Kâzım Karabekir

Kâzım Karabekir

Musa Kâzım Karabekir or Kâzım Karabekir Pascha (born July 23, 1882 in Istanbul , † January 26, 1948 in Ankara ) was a Turkish general in World War I and the Turkish Liberation War , politician and author. From 1946 to 1948 he was President of the Parliament of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey .

Origin and descent

The ancestors of Karabekir come from today's district ( İlçe ) Kazımkarabekir, which is in the province of Karaman . His father Mehmed-Emin Pascha was one of the volunteers who moved to Rumelia in 1853 at the age of 16 . There, the port city of Silistra under Ömer Pasha was supposed to be defended against Russian troops occupying the principalities of Wallachia and Moldova . In 1854 the city was recaptured by the Ottomans and Mehmed-Emin moved on to the Crimea with the volunteers . Thus he also took part in the siege of Sevastopol . He later moved to the gendarmerie ( Zaptiye ), newly established under Sultan Abdülaziz, and worked, among other things, as a major and company commander of the gendarmerie. During this time he married Havva Hanım and in 1867 their first son Ahmed Hamdi was born in Istanbul . In 1869 Mehmed-Emin Pasha was transferred to Kastamonu , where he and his family lived a total of seven years. Her sons Hilmi in 1873 and Şevket in 1874 were born there. In 1876 the family moved first to Istanbul and two years later to Diyarbakır , where Mehmed-Emin Pasha served as colonel of the gendarmerie. Hulusi was born in Diyarbakır in 1879. Mehmed-Emin Pasha was later temporarily transferred to Manastır ( Bitola ), Hakkari , Van , Harput and Mecca , where he died in 1893. Havva Hanım then returned to Istanbul with her children and died at the age of 65.

Life

School education

Musa Kazim was the youngest son of the family on July 23 in Istanbul district of Zeyrek (part of the district Fatih ) to the world. At the age of four he began his primary school education there, but had to continue this in Van due to the transfer of his father and finished it in Elazığ in 1889 . The family moved on to Mecca and since there was no Turkish elementary school there at the time, he had to briefly drop out of school. Back in Istanbul, Musa Kazım and his brother Hulusi enrolled in the military secondary school ( Mekatib-i Rüşdiye-i Askeriye ) in 1893 . There Musa Kazım learned French, among other things. In 1896 he graduated from this school as the best in his class and in the same year he was admitted to the military lyceum ( Askerî İdâdîsi ) in Kuleli. Karabekir also left this school in 1899 as the best in class. On March 14, 1900, he enrolled in the military school ( Mekteb-i Harbiye ) in Pangaltı (part of the Şişli district in Istanbul) and learned Russian and German, among other things. He left the school on December 6, 1902 with the rank of lieutenant ( Piyâde Mülâzimi / Teğmen ) and was able to switch to the Military Academy of the General Staff ( Mekteb-i Erkan-ı Harbiye ). On November 5, 1905, he graduated from the academy as the best of his year and with the rank of captain ( Kurmay Yüzbaşı ).

Military career

After the military academy, Karabekir was sent to Thessaloniki on January 11, 1906 to undergo three years of training in cavalry , artillery and infantry . During his training in the cavalry he was sent to Bitola as an area inspector ( Mıntıka Müfettişi ) . In the same year he finished his training and was able to distinguish himself in the suppression of the insurgent Bulgarians in the Balkans ( see also: Tsarism Bulgaria ) and was appointed major ( Kolağası ). On September 6, 1907, the then Sultan Abdülhamid II had him brought to Istanbul by decree so that he could serve there as an assistant teacher.

Karabekir and the Committee for Unity and Progress

Karabekir had already made the acquaintance of Enver Bey and Fethi Bey in May 1906 during the fighting against the Bulgarians. In the same year he joined the Ottoman Freedom Committee ( Osmanlı Hürriyet Cemiyeti ), which changed its name to the Committee for Unity and Progress in 1908 . Together with Enver, another center of the committee was founded in Bitola. After the congress of the committee in 1908 it was decided that the organization should continue to exist in the form of a party and that members should choose either political activity or a military career. Karabekir therefore continued his military career.

First World War

On February 20, 1908, Karabekir was also given the task of inspecting the military school in Edirne and he was supposed to attend the exams as a supervisor and co-examiner. After nine months he was appointed Chief of Staff ( Kurmaybaşkanı ) of the 3rd Division of the 2nd Army in Edirne . On April 13, 1909, he joined the corps from Saloniki, which were under the direction of Şevket Turgut Pasha: together they marched to Istanbul and the uprising of March 31 was suppressed. Under Şevket Turgut Pasha, he also took part in the advance against the Albanian insurgents the following year. After the dissolution of the corps, Karabekir returned to Edirne. He applied to the National Defense Ministry on April 28, 1911 and was henceforth called Musa Kâzım Karabekir. Previously he was called Kâzım Zeyrek. Karabekir fought again the following year on the front against the Bulgarians and was brought to Sofia as a prisoner of war on April 23, 1913 . After the armistice, Bulgaria only had to cede all conquered territories in the Bucharest Peace Treaty and with the Treaty of Constantinople Karabekir was freed from his captivity.

After an agreement with Germany was signed on October 27, 1913 and a military mission under Liman von Sanders arrived in Constantinople on December 14, 1913, Karabekir was appointed co-director of the intelligence service on January 8, 1914. After a brief stay in Konya, where he was posted as an inspector, he traveled to Europe for 45 days. After his return he became director of the intelligence service in the General Staff from August 3, 1914, and on December 7, he was appointed lieutenant colonel . After the beginning of the First World War , Karabekir was first sent to Iran as an official and temporarily he was supposed to take over the post of governor in Basra . In 1915 he headed the 14th Division and was transferred to Gallipoli with it to repel the attacks of the Entente powers . When General Field Marshal von der Goltz returned to the Ottoman service and was supposed to prevent the British from advancing with the 6th Army in Iraq , Karabekir was appointed Chief of Staff of this army and accompanied by the Goltz Pascha to Iraq.

After von der Goltz's death, Halil Pascha took over his job, with whom Karabekir had major differences of opinion and therefore applied for a transfer. On April 8, 1917, he became the commanding general of the 2nd Army Corps of the Caucasus Troops and on January 28, 1918, by decree, he became the Commander of the 1st Army Corps of the Caucasus Troops. Under his leadership, Erzincan could be captured again on February 13 , Erzurum on March 12, Pasinler on March 13, Sarıkamış on April 5 and Kars on April 25 , and Gyumri was besieged on May 16 . Due to his special achievements he was raised to major general . When Karabekir and his corps were in Nakhchivan at the end of October 1918 , he was informed that the Caucasian army had been disbanded in the course of the Moudros armistice and that he should return to Istanbul. He reached Istanbul on November 28, 1918.

Karabekir during the Wars of Liberation

Karabekir in 1920 on the way to Alexandropol during the fighting between the Turkish and Armenian armies.

On December 23, 1918, Karabekir learned that he had been transferred to Tekirdağ to command the XIV Army Corps. Instead, he wanted to return to the Eastern Front with headquarters in Erzurum . In Istanbul he met with Ismet Bey , among others, and told him about his plan to raise troops in Anatolia to support the planned liberation movement. After a short period of service in Tekirdağ, he was transferred to Erzurum on February 24, 1919, and received the order on March 13. The day before his departure he visited Mustafa Kemal Pascha in his apartment and announced his trip to Erzurum. Karabekir explained to him that he also had to come to Anatolia and that the wars of liberation could be initiated more easily from there. He later received a telegram in Erzurum that Mustafa Kemal Pasha had arrived in Samsun on May 19th . On June 22, the Amasya Congress was announced, after which the Sultan issued an arrest warrant for Mustafa Kemal: Karabekir, who is tasked with arresting Mustafa Kemal Pasha, instead promises to support him in the wars. In the meantime Mustafa Kemal was released from military service and his task of leading the 3rd Army will be transferred to Karabekir.

After the Congress of Erzurum (July 23 to August 7, 1919), a document was signed on August 9 by five representatives of the Representative Council of the Congress, including Mustafa Kemal, that Karabekir became a representative of the liberation movement and made him the commander of the Eastern Front declared. After the congress in Sivas , the parliament in Ankara was opened and Karabekir was elected MP for Edirne . But he remained the commander of the army in Erzurum and on May 6, 1920 he was also the governor of the same city. On September 28, 1920, Sarıkamış was occupied under his army command, Göle the following day , Kağızman on September 30 and Kars on October 30 - he was appointed lieutenant general by the Ankara government for his services . On November 7th, Alexandropol (Gyumri) was captured and the Armenians had to withdraw. They were then forced to sign the Treaty of Alexandropol on December 3, 1920. With the signing of the Moscow Treaty and the Kars Conference (September 26 to October 10, 1921), the borders with the Caucasus states were established, the sieges of Gyumri, Nakhichevan and Batumi were lifted and the Ottoman divisions were stationed in Sarıkamış. The Turkish-Armenian War killed Armenia 198,000 people.

Later Karabekir came to Ankara . Nevertheless, he initially remained nominally the commander of the Eastern Front, where he was only represented on site. On February 17th, he was sent on to Izmir to chair the first economic congress there. Back in Ankara, he was elected MP for Istanbul in the 2nd Grand National Assembly. The last event in his military career was the loss of his title as commander after the dissolution of the Eastern Front. He then became the inspector of the 1st Army in Ankara.

Political career

In 1924, Ataturk's decree stipulated that incumbent MPs were not allowed to serve in the army at the same time. Karabekir, who was relatively dissatisfied with his insignificant role as army inspector, decided to pursue a political career. He expresses himself as follows in his letter of termination:

“I am very sad and deeply disappointed by the realization that both my reports as a result of my inspection and my suggestions that I have submitted for the improvement and strengthening of our army during my one year working period as army inspector are theoretically ignored. Since I am convinced that I can carry out my duty as a member of parliament with a clear conscience, I announce that I am resigning from my work as an army inspector, sir. "

- Original : [Bir senelik Ordu Müfettişliğim zamânında, gerek teftişlerim neticesi Raporlarım'ın, gerekse Ordumuzun te'âlȋ ve takviyyesi içün takdȋm eylediğim Lâhiyalarkleım'ın, nazari dikörme alğın, nazari dikirkate. Uhdeme düşen vazȋfemi, Mebusluk sıfatıyla daha müsterȋhü'l-vicdân yapacağıma, kanâati tâmma, hâsıl ettiğimden, Ordu Müfettişliği'nden isti'fâ eylediğimi, arzeylerim.], Efendimim.

Disagreements with Ataturk and establishment of Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası

In the following period there were more and more differences of opinion between Karabekir and Ataturk. The activities of the liberation movement, which primarily provided for liberation from the occupation by the Allies and the fight against the division of the country, had resulted in the establishment of a new state. Many other radical decisions of Ataturk were rejected by some opposition members, including Karabekir, and distanced themselves from Ataturk and the ruling party ( Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası ). Above all, the one-party system was criticized. The opposition also insisted that the president should not be tied to just one party, but should be above all parties. The form of rule should not have any totalitarian or authoritarian features, but the new state should become a democratic one.

In the course of this, some MPs such as Kazım Karabekir, Ali Fuat Cebesoy , Refet Bele , Rauf Orbay and Dr. Adnan Adıvar and founded the Progressive Republican Party ( Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası ) on November 17, 1924 . Karabekir was elected chairman that same year. Although the party officially supported the government, there were also some differences in its program compared to the ruling Republican People's Party ( CHF) : the separation of powers, tolerance of religion, a parliamentary system with two assemblies or the President's absence from daily politics were some of them. Karabekir was also against the introduction of the Latin script:

“With that we would immediately hand over an excellent weapon to all of Europe; they will announce to the Islamic world that the Turks have adopted a foreign script and have become Christians. That is exactly the diabolical thought of our enemies. "

- Original : [Derhal bütün Avrupa'nın eline güzel bir silah verilmiş olur. Bunlar âlem-i Islâma karşı diyeceklerdir ki: `Turkler ecnebi yazısını kabul etmişler ve Hıristiyan olmuşlardır.´ işte düşmanlarımızın çalıştığı şeytanetkârârâne.] Fikir."

The party members were accused of supporting the rebels of the Sheikh Said uprising in February 1925 and political persecution began. It was then banned on June 3, 1925.

Political isolation and rehabilitation

Kâzım Karabekir in his later years (1939).

After his party was banned, Karabekir was linked to a planned assassination attempt on Ataturk. On June 15 this attempted assassination was reported to the governor's office in Izmir. Ataturk, who had postponed his trip to Izmir for a day, stayed alive. The three assassins, who were members of Karabekir's party, were arrested. The Independence Court immediately had all the remaining members brought to Izmir and the investigation began on June 26, 1926. Karabekir was not released until July 12. After this incident, Karabekir could no longer assert himself in the National Assembly and was retired on December 5, 1927 by the General Staff. From then on he lived in seclusion and wrote on his memoirs and books. When Ataturk died in Istanbul on November 10, 1938, Ismet Inönü was elected second President of Turkey . A week later, Halil Edhem Eldem , who at that time was the representative of Istanbul in the National Assembly, also died and Karabekir was thus elected as a representative for Istanbul by Inönü. On December 31, 1938, Karabekir returned to Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi ( CHP ) and remained in parliament as a member of the Istanbul parliament until his death. He was also elected Chairman of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on July 23, 1946 .

Death; Family relationships and offspring

Karabekir died of a heart attack in Ankara on January 26, 1948 and was buried there. He was married to İclâl Hanım, the daughter of a notable from Aydın , and had three daughters with her. Karabekir married his middle-aged wife on July 11, 1924 in Izmir at the age of 42. The twin sisters Emel and Hayat Karabekir were born on November 7, 1927 in Istanbul, Timsal Karabekir on January 26, 1941 in Ankara. Iclal Karabekir died in 1954 and Emel Karabekir in 1984.

After Karabekir's death

Establishment of the Kâzım Karabekir Foundation and the Kâzım Karabekir Museum

After Karabekir's death, many of his books were published or reissued by his daughters. Among other things, the Kâzım Karabekir Cultural Center was founded in 1999 by his daughter Timsal Karabekir-Yıldıran and her husband Atilla Köymen-Yıldıran . Six years later, this resulted in the Kâzım Karabekir Foundation , which is supported by various family members. The aim of the foundation is to support schoolchildren and students by awarding scholarships or organizing symposia or memorial days in honor of Karabekir. In addition, the Kazım Karabekir Museum was opened on October 1, 2005 . Both the foundation and the museum reside in the Karabekirs villa in Erenköy (part of the Kadıköy district in Istanbul ).

Honors

The county town of Gafferiyat in Karaman Province , from which the ancestors of Karabekirs come, was renamed Kazımkarabekir in 1956. Monuments in honor of Karabekir were erected in Kars and Karaman. The Cemal Gürsel Stadium in Erzurum was named Kazım Karabekir Stadium in 2012.

Works

Books in Ottoman script:

• Sırp-Bulgar Seferi 1885 (German: The Serbian-Bulgarian War 1885), Edirne 1911
• Bulgar Ordusu'nun Terbiyesi (German: The training of the Bulgarian army), Edirne 1911
• İtalya-Habeş Seferi (German: Italian-Abyssinian War)
• İngiltere, İtalya ve Habeş Harbi ( Eng .: England, Italy and the Abyssinian War), Istanbul 1935
• Osmanlı Ordusu'nun Taarruz Fikri (German: The Ottoman Army's Attack Idea ), Edirne 1911
• İslam Ahali'nin Duçar Oldukları Mezalim Hakkında Vesaika Müstenid Malumat (German: Information on the atrocities against the Muslim population based on documents), Istanbul 1918
  • Ermeni Katliamı. İslam Ahali'nin Duçar Oldukları Mezalim Hakkında Vesaika Müstenid Malumat (English: Armenian massacre. Information about the atrocities against the Muslim population based on documents), Istanbul 2006
• 335 Senesi Temmuz Ayı Zarfında Kafkasya'da İslamlar'a Karşı İcra Olunduğu Haber Alınan Ermeni Mezalimi (English: The Armenian atrocity that was perpetrated against the Muslims in the Caucasus in July 1919), Istanbul 1919
  • 335 ve 336 (1919 ve 1920) Seneleri Kafkasya'da İslamlar'a Karşı İcra Olunduğu Tebeyyün Eden Ermeni Mezalimi (German: The Armenian atrocity that was perpetrated against Muslims in the Caucasus in 1919 and 1920), Kars 1921
  • 1917–20 Arasında Erzincan'dan Erivan'a Ermeni Mezalimi (German: Armenian atrocity between 1917 and 1920 from Erzincan to Yerevan), Istanbul 2000
  • Ermeni Yalanı (German: The Armenian Lie), Istanbul 2004
  • Soykırım Yalanı - Ermeni Mezalimi. Soykırım iddialarına belgelerle cevaplar ( Eng .: The Genocide Lie - The Armenian Atrocity. Answers to the Genocide Claims Based on Documents), Istanbul 2005
• Birinci Kafkas Kolordusu'nun 334 (1918) 'deki Harekatı Hakkında General Harbord Riyaseti'ndeki American Heyeti'ne Takdim Edilen (Fransızca) Rapor'un (Türkçe) Sureti ( Eng .: The copy of the report (Turkish) on the military action of the 1st Caucasian Army submitted (in French) to the American body under the direction of General Harbord), Erzurum 1919
• Öğüdlerim (German: My advice), Erzurum 1920
  • Çocuklara Öğütlerim (German: My advice to the children), Istanbul 1995
• Tarih'te Kars ve Etrafı ( Eng .: Kars and its surroundings in history), Kars 1921/1922
• Şarkılı İbret (English: teaching with songs), Trabzon 1922
• Erkan-ı Harbiye Vazifeleri Hakkında (German: On the Duties of the Military Academy), Sarıkamış 1922
• Erkan-ı Harbiye Vezaifinden İstihbarat (German: From the subjects of the Military Academy: Secret Service), in: 1339–1340 Konferansları I (German: Conferences from 1923 to 1924, I), Issue 13, Istanbul 1923
  • Gizli Harp İstihbarat (German: Secret War - Secret Service), Istanbul 2004
• Mahsulat-ı Mahalliye İçin Tahmini Sanayi Projeleri Layihası (German: draft of the planned industrial projects for local production), Ankara 1923
  • Sanayi Projelerimiz (German: Our industrial projects ), in: Sanayi Projelerimiz. Ülkümüz Kuvvetli bir Türkiye'dir ( Eng .: Our industrial projects . Our ideal is a strong Turkey), Istanbul 2001
• İktisad Esaslarımız (German: Our Basics of the Economy), Izmir 1923
• Talim ve Terbiye Hakkında Ana Hatlar (German: Fundamentals of Education and Training), Ankara 1924

Works published in Latin script:

• İstiklal Harbinin Esasları (English: The Basics of Our Wars of Liberation), Istanbul 1933
• İtalya-Habeş (German: Italy-Abyssinia), Istanbul 1935
• Cihan Harbine Neden Girdik? (Eng .: Why did we join the First World War?), Volume 1, Istanbul 1937
• Cihan Harbine Nasıl Girdik? (German: How did we join the First World War?), Volume 2, Istanbul 1937
• Cihan Harbini Nasıl İdare Ettik? - Erzurum ve Erzincan'ın Kurtuluşu (German: How did we manage the First World War? - The liberation of Erzurum and Erzincan), Volume 3, Istanbul 1939
• Sarıkamış, Kars ve Ötesi ( Eng .: Sarıkamış, Kars and beyond,) in: Doğu'nun Kurtuluşu ( Eng .: The Liberation of the East), Volume 4, Erzurum 1990
  • Cihan Harbini Nasıl İdare Ettik? - Sarıkamış, Kars ve Ötesi (Eng: How did we manage the First World War? - Sarıkamış, Kars and beyond), Istanbul 1994
• Ülkümüz Kuvvetli Bir Türkiye'dir (German: Our ideal is a strong Turkey), Istanbul 1947

Works published after his death:

• İstiklal Harbimiz (German: Our War of Liberation), Istanbul 1960
• Çocuk Davamız (German: Our Child Affair), Istanbul 1965
• İstiklal Harbimizde Enver Paşa ve İttihat ve Terakki Erkanı (Enver Pascha and the Committee for Unity and Progress in our Wars of Liberation), Istanbul 1967
• Nutuk ve Karabekir'den Cevaplar (German: Ataturk's Speech and Karabekir 's Answers), Istanbul 1977
• İttihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti (1896–1909) - Neden kuruldu? Nasıl kuruldu? Nasil idare olundu? (Eng: The Committee for Unity and Progress (1896–1909) - Why was it founded? How was it founded? How was it governed?), Istanbul 1982
• Ermeni Dosyası (German: The Armenian Files), Istanbul 1994
• Paşaların Kavgası - Ataturk-Kazım Karabekir Çekişmeleri ( Eng .: The Pashas' dispute - The conflict between Ataturk and Kazım Karabekir), Istanbul 1991
  • Paşaların Kavgası - İnkılap Hareketlerimiz ( Eng .: The Pashas' Dispute - Our Revolutionary Movements ), Istanbul 2005
• Bir Düello ve Bir Suikast (German: A duel and an assassination), Istanbul 1991
• Paşaların Hesaplaşması - İstiklal Harbine Neden girdik, Nasıl girdik, Nasıl idare ettik? (Eng .: The Settlement of the Pashas - Why did we start the Wars of Liberation, how did we start them, how did we lead them?), Istanbul 1992
• Ankara'da Savaş Rüzgarları - II. Dünya Savaşı (German: War Wind in Ankara - The Second World War), Istanbul 1994
• Hayatım (German: My Life), Istanbul 1995
• Kürt Meselesi (German: The Kurdish Affair), Istanbul 1994
• Tarihte Almanlar ve Alman Ordusu (German: The Germans and the German Army in History), Istanbul 2001
• Tarih Boyunca Türk Alman İlişkileri (German: German-Turkish Relations in History), Istanbul 2001
• Türkiye'de ve Türk Ordusunda Almanlar (German: Germans in Turkey and in the Turkish Army), Istanbul 2001
• Edirne Hatıraları (German: Memories of Edirne), Istanbul 2009
• Günlükler (1906-1948) (German: Diaries 1906-1948 ), Istanbul 2009
• Birinci Dünya Savası Anıları (German: Memories of the First World War), Istanbul 2011

The works were listed in their first edition. Only books that have been reissued under a different title over time are shown indented. New editions and publications were not taken into account for this list.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Website of the Kâzım Karabekir Foundation (Turkish) (last accessed August 8, 2014)
2. ↑ Kırzıoğlu, Prof. Dr. Fahrettin: Kazım Karabekir - Kendi Eserleri, Haltercümeleri ve Arşiv Belgeleri'ne göre , Kültür Bakanlığı (ed.), Kultur Bakanlığı Yayınları Vol. 1278 - Türk Büyükleri Dizisi Vol. 135, Ankara, 1991.
3. ↑ ^{a b} Karabekir, Kazım: Hayatım , Özerengin, Prof. Dr. Faruk (ed.), Emre Yayınları - Yakın Tarih Serisi Vol. 25, Istanbul, October 1995, p. 15.
4. ↑ Kırzıoğlu, Prof. Dr. Fahrettin, p. 16f.
5. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 8.
6. ↑ Karabekir 1995, p. 24.
7. ↑ Karabekir 1995, pp. 159f.
8. ↑ Karabekir 1995, p. 9
9. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 9f.
10. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 10
11. ↑ Karabekir, Kazım: İttihat ver Terakki Cemiyeti 1896–1909 - Neden kuruldu? Nasıl idare olundu? , Özerengin, Prof. Dr. Faruk and Emel (eds.), Türdav Ofset Yayınları, Istanbul, 1982, p. 14ff.
12. ↑ Karabekir, pp. 131ff.
13. ↑ Karabekir 1982, p. 21ff.
14. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 11f.
15. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 12.
16. ↑ Liman von Sanders, Otto: Five Years Turkey , Scherl Verlag, Berlin, 1920, p. 5f.
17. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 13.
18. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 14ff
19. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 16.
20. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 18.
21. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 22.
22. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, pp. 20ff.
23. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 23f.
24. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 24ff.
25. ↑ Feyzioğlu-Akkoyunlu, Pınar: İnsan ve Asker Kâzım Karabekir , Yapı Kredi Yayınları Vol. 2675, Istanbul, March 2008, pp. 28ff.
26. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 29f.
27. ↑ Taşkıran, Cemalettin: Kâzım Karabekir Paşa - Askeri Hayatı ve Komutanlığı , TC Genelkurmay Başkanlığı (ed.), Genelkurmay Basımevi, Ankara, 1993, p. 57f.
28. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 32ff.
29. ↑ Taşkıran 1993, p. 53
30. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 34ff.
31. ↑ Sovietskaya Ensiklopediya Historii. 1961 quoted by Taner Akçam: A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. Metropolitan Books, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-8050-7932-6 , p. 327
32. ↑ Dadrian, Vahakn N .: The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus , Berghahn Books, Providence, Oxford, 2004, p. 361.
33. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 37.
34. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 37.
35. ↑ Taşkıran 1993, pp. 60f.
36. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 38.
37. ↑ See Zürcher, Erik J .: Milli Mücadelede İttihatçılık , Bağlam Yayınları Vol. 8, Istanbul, October 1987, p. 247.
38. ↑ Kırzıolu 1991, p. 38.
39. ↑ Feyzioğlu-Akkoyunlu 2008, p. 80.
40. ↑ Feyzioğlu-Akkoyunlu 2008, pp. 80ff.
41. ↑ Kılıç, Sümer: İzmir Süikasti - İddianame ve Kazım Karabekir'in Savunması , Emre Yayınları - Yakın Tarih Serisi 19, Istanbul, November 1994, p. 18ff.
42. ↑ Zürcher 1987, p. 247ff.
43. ^ The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success, p. 32.
44. ↑ Zürcher 1987, p. 255.
45. ↑ Kılıç 1994, p. 46ff.
46. ↑ Zürcher 1987, p. 271.
47. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 39.
48. ↑ Kırzıoğlu 1991, p. 221.
49. ↑ Website of the Kâzım Karabekir Foundation - Section: Tasks and Mission (Turkish) (last accessed August 8, 2014)
50. ↑ Website of the District Office Kazımkarabekir (Turkish) (last accessed August 8, 2014)
51. ↑ Erzurum - Website of the Ministry of Sport and Youth (Turkish)

Web links

Commons : Kâzım Karabekir  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Biographical information about Karabekir (Turkish)
• Information about Karabekir on ataturk.com (Turkish)
• Newspaper article about Karabekir in the Turkish daily newspaper Yeni Şafak (Turkish)