Independence court
The Independence Courts ( Turkish İstiklal Mahkemeleri ) were Turkish special courts that were established during the Turkish War of Independence with Law No. 21 on Deserters ( Firariler Hakkında Kanun ) of September 11, 1920. The courts tried cases of treason , desertion , threats to state security and espionage . In particular, violations of Law No. 2 on Treason of the Fatherland ( Hıyanet-i Vataniye Kanunu ) of April 29, 1920 were tried. The courts also served to suppress local, religiously based, anti-nationalist revolts.
According to Art. 2 of Law No. 29 on Independence Courts ( İstiklâl Mehâkimi Kânunu ; later İstiklal Mahkemeleri Kanunu ) of July 31, 1922, each court was appointed with a president, two members, a public prosecutor and a substitute member. These were elected by secret ballot by and from the ranks of the Grand National Assembly with an absolute majority.
From October 1920 to May 1923 a total of 3,919 people were sentenced to death by independence courts. An appeal against judgments of the court was not possible. According to Article 6 of Law No. 29, the prosecutor had the right to appeal judgments within three days. Except in particularly urgent cases, death sentences had to be confirmed by the Grand National Assembly in accordance with Art. 5 of Law No. 29. The sentences included corporal punishment , fines , forced labor , life imprisonment, and the death penalty . As a punishment, the court could also have the houses of convicts burned down or use family members of deserters to do military service.
There were independence courts in Ankara , Eskişehir , Konya , Isparta , Sivas , Kastamonu , Pozantı , Diyarbakır , Yozgat and Samsun .
Under the Takrir-i Sükûn Kanunu Act , two courts were re -established between 1925 and 1927. These were in Ankara and Diyarbakır.
Web links
literature
- İstiklâl Mahkemeleri. In: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Vol. 23, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınevi, Istanbul 2001, ISBN 975-389-450-3 (Turkish).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Kemal Karpat in: PM Holt, Ann KS Lambton, Bernard Lewis (eds.): The Cambridge History of Islam. Vol. 1B, Cambridge University Press 1977, p. 530.
- ↑ Page no longer available , search in web archives: MİLLÎ MÜCÂDELE DÖNEMİ İSTİKLÂL MAHKEMELERİ VE UYGULAMALARIMA BİRKAÇ ÖRNEK - see documents at Ercan Haytoğlu (PDF; 634 KB)