuries in June 1881 in Koblenz in a fall that from then on she was dependent on crutches and a wheelchair. This did not prevent them from continuing to perform their duties. The relationship with her husband, who celebrated his 90th birthday in 1887, finally improved. Her husband, the German Kaiser, died on March 9, 1888. Only 99 days later, her son, who was known as Friedrich III. had ascended the throne, his throat cancer. She could still experience that her beloved grandson became Wilhelm II. Emperor. Every year until a few weeks before her death, Empress Augusta visited the city of Koblenz, her "Rhenish Potsdam". A few days after a New Year's reception at which she suffered a mild cold, she died unexpectedly on January 7, 1890 in the old palace on Unter den Linden . Augusta was buried next to her husband in the mausoleum in Charlottenburg Palace Park .
Appreciations
Exhibitions
- 2017: Augusta von Prussia - the Queen visits Branitz .
- With the exhibition “The Empress from Weimar. Augusta von Sachsen-Weimar and Eisenach ”, the city of birth Weimar presented insights into the life of the princess and later empress as part of the series“ Varietas - News from the museums ”. The exhibition was on view from October 9 to November 13, 2011 in the Weimar Castle Museum.
Buildings, squares, streets
The following were named after Augusta von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach:
- Kaiserin Augusta Church (Gnadenkirche) in Invalidenpark, next to the Invalidenfriedhof , in Berlin-Mitte
- Queen Augusta School in Tilsit
- Empress Augusta-Gymnasium in Berlin-Charlottenburg , today Ludwig-Cauer-Grundschule
- Empress Augusta School in Cologne
- Kaiserin-Augusta-Gymnasium, since 1948 Görres-Gymnasium in Koblenz
- Augusta School in Cottbus
- Kaiserin-Augusta-Platz in Breslau until 1945, today a park.
- Kaiserin-Augusta-Stift in Berlin-Charlottenburg, later in Potsdam until 1945, today a residential complex
- Kaiserin-Augusta-Hospital in Berlin-Mitte
- Kaiserin Augusta Children's Hospital in Schönebeck-Bad Salzelmen
- Kaiserin Augusta Hospital in Koblenz, destroyed in the Second World War
- Augusta Hospital in Düsseldorf-Rath
- Augusta Hospital in Bochum
- Augusta hospitals in Isselburg-Anholt , Breslau , Cologne and Lüneburg
- Queen Augusta Hall and Queen Augusta Passage in Cologne
- Kaiserin Augusta facilities with Kaiserin Augusta monument in Koblenz
- Queen-Augusta-Strasse in Berlin-Tiergarten and Berlin-Kreuzberg , now Reichpietschufer
- Queen Augusta Shore, later Empress Augusta Shore or Promenade in Berlin, now Reichpietschufer
- Queen-Augusta-Allee in Berlin-Lichtenrade , abandoned around 1930
- Kaiserin-Augusta-Strasse in Berlin-Lichtenrade, now Rangsdorfer Strasse, Berlin-Tempelhof , Berlin-Niederschönhausen , now Tschaikowskistrasse and Berlin-Tiergarten, now Köbisstrasse
- Kaiserin-Augusta-Allee in Berlin-Charlottenburg, Berlin-Moabit
- Kaiserin-Augusta-Ring in Koblenz, today Moselring
- Kaiserin-Augusta-Bad in Baden-Baden , demolished in 1962
- Kaiserin-Augusta-Brücke in Berlin-Moabit
- Kaiserin-Augusta-Schacht in Oelsnitz / Erzgebirge, later Karl-Liebknecht-Schacht and today Mining Museum Oelsnitz / Erzgebirge
- Augustastraßen in Aachen , Augsburg , Bad Salzuflen , Beckum , Bergkamen , Berlin-Lichterfelde, Berlin-Wilmersdorf (now Blissestraße), Betzdorf , Bielefeld , Bocholt , Bonefeld , Bonn-Bad Godesberg , Bruchmühlbach-Miesau , Bünde , Castrop-Rauxel , Dinslaken , Donaueschingen , Dorsten , Duisburg-Baerl , Duisburg-Homberg-Hochheide , Düsseldorf , Eisenach , Elz (Westerwald) , Eschwege , Ettlingen , Flensburg , Fürstenberg / Havel , Fulda , Gelsenkirchen , Görlitz , in the meantime Dr.-Külz-Straße, Großkrotzenburg , Gütersloh , Gummersbach , Hagen , Halle (Saale) , Hamburg , Hamm-Bockum-Hövel , Hanau , Hattingen , Heidelberg , Herborn , Herdecke , Herdorf , Herne , Herten , Herxheim near Landau / Pfalz , Hilden , Hildesheim , Höxter , Iserlohn , Isselburg , Juchen , Kaiserslautern , Karlsruhe , Karlsruhe-Beiertheim , today Karolinenstrasse, Cologne-Mülheim , Cologne-Rodenkirchen , Krefeld , Kronau , Langenfeld (Rhineland) , Langenselbold , Leimen (Baden) , Leverkusen , Linsengericht (Hesse) , Löhn e , Ludwigsfelde , Lüdenscheid , Lünen , Mülheim an der Ruhr , Marl , Moers , Mudersbach , Münster , Neubrandenburg , Neumünster , Neuss , Neustrelitz , Neuwied , Oberhausen , Oberhausen-Rheinhausen , Offenburg , Oftersheim , Oranienburg , Potsdam-Babelsberg , today pink Luxemburg-Strasse and An der Sternwarte, Rastatt , Remscheid , Schiffweiler , Schöningen , Schwelm , Schwetzingen , Siegburg , Silberhausen , Solingen , Stahnsdorf , Steinhagen (Westphalia) , Stolberg (Rhineland) , Tangerhütte , Tangermünde , Trier , Troisdorf , Trossingen , Unna , Viersen , Warstein , Wentorf near Hamburg , Wesel , Wiesbaden , Wildberg , Witten and Wuppertal -Elberfeld
- Augustenstrasse in Stuttgart
- Augusta-Allee in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe
- Augusta promenade in Aschersleben
- Augustawege in Essen-Fischlaken , Konstanz , Lübbecke and Untermeitingen
- Augusta plant in Mannheim
- Augusta-Ufer in Berlin-Spandau
- Augusta places in Baden-Baden, Bad Oeynhausen , Berlin-Lichtenberg , today Münsterlandplatz, Berlin-Lichterfelde, Dinslaken, Offenburg and Stettin , today Lotników
various
- Augusta spring in Rilchingen
- Kaiserin Augusta River, today Sepik , and Kaiserin Augusta Bay , today Empress Augusta Bay, near New Guinea
- SMS Augusta
- SMS Empress Augusta
- Queen Augusta colliery, later Kaiserin Augusta colliery in Essen-Fischlaken, Kaiserin-Augusta-Schacht in Neuoelsnitz , renamed Karl-Liebknecht-Schacht in 1946, and Augustaschacht in Hasbergen -Ohrbeck
- Queen Augusta Guard Grenadier Regiment No. 4 in Koblenz, later Spandau, then Berlin
- Augusta barracks in Koblenz
- Kaiser Wilhelm and Augusta Foundation in Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm Augusta Foundation Altscherbitz , Hoechst , today the Höchst Pension Fund, Wilhelm Augusta Foundation in Altendorf , Bielefeld, Bonn, Daun , Krefeld , Landsberg an der Warthe , later the Association for People's Welfare in Landsberg , Lennep , Muskau , Ohligs , Schleusingen , today Wilhelm Augusta Foundation Service, Stettin, Wuppertal, Wilhelm Augusta Foundation for the deaf and dumb children in the Rhine Province, Wilhelm Augusta Foundation in Daun for clothing poor confirmands in the Daun district, Evangelicals Augusta Foundation in Bochum
medal
Her husband King Wilhelm I awarded her the High Order of the Black Eagle with the Chain on January 17, 1861 .
Augusta Fund
literature
- Manfred Berger: Augusta Marie Luise Katharine, Queen of Prussia and first German Empress. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 24, Bautz, Nordhausen 2005, ISBN 3-88309-247-9 , Sp. 143-151.
- Christine von Brühl : Grace in the Brandenburg sand. The women of the Hohenzollern. Structure, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-351-03597-6 , pp. 320–354.
- Karin Feuerstein-Praßer: The German Empresses 1871-1918. Regensburg 1997, ISBN 3-492-23641-3 .
- Hermann von Petersdorff : Augusta, German Empress and Queen of Prussia . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 46, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1902, pp. 89-143.
- Walter Goetz: Augusta. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 1, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1953, ISBN 3-428-00182-6 , p. 451 f. ( Digitized version ).
- Wilhelm Treue (Ed.): Three German Emperors - Your Life and Your Time 1858–1918. Ploetz, Würzburg 1987, ISBN 3-87640-192-5 .
Web links
- Monument to Empress Augusta in Baden-Baden
- Biography of the Empress Augusta
- Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. In: FemBio. Women's biography research (with references and citations).
- Obituary for Augusta von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach. In: Neue Freie Presse , January 8, 1890, p. 1 (online at ANNO ).
- Obituary for Augusta von Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach. In: Das Vaterland , January 8, 1890, p. 4 (online at ANNO ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach,…, Findbuch (Hofmarschallamt): 2603a - Ceremonial at the baptism of Princess Maria Luise Augusta Catherina, born. 9/30/1811, the later German Empress. Thuringian State Archive Weimar, archived from the original on February 3, 2015 ; Retrieved on April 21, 2013 (the baptismal name was: Maria Luise Augusta Catherina, Princess of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach).
- ↑ Dorlis Blume: Wilhelms I .. Tabular curriculum vitae in the LeMO ( DHM and HdG )
- ^ Deutschestextarchiv.de: Bismarck, Otto von: Thoughts and memories. part 1
- ^ Deutschestextarchiv.de: Bismarck, Otto von: Thoughts and memories. Volume 2
- ↑ Otto von Bismarck: Thoughts and Memories . Volume 1. J. G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung Successor, 1905
- ^ Zeno.org: Otto von Bismarck: thoughts and memories. The Emser Dispatch.
- ↑ Rundschau "German Empire". Teltower Kreisblatt, January 7, 1890, retrieved on April 21, 2013 : "The aged Empress fell ill with influenza after catching a cold at dinner on Friday ..."
- ↑ Elena Rauch: Exhibition pays tribute to Augusta von Sachsen-Weimar and Eisenach. Thüringer Allgemeine, November 9, 2011, accessed on April 21, 2013 : “200 years ago, Princess Augusta of Saxe-Weimar and Eisenach was born in Weimar. An exhibition in the castle museum of the classic city commemorates the future regent "
- ^ Empress Augusta bath in Baden-Baden
- ↑ List of the Knights of the Kgl. Prussian High Order of the Black Eagle, p. 213 (37).
| Predecessors | Office | Successor |
|---|---|---|
| Elisabeth |
Queen of Prussia 1861–1888 |
Victoria (Empress Friedrich) |
| New title created |
German Empress 1871–1888 |
Victoria (Empress Friedrich) |
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Augusta Marie Luise Katharina of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | German princess, as the wife of Kaiser Wilhelm I, German Empress and Queen of Prussia |
| DATE OF BIRTH | September 30, 1811 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Weimar |
| DATE OF DEATH | January 7, 1890 |
| Place of death | Berlin |