Nureddin Pasha

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Nureddin Pasha in 1922.

Nureddin Pascha (or Nur ad-Din Pascha , Turkish Nurettin Paşa or Nureddin İbrahim Konyar ), also " Bearded Nureddin " ( Sakallı Nurettin ; * December 1873 in Bursa ; † February 18, 1932 in Istanbul ), was a Turkish politician and officer, who fought in the First World War and the Turkish Liberation War, among others .

Ottoman era

Nureddin was born in Bursa in 1873. His father was Field Marshal İbrahim Pasha. Nureddin Pascha began his military training in 1890 at the military school (tr: Mekteb-i Füsûn-u Harbiyye-i Şâhâne) in Pangaltı. He graduated from school in 1893 as the 31st best student of the year and became a lieutenant ( Efendi / افندی) of the infantry in the Ottoman Army . He was one of the few who had a high military rank without attending the General Staff School. The foreign languages ​​he mastered included Arabic, French, German, and Russian.

Between March and April 1893 he served in the Fifth Army and then until October 1898 in the First Army. On January 31, 1895 he was promoted to first lieutenant and on July 22 of the same year to captain (Agha / اغا).

In the Turkish-Greek War in 1897 he took part as aide-de-camp of the Ottoman Commander-in-Chief Ethem Pasha . Then he went to the headquarters of the First Army in Istanbul. In October 1898 he was appointed aide-de-camp of Sultan Abdülhamid II . In 1901 he rose to major and commanded the troops on the Ottoman-Bulgarian border from 1901-02. He fought Macedonian rebels between 1902 and 1903.

In December 1907 he came to the headquarters of the prestigious Third Army in Salonika. He rose in 1907 to lieutenant colonel and in 1908 to colonel ( Bey ). When his father İbrahim Pasha wanted to reform the Ottoman army, he received a warning through his son from the secret committee for unity and progress not to do so.

Nureddin later became a member of the Committee for Unity and Progress ( Young Turks ) and had membership number 6436. On August 19, he was demoted to Major and First Army under the Law on Military Ranks ( Tasfiye -i Rüteb-i Askeriye Kanunu ) cleverly. September 1909 Nureddin Bey was appointed governor of Küçükçekmece .

From February 1911, Nureddin fought in the XIV. Corps in Yemen against insurgents and was again a lieutenant colonel. In 1913 he returned from Yemen and fought in the 9th Infantry Regiment in the last days of the Balkan War. In the same year he served under Liman von Sanders . At the end of April 1914 he was given command of the 4th Division.

First World War

Townshend's retreat and Nureddin Pasha's attempt at encirclement.
British Commander in Chief on the Iraqi Front Major General Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend .

When the commander of the Ottoman forces in Iraq, Suleyman Askerî Bey , committed suicide on April 14, 1915, Nureddin was appointed the new commander ( pasha ) on the front in Mesopotamia on April 20, 1915 . At the same time he was appointed governor of the vilayets of Basra and Baghdad .

In November 1915, Nureddin Pasha stopped the advance of Townshend's British Indian Army at the Battle of Ctesiphon and urged the British towards Kut al Amara . The city was besieged and the British surrendered. Field Marshal Colmar von der Goltz arrived in Baghdad on December 21, 1915, renamed the Ottoman troops in Iraq the Iraqi Army (tr: Iraq Ordusu) and from there set out to invade Iran. On January 20, 1916, Nureddin Pasha was replaced by Colonel Halil Kut on the instructions of the War Minister Enver Pasha . Nureddin Pasha was appointed commander of the IX. Corps and Provisional Commander of the Third Army appointed.

In October 1916 he took over the armies in the regions of Muğla and Antalya and raised a new corps (XXI. Corps), whose command he took over. In addition to this command, he was from October 25, 1918 still Deputy Governor of Aydın . In the same year he rose to the rank of Mirliva .

After the armistice

After the armistice of Mudros in November 1918, Nureddin Pasha was appointed commander of the XVII. Corps in Izmir and the governor of Aydın. On December 30, 1918 he received the command of the XXV. Corps in Istanbul. After the outbreak of an uprising in Urla near Izmir, he was sent to the region to ensure security there.

Nureddin Pasha founded an advisory committee made up of party delegates, interest groups and trade associations from Izmir and supported the Ottoman Society for the Defense of Rights in Izmir (tr: İzmir Müdafaa-i Hukuk-ı Osmaniye Cemiyeti). Before the occupation of Izmir by the Allies, Nureddin Pasha was ordered back from Izmir. The British saw an obstacle in the nationalist Nureddin Pasha. "Kambur" Ahmet İzzet Bey was appointed the new governor on March 11th and the retired General Ali Nadir Pasha was appointed the new commander of the region on March 22nd.

Turkish Liberation War

In June 1920 Nureddin Pasha went to Anatolia and joined the resistance movement of Mustafa Kemal . This had the resistance against the policy of the government of the last Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI. centralized in Constantinople and launched a counter-government in Ankara. Nureddin Pasha was appointed commander of the Central Army, which consisted of around 10,000 men and was based in Amasya , on December 9, 1920 . The situation of the Pontic Greeks worsened as a result. He expelled the American missionaries from the country and accused Christian residents of the region of treason.

Koçgiri uprising

As of 1920 koçgiri rebellion broke out, Nureddin Pasha was with a force of 3,000 cavalrymen and irregulars, including Topal Osman lasische cut-throats sent against the rebels. The uprising was put down on June 17, 1921.

According to some sources, Nureddin Pasha said:

"We have silenced the people who say 'Zo' (ie the Armenians), now it's the turn of those who say 'Lo' (ie the Kurds)"

- English original : In Turkey, we annihilated people who speak "zo" (Armenians), I'm going to cleanup people who speak "lo" by their roots.

The harshness with which the uprising was put down sparked angry debates in parliament in Ankara . The assembly decided to put Nureddin Pasha before a committee of inquiry and condemn it, but the trial was prevented by Mustafa Kemal, who refused to renounce Nureddin Pasha for the continuation of the War of Independence

Pontus Greeks

On June 9, the Greek destroyers bombed Panthir and the battleship Kilkis İnebolu . Because of the possible landing of the Greeks in Samsun, Nureddin Pasha suggested to the government in Ankara that the Greek male population between the ages of 16 and 50 be deported to Amasya, Tokat and Şebinkarahisar . 21,000 Pontic Greeks were then deported on January 12, 1921 by order of 2082. 485 Pontic Greeks were sentenced to death before the Independence Courts. After Samsun was shot at by the armored cruiser Georgios Averoff on June 7, 1922 , all Greeks in western and southern Anatolia, which was under the control of the Turkish nationalists, were deported on orders from Ankara. Nureddin Pasha is believed to be responsible for massacres of thousands of Ottoman Greeks , according to Taner Akçam .

The major offensive

When the commander of the First Army that fought against the Greeks in Western Anatolia, Ali İhsan Sâbis, was deposed, the position was offered first to Ali Fuat Cebesoy and then to Refet Bele . Both refused because they did not want to serve under the command of Chief of Staff İsmet İnönü . On June 29, 1922, Nureddin Pasha was appointed as the new commander. A short time later, on August 31, he was promoted to Ferik (equivalent to Lieutenant General and Major General ).

The conquest of Izmir

Chrysostomos Kalafatis

Nureddin Pasha reached Izmir with the First Army on September 9, 1922 , which the Turks had recaptured from the Greeks . According to Ütkan Kocaturk, he was appointed military governor of Izmir, other sources deny this. Nureddin Pasha accused the Archbishop of Izmir Chrysostomos Kalafatis of collaborating with the occupiers. He then had a mob lynch the archbishop. A few days after the occupation of Izmir, fires started in the Greek and Armenian districts of Izmir on September 13th, which grew into a major fire lasting several days ( fire of Izmir ) and completely destroyed these districts. At the same time, Turkish soldiers and militants committed a massacre, looted and raped.

After the armistice of Mudanya , which ended the Turkish war of liberation , Nureddin Pasha was ordered with his army to İzmit in October 1922 .

Ali Kemal Bey

Ali Kemal Bey

During his time as a commander in İzmit, he arranged for the kidnapping of the former Interior Minister Ali Kemal Bey . The liberal journalist and writer Ali Kemal Bey was an opponent of the resistance movement. On November 4, 1922, he was overpowered in a hairdressing salon in front of the Tokatlıyan Hotel in Istanbul and taken out of the city. In İzmit he was brought before Nureddin Pasha, who wanted to try him before a military tribunal. Ali Kemal Bey agreed. In fact, however, Nureddin Pasha ordered his captain Rahmi Apak:

“Now gather a few hundred people from the street in front of the big gate. If Ali Kemal passes the gate, they should kill him, lynch [him] "

- Original : Şimdi sokaktan birkaç yüz kişiyi büyük kapının önüne toplat. Kapıdan çıkarken Ali Kemal'i öldürsünler, linç etsinler.
The bearded Nureddin Pasha (central) next to Mustafa Kemal during the inspection of the second artillery regiment

When Ali Kemal Bey passed the gate, he was beaten, stoned and stabbed by a mob. The mob stole his jewelry, gold watch and new suit. He was then dragged through the town by his ankles with a rope. Nureddin Pasha later had his body hung up near a train tunnel. So İsmet İnönü, who passed here on the way to the Lausanne conference , was able to see the body.

Geçit Teşkilâtı

Nureddin Pascha and his Geçit Teşkilâtı (English: Temporary Organization) also played a major role in the reconquest of Istanbul. The Geçit Teşkilâtı was a division of the First Army. In Ottoman it was called KT (ﮒ ﺕ Kef Te ) which led the soldiers to alsocallthem kofte (meatballs). Nureddin Pasha procured civilian clothes for the 3,000 men of the Geçit Teşkilâtı and let them march into the city, camouflaged by the British. They took important spots in Beykoz and on Rumeli Hisarı . So she was able to move the British garrison at Haydarpaşa and Kadıköy . After the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne, Geçit Teşkilâtı was dissolved on August 8, 1923.

Republic of Turkey

MP

In June 1923 the First Army was disbanded, so that Nureddin Pasha lost his post. A year later he became a member of the Supreme Military Council (tr: Yüksek Askerî Şûra). In the parliamentary by-elections in 1924 Nureddin Pasha won as an independent candidate in Bursa. On January 17, 1925, his mandate was taken from him because he still held a military position. He then retired from the military . In the repeated election on February 2, he even won with a larger majority.

Hat law

In November 1925, Nureddin Pasha spoke out in parliament against the hat law, calling it a violation of the constitution. The other MPs accused him of being an enemy of the will of the people. He was expelled from parliament and brought to justice. Justice Minister Mahmut Esat Bozkurt said: "The granting of freedom must not be a toy in the hands of the reactionaries ... Matters in the interests of the country are not and cannot be against the constitution."

Nutuk

In his marathon speech Nutuk in October 1927, Ataturk criticized Nureddin Pasha. In 1923, Nureddin Pasha instructed Âbit Süreyya to write a biography in which he falsely identified himself as the environs of the British in Kut al-Amara, as defender of Baghdad, as victor in the battles of Yemen, Ctesiphon , Western Anatolia, Afyonkarahisar and Dumlupınar and depicted as the conqueror of Izmir.

death

Nureddin Pasha died on February 18, 1932 in his house at 23 Kızlarağası Çeşmesi Street (today: Müverrih Ağa Street) in Kadıköy . He was married to Nazmiye Türe († 1951) and had two daughters named Semiha (1896–1950) and Memduha (1904–1970). Semiha was married to Hüseyin Pascha and Memduha to Major General Eşref Alpdoğan. The inscription on Nureddin Pasha's tombstone reads:

"G. Nureddin, this is the final resting place of General Nureddin İbrahim Konyar, victor of the battle of Ctesiphon, besiegers of Kut al-Amara, commander of the 21st [Corps] of Aydın, the 25th [Corps] of Istanbul, 17th [Corps] of Izmir, the Army Center in Amasya during the War of Liberation and the First Army in İzmit for the liberation of Istanbul. Peace to his soul. He was the Vali of Basra, Baghdad and Izmir and a member of parliament in his native Bursa. He was the son of Field Marshal Ibrahim Pasha. 1872– February 18, 1932. "

- Original : G. Nureddin, Selman-i Pak Muharebesi'ni kazanan, Kut'ül-amara'yı muhasara eden kuvvetlere ve Aydın'da 21., İstanbul'da 25th, İzmir'de 17. kolordulara, Milli Mücadele'de ise Amasya'da merkez ordusuna ve Afyon'dan İzmir'e giden, İstanbul'un kurtuluşu için İzmit'te toplanan 1. Ordu'ya kumanda etmiş olan general Nureddin İbrahim Konyar'ın mezarıdır. Ruhu daima aziz ve şad olsun. Basra, Bağdad ve İzmir Valiliklerinde bulunmuş ve doğduğu Bursa'dan meb'us seçilmiştir. Müşir İbrahim Paşa'nın oğludur. 1872– February 18, 1932.

After the military coup in 1980 , the military government decided to build a state cemetery in Ankara , where Ataturk's closest companions would be buried. Nureddin Pascha was appointed by the Turk Tarih Kurumu after Ataturk, İsmet İnönü and Fevzi Çakmak as the fourth most important man in the war of liberation and raised to the rank of general . The transfer of his body to Ankara failed because of the public protest. He is buried in the Beylerbeyi Küplüce Mezarlığı cemetery

Medals and Awards

Web links

Commons : Nureddin Pascha  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları: Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademlerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri. Genkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara 1972, p. 31 (Turkish)
  2. ^ A b c Edward J. Erickson: Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study. Routledge, New York 2007, ISBN 978-0-415-77099-6 , p. 75.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları: Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademlerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri. P. 32 (Turkish)
  4. ↑ Andrew Mango : Ataturk. John Murray, 1999, ISBN 0-7195-6592-8 , p. 73.
  5. ↑ Kâzım Karabekir : İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti. Emre Yayınları, 1982, p. 180. (Turkish)
  6. ^ Edward J. Erickson: Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study. Pp. 74-78.
  7. ^ Edward J. Erickson: Ordered to Die: A history of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. Greenwood Press, Wesport, CT 2001, ISBN 0-313-31516-7 , pp. 112-115.
  8. ↑ Orhan Avcı: Irak'ta Türk ordusu (1914-1918). Vadi Yayınları, 2004, ISBN 975-6768-51-7 , p. 30 (Turkish)
  9. ^ Edward J. Erickson: Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study. P. 86.
  10. ^ Edward J. Erickson: Ordered to Die: A history of the Ottoman Army in the First World War. P. 150.
  11. ↑ Kâmil Erdeha: Vilâyetler ve Valiler. Remzi Kitabevi, 1975, p. 373. (Turkish)
  12. ↑ a b c d T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları: Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademlerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri. P. 33 (Turkish)
  13. ↑ a b Mesut Çapa: "İzmir Müdafaa-i Hukuk-ı Osmaniye Cemiyeti (Aralık 1918-Mart 1920)" , Ataturk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi , Sayı 21, Cilt: VII, Temmuz 1991 (Turkish)
  14. ↑ Andrew Mango: Ataturk. P. 329.
  15. ↑ a b c Andrew Mango: Ataturk. P. 330.
  16. ^ Ergün Aybars: İstiklâl Mahkemeleri. Bilgi Yayınevi, 1975, p. 34. (Turkish)
  17. ↑ Jochen Blaschke , Martin van Bruinessen , Islam and Politics in Turkey , Edition Parabolis, 1989, ISBN 3-88402-019-6 , p. 143.
  18. ↑ Hans-Lukas Kieser : The missed peace: Mission, ethnicity and state in the eastern provinces of Turkey 1839-1938. Chronos, 2000, ISBN 3-905313-49-9 .
  19. ^ Seventy-five Years of the Turkish Republic , Sylvia Kedourie, Routledge, 2000, p. 14.
  20. ↑ Ahmet Güzel: Dünden Bugüne Yunanistan'ın Pontus Hedefi. IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, 2006, ISBN 975-255-109-2 , p. 151. (Turkish)
  21. ↑ Andrew Mango: Ataturk. P. 331.
  22. ↑ Taner Akçam: A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. Metropolitan Books, 2006, ISBN 0-8050-7932-7 , p. 323.
  23. ↑ Andrew Mango: Ataturk. Pp. 334-335.
  24. ↑ Utukan Kocaturk: Ataturk ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi Kronolojisi: 1918–1938. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1983, p. 342 (Turkish)
  25. ↑ TC Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları: Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademlerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri. P. 194 (Turkish)
  26. ↑ İzzeddin Çalışlar: On Yıllık Savaşın Günlüğü: Balkan, Birinci Dünya ve İstiklal Savaşları, Orgeneral İzzettin Çalışlar'ın Günlüğü. Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 1997, ISBN 975-363-617-2 , pp. 393–394 (Turkish)
  27. ↑ Andrew Mango: Ataturk. P. 345.
  28. ↑ Mustafa Hergüner: "Başkomutan Gazi Mustafa Kemal Paşa Hereke'de" , Ataturk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi , Sayı 58, Cilt: XX, Mart 2004 (Turkish)
  29. ↑ Rahmi Apak: Yetmişlik Subayın Hatıraları. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 1988, ISBN 975-16-0075-8 , pp. 262–263 (Turkish)
  30. ↑ Rahmi Apak: Yetmişlik Subayın Hatıraları. P. 264.
  31. ↑ a b Rahmi Apak: Yetmişlik Subayın Hatıraları. P. 265.
  32. ↑ Rahmi Apak: Yetmişlik Subayın Hatıraları. P. 266.
  33. ↑ Erdal İlter: Kuruluşunun 75. Anısına Millî İstihbarat Teşkilâtı Tarihçesi. MİT Basım Evi, 2002, ISBN 975-19-2712-9 , Mütareke ve Millî Mücadele Dönemlerinde Gizli Gruplar (1918–1922) ve İstihbarat (1923–1926) (Turkish)
  34. ↑ Mehmet Mihri Özdogan: Nation and Symbol. The process of nationalization using the example of Turkey. Campus Verlag 2008, p. 269.
  35. ↑ Turkish text: Hürriyetin nasibi, irticanın elinde oyuncak olmak değildir… Ülkenin çıkarlarına olan şeyler hiç bir zaman Anayasaya aykırı olamaz, olmaması mukayyettir. In: Andrew Mango: Ataturk. P. 436 (Turkish)
  36. ↑ In Turkish: Kûtülamare muhasırı, Bağdat müdafii, Yemen, Selmanpâk, Garbı Anadolu, Afyon Karahisar, Dumlupınar, İzmir muharebatı galibi ve İzmir fâtihi. "Nurettin Paşa'nın bağımsız milletvekili olma teşebbüsü ve yayınladığı hal tercümesi" , Nutuk (Turkish)
  37. ↑ a b c Mehmet Nermi Haskan: Yüzyıllar Boyunca Üsküdar. Volume 3, Üsküdar Belediyesi, 2001, ISBN 975-97606-3-0 , p. 1365 (Turkish)
  38. ↑ Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu Kanunu (Turkish)
  39. ↑ "İbrahim Paşa Köşkü" ( Memento of the original from July 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Üsküdar Belediyesi official site (Turkish) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.uskudar-bld.gov.tr
  40. ^ Necati Fahri Taş: Nureddin Paşa ve Tarihî Gerçekler. Nehir Yayınları, 1997, ISBN 975-551-150-4 , p. 196 (Turkish)
personal data
SURNAME Nureddin Pasha
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Nurettin Paşa (Turkish); Nureddin İbrahim Konyar (Turkish); Bearded Nuretta; Sakallı Nurettin (Turkish)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Turkish officer and politician
DATE OF BIRTH December 1873
PLACE OF BIRTH Bursa
DATE OF DEATH February 18, 1932
Place of death Istanbul