Tony Garnier (architect)

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Tony Garnier

Tony Garnier (born August 13, 1869 in Lyon , † January 19, 1948 in Roquefort-la-Bédoule , France ) was a French architect and urban planner who, around 1900, presented the design of an ideal city, the Cité industrial , which sparked the discourse on urban planning influenced significantly in the 20th century. Together with architects like Auguste Perret, he is one of the pioneers and precursors of modern architecture .

Life

The son of the draftsman of a silk weaving mill Pierre Garnier and the weaver Anne Évrard spent his childhood and youth, about which little is otherwise known, in poor conditions in the workers' quarters of the Pentes de Croix-Rousse . At the École technique la Martinière in Lyon, which he attended since 1883, he already showed a talent as a draftsman, which is why he studied at the École des Beaux Arts de Lyon from 1886 at the age of seventeen . In 1889, winning the first-rate architecture prize at this school allowed him to continue his studies at the École des Beaux Arts de Paris , where he attended the class of Paul Blondel (1847-1897) and Georges Scellier de Gisors (1844-1905).

The tireless student from a humble background knew that only extraordinary success would bring him professional recognition. In 1899 he finally received - in the sixth attempt - the first prize for architecture, the famous Prix ​​de Rome , which earned its laureates a stay of several years at the Villa Medici in Rome. In Rome, where he stayed from 1899 to 1904, his duties as a scholarship holder consisted of regularly sending photographs of ancient monuments to the Académie des Beaux-Arts , instead he worked on the designs for a utopian industrial city , the Cité industrial , which he completed in 1901 in addition to a construction survey of the tabularium . The work was literally torn apart by the furious reviewer Jean-Louis Pascal .

In the following years, he handed in the required reconstructions - studies on the Arch of Titus , on Santa Maria in Cosmedin and finally a complete, rather daring interpretation of Tusculum - but at the same time he continued to work at the Cité Industrial, which he also did at the end of his scholarship in 1904 presented again. The reactions were much more friendly this time, however, the magazine La construction modern certifies the cité industrial, with all modernity and hygienic comfort, “not to spurn the search for even artistic beauty.” Garnier worked on the plans for the cité industrial, the final publication dated from 1917, further editions appeared until the 1930s. Garnier further developed the Cité together with his actual building projects, both of which were mutually beneficial.

In 1904 Tony Garnier settled in Lyon and in the same year received, in addition to a later unrealized private contract for villas along the Parc de la Tête d'Or , his first building contract from the city, for which he would later build a large part of his working life: The Vacherie du parc, a dairy farm commissioned by Mayor Victor Augagneur .

Garnier's cattle market hall as the Palais de l'industrie of the 1914 World's Fair in Lyon

After Édouard Herriot became mayor of Lyon in 1905 , Tony Garnier received orders for large building projects, especially in the east of the city, which was being greatly expanded at the time. From 1905 to 1919 he worked as an architecte en chef for the city of Lyon.

His first major project was the La Mouche slaughterhouse and livestock market , which were built from 1909 to 1914. Initially used as the Palais de l'industrie for the (not officially recognized ) World Exhibition of 1914 , the site was confiscated by the military during the First World War and was not given its actual purpose until 1928. After the slaughterhouse was closed in 1967, the hall , which has been registered as a Monument historique since 1975 , is now known as Halle Tony Garnier with 17,000 seats and is one of the largest venues in France. The hall was built as a self-supporting structure made of three-hinged steel arches and spans an area of ​​210 by 80 meters. The multi-stepped roof creates ribbon windows that stretch over the entire length of the hall on both sides of the roof and provide generous exposure to light.

In 1919, the planning of a district in Lyon began. Here, too, Garnier drew ideas of his Cité in the first drafts: The reinforced concrete construction, the generous loggias assigned to each residential unit, the distribution of the residential buildings on a generally accessible area free of fencing were elements of the evenly arranged, less hierarchical residential quarters of the Cité industrial. In the course of the planning phase - construction did not start until a decade later, in 1929 - the design was increasingly reduced due to financial constraints. The urban residential area, now called Quartier des États-Unis , ultimately had to be realized on half of the originally planned area with approximately the same number of residential units.

Buildings (selection)

  • 1904–05 Municipal Dairy, Lyon
  • 1905 Bon Marche residential complex , Lyon
  • 1909–28 La Mouche slaughterhouse with the Tony Garnier hall , Lyon
  • 1910–33 Édouard Herriot Hospital (formerly Grange-Blanche ), Lyon
  • 1911 Architect's house, Saint-Rambert-d'Albon
  • 1913 Villa Madame Garnier, Saint-Rambert-d'Albon
  • 1913–14 Mercier & Chaleyssin factory, Lyon
  • 1914–26 Le stade de Gerland sports complex , Lyon
  • 1917–24 Villa, Rue de la Mignonne, Saint-Rambert-d'Albon
  • 1919–27 Vaudrey switchboard, Lyon
  • 1919–1933 Quartier des États-Unis , Lyon
  • 1921 Villa on the edge of the lake, Lyon
  • 1922 Villa Gross, Lyon
  • 1926–1934 Boulogne-Billancourt Town Hall
  • 1927–1933 weaving school, Lyon
  • 1928–29 swimming stadium, Lyon

Publications

  • Les grands travaux de la ville de Lyon. Études, projets et travaux exécutés (hôpitaux, écoles, postes, abattoirs, habitations en commun, stade, etc.) . 1920.
  • Une cité industrial. Etude for the construction of the villa . Massin, Paris 1918. 2nd edition Massin, Paris 1932 (2 volumes).

literature

  • Alain Vollerin: Tony Garnier et Lyon, aux origines de la modernité . Ed. Mémoire des Arts, Saint-Cyr-au-Mont d'Or 2011, ISBN 2-912544-50-5 .
  • Pierre Gras: Tony Garnier . Editions du Patrimoine, Paris 2013, ISBN 978-2-7577-0272-7 .
  • René Jullian: Tony Garnier . Constructeur et Utopiste. Philippe Sers Editeur, Paris 1989, ISBN 2-904057-25-0 .

Web links

Commons : Tony Garnier  - Collection of Images

Individual evidence

  1. Pierre Gras: Tony Garnier . Editions du Patrimoine, Paris 2013, ISBN 978-2-7577-0272-7 . P. 23.
  2. Pierre Gras: Tony Garnier . Editions du Patrimoine, Paris 2013, ISBN 978-2-7577-0272-7 , pp. 29-30.
  3. ^ Vittorio Magnago Lampugnani : The city in the 20th century . Visions, drafts, things built . Wagenbach Verlag, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-8031-3633-6 , Stadtbaukunst der Beaux-Arts, p. 67 .
  4. Paul Planat: Les envois de rome. In: La construction modern. July 9, 1904. pp. 481-84. Quoted from: Vittorio Magnago Lampugnani : The city in the 20th century . Visions, drafts, things built . Wagenbach Verlag, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-8031-3633-6 , Stadtbaukunst der Beaux-Arts, p. 68 .
  5. ^ Institut français d'architecture (ed.): Archives d'architecture du XXe siècle , Volume 1, Liège 1991, p. 172: Tony Garnier. 1869–1948 (digitized from Google Books , French).
  6. ^ History of the Halle , Halle Tony Garnier website (accessed October 29, 2015).
  7. Entry PA00117810: Abattoir de la Mouche dit halle Tony Garnier from May 16, 1975 in Base Mérimée .
  8. ^ Vittorio Magnago Lampugnani : The city in the 20th century . Visions, drafts, things built . Wagenbach Verlag, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-8031-3633-6 , Stadtbaukunst der Beaux-Arts, p. 68-89 .