Johann Most

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Johann Most (photography at the end of the 19th century)

Johann Most (born February 5, 1846 in Augsburg , Kingdom of Bavaria ; died March 17, 1906 in Cincinnati ), also known as John Most , was a socialist editor , agitator, and politician of the Social Democratic Workers 'Party (SDAP) , then the Socialist Workers' Party Germany (SAP) before he finally confessed to anarchism . He was editor of the magazine Freiheit .

Life

Early years

Johann Most as member of the Reichstag from 1877–1879

Johann Most was born in Augsburg in 1846 as the child of a scribe and a governess and grew up in meager circumstances. When Most was ten years old, his mother died of cholera and he suffered greatly from his stepmother as a result. In his childhood he suffered from bone damage in the lower jaw and was disfigured after a successful operation on his face. Most protested early on against the “beatings” that he experienced at home and in school, and was expelled from school at the age of 13 for organizing a student strike. Thereupon he did an apprenticeship as a bookbinder and after the end of the arduous apprenticeship in 1863 he traveled as a traveling journeyman through Germany , Hungary and Switzerland . He worked for various masters and came into contact with the labor movement on his hikes .

In 1867, Most found a job as a case maker in Le Locle in the Swiss Jura , where he first got to know socialist ideas. He became a member of a local German workers' education association and was particularly enthusiastic about the writings of Ferdinand Lassalle . Later that year he moved to Zurich, where he joined a section of the International Workers' Association that had been founded shortly before by various well-known socialists, including Herman Greulich , with whom he was on friendly terms.

Social democratic time

In Austria

In October 1868 Johann Most moved on to Vienna and found a larger field of activity in Austria. The labor movement in Austria had grown rapidly in a short time and many workers' education associations were founded, which were based on Lassalle, and later, under the influence of August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht, more and more merged into the SDAP. Although Most never held an official position in the party during his stay in Austria, he soon became one of the most popular figures in the movement as a skilled and quick-witted discussion speaker. With the rise of the socialist labor movement, the authorities 'distrust also grew and the Austrian government - the Citizens' Ministry - with Interior Minister Carl Giskra increasingly reacted with repressive measures. Most was also one of the first to feel this: When a large workers 'meeting was held in the Viennese suburb of Fünfhaus in May 1869 , Most also took the floor and harshly criticized the Citizens' Ministry , which was discussed in detail in the press the next day. He lost his job because of the speech and was sentenced to one month of strict detention for "disturbing public order".

In December 1869 of the same year Most was one of the organizers of a workers' demonstration in which 30,000 to 40,000 workers gathered in front of the parliament building. Most was subsequently arrested along with other Austrian socialists and sentenced to five years' imprisonment for high treason. A few weeks before his deportation to the Suben prison , Johann Most wrote the proletarian song ("Who creates gold for days? ..."), which was smuggled out of prison and is still one of the most sung workers' songs to this day. The harsh condemnation, which was viewed as unjustified by public opinion, was followed by an amnesty for the 93 convicts, including Johann Most , after a ministerial crisis and Count Hohenwart took office in February 1871. After an enthusiastic reception of the condemned, Most was chosen a short time later by the party conference to find new members on an agitation trip in the Austrian province. The trip was a success, but Most was arrested and expelled on his return to Vienna.

In Germany

Back in Germany, Most first tried to breathe new life into the socialist movement in Bavaria , which had been weakened as a result of the Franco-Prussian War and internal conflicts. He organized some meetings in which he also extolled the struggle of the French Communards ; the gatherings were broken up by the police. Most soon left Bavaria for Leipzig to find work there. In the then stronghold of the Eisenach direction , he met Wilhelm Liebknecht, from whom he received an extremely cool reception, and he had a friendly relationship with August Bebel. But in the whole of Saxony , Most struck a tough wind from the police, his appearances as a speaker were forbidden in advance.

He subsequently settled in Chemnitz and became editor-in-chief of the workers' newspaper Chemnitzer Freie Presse . The run-down newspaper, which had a circulation of 200 copies before Most's arrival in Chemnitz, flourished with the new editor. The edition of the sheet increased sixfold within a few weeks. Shortly afterwards, a SDAP congress took place in Chemnitz, in which Most participated as a delegate and gave a lecture on the political position of social democracy. Most was a revitalization for the Chemnitz labor movement, but after a while the charges against him accumulated and fines of 120 thalers accumulated . The money was raised through collections from the workers, but Most preferred to invest the money in the newspaper and served the sentences in prison, where he continued to edit the newspaper. Most later founded the labor movement's first satirical newspaper - the Nutcracker .

After Liebknecht and Bebel were arrested, Most became the leading figure among the socialists in the Kingdom of Saxony. He organized a successful demonstration for the Paris Commune on the day the bourgeoisie wanted to hold the Sedan celebration . At the fourth Eisenacher congress in Mainz , Most gave the main speech and then set out on an agitation journey that took him through West Germany. Most was arrested again in the Bavarian court and deported to Saxony. There he was tried because of his anti-Sedan address, in which he was found guilty of lese majesty and was held in the Zwickau prison for eight months . During his imprisonment made a Most popular excerpt from the capital of Karl Marx called capital and labor that was printed after his release in Chemnitz and disseminated. Most contributed to the popularization of Marxism in Germany.

Member of the Reichstag in Berlin

After Most was released from prison, he was expelled from Saxony. The Mainz socialists suggested that he take over the editing of the Süddeutsche Volkszeitung , which he led out of the same predicament as the Chemnitz Free Press . On January 10, 1874, Most was elected by the Chemnitz workers as a member of the German Reichstag , where he was one of the youngest elected representatives at the age of 27. Most had married two weeks earlier, but the marriage broke up again in 1880. Through the experiences that Most had as a member of the Reichstag, he developed a strong anti-parliamentarianism and he saw the members as mere puppets and also called the Reichstag "Reichskasperletheater". In the parliament of the German Empire he was together with Wilhelm Hasselmann a representative of the radical left, social revolutionary wing of the SAP founded in 1875, which had emerged from the merger of ADAV (Lassalleaner) and SDAP (Eisenach direction).

A speech to the Paris Commune in a biased trial brought him 26 months' imprisonment in the Plötzensee prison , although the five months in pre-trial detention were not taken into account. Most has documented his defense in court in The Paris Commune before Prussian courts . Although he was a member of parliament, he was treated like a common criminal. The fact that his case was dealt with in the press and in the Reichstag brought Most only a small improvement in prison conditions. However, through an intervention by August Geib , he was able to resume his literary work in prison. In prison, Most wrote some historical treatises, two political pamphlets The Petty Bourgeois and Social Democracy and The Solution of the Social Question , and the pamphlet Social Movements in Ancient Rome and Caesarism . After his release, Most moved to Berlin , where he successfully took over the editing of the Free Berlin Press and was able to increase the circulation from 2000 to 15,000 copies. He also wrote for Die neue Welt , Die Zukunft , and the Russian revue Slowo .

Most continued to be very active as a speaker and attacked the liberal politician Franz Duncker and the court preacher Adolf Stoecker in public discussions and arguments (Stoecker wanted to found a Christian social workers' association, a red rag for Most). Court preacher Stoecker claimed that Most had called for the clergy to be murdered, as a result of which Most was sentenced to another two months in prison for blasphemy . After Max Hödel's failed assassination attempt on Kaiser Wilhelm I on May 11, 1878, Most was again sentenced to six weeks' imprisonment because he made a brief comment about the assassination attempt in a speech in Chemnitz. After Karl Nobiling's assassination attempt on the Kaiser on June 2, 1878, a large-scale persecution of the socialist movement followed. Hardly released, Most was brought to Berlin and had to spend another five months in prison there because of various other convictions. After the Socialist Act was passed, a state of emergency was imposed in Berlin and Most was expelled from Berlin after his release. Via Hamburg, Most decided to emigrate to London , which he reached in December 1878.

Stay in London

Open conflict with the SAP party leadership

Edition of Liberty of March 10, 1888

After his arrival in London, Johann Most was received with enthusiasm by the Communist Workers' Education Association , where he also found many German socialists who had fled into exile from the Socialist Law. Since all socialist papers were banned in Germany, Most decided to found a new newspaper immediately after his arrival, which he published on January 3, 1879 under the name of Freiheit . The magazine was oriented towards social democracy, but more radical in the choice of words than the earlier magazines in Germany. The freedom was immediately banned by the authorities, but the smuggling of the sheet to Germany they could not prevent. The newspaper enjoyed great popularity among the socialist workers. The SAP party leaders in Germany fought the paper because they interpreted the publication of a socialist magazine after the ban by the Socialist Act as grist to the mill for Bismarck's policy against social democracy. Many in the base of the party and the socialist exiles in particular were extremely critical of the course of the party leadership and welcomed the publications in the freedom . In the meantime, the party leadership had founded their own newspaper with the Social Democrat , and the mood between the two camps was soon poisoned. Most was described as a police spy, and Wilhelm Liebknecht in particular damaged Most's reputation with many attacks in the press.

In May 1880, the party leaders convened a secret congress in Rorschach , Switzerland , to discuss their stance towards the internal opposition. Most, who had learned of the preparations for the congress, was delegated to the congress by comrades in Berlin together with Wilhelm Hasselmann and the tailor Rudolf Tiedt as a representative of the opposition. Most and 25–30 other members of the opposition who had made their way to Switzerland had to return home because the congress was canceled. After an agitation trip in Switzerland and Most's return to London, the conflict also split the Communist Workers' Education Association , from which a minority that was publicly supported by the party leadership left.

Exclusion from SAP and turning to anarchism

During this time of conflicts between Most and the party leadership, the latter came to the conclusion that the differences in the judgments of both sides were deeply rooted and that further communion with the socialist party was no longer an option. In this conviction he was strengthened above all through the contact with the German anarchist August Reinsdorf and the Belgian anarchist and old member of the First International Victor Dave . In addition, Most maintained friendly contact with Édouard Vaillant and other Blanquist emigrants, as well as with Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who at that time had a tense relationship with the SAP party leadership and welcomed the release of freedom . However, when Most and the magazine moved further to the left in the following years and the tone of freedom became more radical and anarchist, relations with Marx and Engels cooled down until they were finally broken off completely.

A short time after the Rorschach Congress had failed, the German party leaders called another secret congress in 1880 at Wyden Castle near Ossingen in the canton of Zurich . The congress dealt primarily with the expulsion of Most and Wilhelm Hasselmann from the party, neither of which were present. Most had created many enemies for himself through his criticism of the party leadership within the party, and since almost no critics of the party leadership took part in the congress, the expulsion of Most and Hasselmann from the SAP was decided almost unanimously. In the resolution, Most was accused of having been in conflict with the party’s principles for a long time, and “that Most has made himself the colporteur of every slander raised against German social democracy [...] and supported notorious police agents despite warnings . “Most responded with the text Tactics contra Freiheit , where he described the history of the dispute between himself and the party leadership from his perspective and criticized the composition of the Congress. In der Freiheit , Most summarized his criticism in such a way that the congress was concerned with two things, “the recognition of the Züricher Zeitung [meaning the social democrat ] as the“ sole organ of social democracy ”and the excommunication of those who have no desire as to figure dead cadavers in the love bondage. ”The subtitle of freedom changed from social-democratic organ to organ of the social-revolutionary German language and the magazine lost many readers in Germany after Most's expulsion. From 1880 onwards, Most printed the freedom in its own printing house. Numerous social democratic sources indicate that the pressure of freedom was supported by German police money in order to fuel the tendencies to divide the German socialist movement. Most found a colleague in Johann Neve who smuggled the magazine to Germany.

Most also got into trouble in England, where the German emigrants were given greater freedom. On March 19, 1881, Freedom appears with a red border and the heading “Finally!”. In the leading article Most welcomed the successful assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander II and openly expressed his sympathy for the Russian revolutionaries. The article attracted attention in the English press and shortly afterwards led to his arrest. Most was incarcerated in the notorious Newgate Prison and, after a brief trial, was sentenced to 16 months of forced labor and solitary confinement in London's Coldbath Fields Prison. Most was not allowed to read his own books, and Most was also prohibited from writing texts. Under adverse circumstances, however, he managed to write texts by using lime and gruel to make "ink" with which he wrote on paper that he had exchanged for bread from other inmates. Via bribed prison employees, the manuscripts reached the Communist Workers' Education Association and Johann Neve, who continued freedom . But when freedom after the Phoenix Park murders expressed its solidarity with the Irish Republicans, the magazine was no longer possible to appear in England and it was published in Switzerland for a short time. Most, who followed these events in prison, was released in October 1882; but the time in prison had been very difficult for him physically. After his release he was monitored by the police and decided to move the release of Liberty to New York . At the end of 1882 he left England and embarked for America on the steamer Wisconsin .

Stay in America

In New York he was enthusiastically received at the Cooper Institute in a public assembly which, according to Rudolf Rocker, was the largest socialist rally that had taken place in America until then. He continued the work of his newspaper Freiheit in New York , which he had entrusted to Justus Schwab for two issues before his arrival in America . After his arrival in New York, Most went on long agitation trips in America and tried to unite the young social revolutionary party, which had been formed some time before Most's arrival in America, with the anarchist movement in one organization. For this purpose he was in 1883 co-organizer of the Pittsburgh Congress, a joint congress of Social Revolutionaries and anarchists, in which August Spies and Albert Parsons also participated. The delegates from 26 American cities unanimously agreed on a declaration of principles, which was drafted by Most and became known as the Pittsburgh Proclamation . Thus the International Working Peoples' Association was founded, the members of which, together with Freedom , published seven German organs, including the Chicagoer Arbeiter-Zeitung . During this time the readership of Freedom grew strongly and it now had to reach two different groups of readers: the German-speaking workers in America and the workers in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. For this purpose a special edition for Europe was produced, which reached Germany via an expedition office in London.

Most's best-known writings also fall during this period: The Divine Plague , The Property Beast and The Free Society . The Divine Plague , the most widespread script in Most, is an atheistic and church-critical script that has been translated into many languages. In Die Free Gesellschaft , subtitled Treatise on the Principles and Tactics of Communist Anarchists , Most's steady development from collectivist anarchism to communist anarchism was reflected, of which Peter Kropotkin's writings in particular convinced him completely in the 1890s . Most showed solidarity with the failed German assassin August Reinsdorf , who failed to attack the German emperor and his court train in 1883 and published instructions for the manufacture of explosives. Among other things, he acted in Chicago for the strike movement that demanded the eight-hour day . When the bomb exploded on May 4, 1886 at the Haymarket in Chicago, in which seven police officers died and 60 more police officers were injured under unexplained circumstances, Most was arrested in New York and sentenced to over a year in prison, which he served on Blackwell's Island . Even during this prison sentence, under adverse circumstances, he was able to write other articles for freedom and wrote the pamphlets The Hell of Blackwells Island and Eight Years Under Locks , in which he wrote about his prison experiences.

After his release from prison, Most participated in the movement for a revision of the Haymarket trial and the liberation of the convicts. In addition to an increased activity for freedom, Most published the International Library between 1887 and 1888 , a 16-volume collection of revolutionary propaganda literature. As a result, many American newspapers attacked Johann Most violently and as an anarchist leader he was made the main person responsible for the labor unrest. In a three and a half year criminal trial, Most was finally sentenced to imprisonment again in June 1891. After the end of the prison sentence, Most was received one more time in a large popular assembly. Revolutionary-minded trade unionists tried to win him over to the publication of an anarchist daily newspaper, but failed because of the funding.

In June 1892 broke Homestead in the state of Pennsylvania , a strike which subsequently to bloody clashes between workers and Pinkerton led by the manager Henry Clay Frick hired. As a result, the 21-year-old anarchist Alexander Berkman , who was influenced by Most's concept of propaganda indeed , carried out an assassination attempt on Henry Clay Frick. Frick was only injured in this attack and the American press subsequently blamed Johann Most for this attack. On August 27, Johann Most published the article Assassinate Reflections on the Berkman Assassination attempt in der Freiheit , which led to heated controversy within the anarchist movement in America. In this article he tried to make it clear that although the crime was carried out with good intentions, it should not be regarded as propaganda of the crime because it was not fully understood by the masses. The act could arouse little sympathy in the population, since the anarchist movement was not widespread among the local population and the act thus harmed the movement. The article was well received by German and Jewish anarchists in America, but received heavy criticism from its former confidante Emma Goldman and the assassin Alexander Berkman and almost the entire anarchist press in Europe. Most's repeated criticism of the propaganda did indeed create many enemies for him in the movement during this period.

At the same time, the anarchist movement of German immigrants became weaker and weaker in the course of the 1990s, hit by tougher repression in the United States and the changed conditions after the repeal of the socialist law in the homeland. So the emphasis of the movement shifted back to Germany, where the socialists formed again and with the young the core of a new anarchist agitation arose again. From May 1895 to September 1897 Liberty found itself in great financial trouble. From the summer of 1897 to 1899 Most took over the publication of a new workers newspaper in Buffalo , where the freedom appeared as a weekly supplement; from 1899 Most published the freedom again as an independent paper in New York. Many articles of revolutionary syndicalism appeared , which also reflected Most's personal development. After the assassination attempt by Leon Czolgosz , who was publicly associated with anarchism, on the American President William McKinley on September 6, 1901, the American government relied on harsh repression against the anarchist movement, which was particularly evident when he took office reinforced by Theodore Roosevelt . Johann Most was subsequently sentenced to one year in prison for publishing a 50-year-old article by the German radical writer Karl Heinzen .

Most was the organizer of the first large movements to leave the church . He also organized "workers' theaters" - free theatrical performances in which workers had access to high-level theater. Most's life in America was very much shaped by his tours, where he gave lectures and speeches on anarchism. In 1906, Johann Most went on a major lecture tour that took him over the east coast and Pittsburgh to Cincinnati. There Most fell ill with the erysipelas and died on March 17th of the consequences of the disease at the age of 60. His funeral took place in Cincinnati after the police had banned the body from being transported to New York.

After Most's death, his wife Helene spoke out against the continuation of freedom , but friends founded Freiheit Publishing and passed the freedom on. Under the editorship of Max Baginski appeared freedom again until after internal disagreements and financial difficulties has been abandoned, the newspaper with the last issue on 17 August 1910th

Works

Johann Most, The Petty Bourgeois and Social Democracy, 1876
  • Godlessness - A Critique of the Idea of ​​God . London 1894 (Reprint: Belser Wissenschaftlicher Dienst, Wildberg 1992) online
  • Considerations about the normal working day. A serious word to the workers in Chemnitz and the surrounding area. Published by Chemnitz in 1871
  • The Paris Commune before the Berlin courts. A study of German-Prussian legal status . Wilhelm Bracke jun., Braunschweig 1875 online
  • Revolutionary war science. A handbook for instructions regarding the use and manufacture of nitro-glycerine , dynamite , gun cotton , fatal mercury , bombs , incendiary devices , poisons, etc., etc. [1875] online
  • Most's proletarian songbook . Compiled in 5th edition and ed. by Gustav Geilhof. Chemnitz Cooperative Book Printing Company, 1875
  • The Bastille at Plötzensee. Sheets from my prison diary . Wilhelm Bracke jun., Braunschweig 1876
  • The solution to the social question. A lecture given to Berlin workers . Publishing house of the General. German Ass.-Buchdruckerei, Berlin 1876
  • The petty bourgeoisie and social democracy. A warning to small businesses . Volksbuchhandlung (J. Enfres), Augsburg 1876.
  • Capital and labor. A popular excerpt from "Das Kapital" by Karl Marx . Second verb. Ed., Genossenschafts-Buchdruckerei Chemnitz, Chemnitz 1876. (Reprint: Bahoe Books, Vienna 2018)
  • On the history of the labor movement in Austria , 1877
  • The social movements in ancient Rome and Caesarism . Publishing house of the General. German Ass.-Buchdruckerei, Berlin 1878
  • Tactics versus freedom. A word on attack and defense, London 1880
  • Discussion about anarchism or communism? Led by Paul Grottkau and Joh.Most , Chicago 1884
  • August Reinsdorf and the propaganda of the fact . J. Müller, New York 1885
  • Eight years under lock and key . J. Müller, New York 1886
  • Blackwells Island Hell . J. Müller, New York 1887 (International Library 2) online
  • The divine plague . 12. verb. u. Probably ed. J. Müller, New York 1887 (International Library 3) online
  • Do humans descend from apes? J. Müller, New York 1887 (International Library 4) online
  • Souvenir to Prince Heinrich of Prussia. New York 1887 (?), 32 pp.
  • The free society . A Treatise on the Principles and Tactics of the Communist Anarchists. J. Müller, New York 1887 (International Library 5) online
  • The property beast . New York 1887 (International Library 6) online
  • To the proletariat . J. Müller, New York 1887
  • Vive la Commune. J. Müller, New York 1888
  • Between the gallows and the penitentiary . J. Müller, New York 1887 (International Library 9) online
  • The anarchy . J. Müller, New York 1888 (International Library 10) online
  • The fool tower . J. Müller, New York 1888 (International Library 11) online
  • The tuning box . J. Müller, New York 1888 (International Library 13) online
  • Communist anarchism . J. Müller, New York 1889 (International Library 14) online
  • Our position in the labor movement . J. Müller, New York 1890 (International Library 15)
  • The Social Monster: A Paper on Communism and Anarchism.  Bernhard and Schenck, New York 1890
  • The historical development of anarchism . J. Müller, New York 1891 (International Library 16)
  • Memoirs. Experienced, researched and conceived . 4 volumes, self-published, New York 1903 online

literature

  • Heiner M. Becker, Andreas G. Graf (eds.): Johann Most. An underrated social democrat? Berlin 2006, ISBN 3-930819-29-5 . (= International academic correspondence on the history of the German labor movement , volume 41, no. 1–2, March 2005)
  • Gerhard Botz, Gerfried Brandstetter, Michael Pollak: In the shadow of the labor movement, on the history of anarchism in Austria and Germany. European publishing house Vienna 1977.
  • Tom Goyens: Beer and revolution. The German anarchist movement in New York City, 1880–1914 . University of Illinois Press, Champaign 2007, ISBN 978-0-252-03175-5 (English).
  • Frank Harreck-Haase: The agitator. The life of Johann Most, Volume 1: The Socialist , Chemnitz 2017, ISBN 978-3-00-056998-2 .
  • Frank Harreck-Haase: The agitator. The life of Johann Most, Volume 2: The Anarchist , Chemnitz 2019, ISBN 978-3-00-060890-2 .
  • Werner Hinze: Johann Most and his songbook. Why the bomb philosopher wrote songs and published a song book . Tonsplitter Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-936743-05-3 .
  • Rolf Hecker , Gisela Hoppe: Dreaded by the police as a “head of fire”. Johann Most - a passionate companion of Bebel and Liebknecht and a captivating agitator. In: Berliner Zeitung of March 24, 1988.
  • Rolf Hecker: On the 150th birthday of Johann Most. A "fiery head" of German social democracy. In feud with the party leadership . In: Neues Deutschland from February 10-12, 1996.
  • Rolf Hecker: The popularization of "capital" by Johann Most . In: IWK. International academic correspondence on the history of the German labor movement . 41 (2005) 1/2, pp. 115-125.
  • Dieter Kühn (Hrsg.): Johann Most - a socialist in Germany . Munich 1974, ISBN 3-446-11931-0 . (Hanser 171 series)
  • Gerhard Maag: From the Socialist Law to the First World War . In: Working Group History of the Nürtingen Labor Movement, The Other Nürtingen. A contribution to the local history of the 100th birthday of the Nürtingen SPD, ed. v. SPD local association Nürtingen, Nürtingen 1989, pp. 23–62.
  • John Most: Memoirs: Experienced, researched and conceived . Edition Kobaia, Hanover 1978. (Reprint of the four-volume original edition in New York from 1903 to 1907)
  • Rudolf Rocker : Johann Most. The life of a rebel . Berlin 1924; Addendum . Berlin 1925. (Reprint: Libertad Verlag , Berlin / Cologne, ISBN 3-922226-22-1 )
  • Winfried Schwarz: Origin and Tradition . In: Capital and Labor. A popular excerpt from "Das Kapital" by Karl Marx by Johann Most. Second improved edition. Genossenschafts-Buchdruckerei Chemnitz, Chemnitz 1876. (Reprint: Wuppertal 1985, ISBN 3-88012-729-8 , pp. 9-67)
  • Horst-Peter Schulz:  Most, Johann. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 18, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-428-00199-0 , p. 218 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Ilse Ruch-Schepperle:  Additional entry on Most, Johann in article Ramus, Pierre. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 21, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-428-11202-4 , p. 136 ( digitized version ).

Web links

Commons : Johann Most  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Johann Most  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Scheu, Heinrich: The Viennese high treason trial. Wiener Volksbuchhandlung, Vienna 1911.
  2. ↑ John Lang Hard: The anarchist movement in Switzerland from its beginnings to the present day and the international leader . O. Häring, Berlin 1903, p. 228.
  3. ^ Rudolf Rocker : Johann Most. The life of a rebel. Verlag Der Syndikalist , Berlin 1924, p. 86.
  4. ↑ Cf. Maag, Gerhard, From the Socialist Law to the First World War, in: Working group history of the Nürtinger workers' movement, The other Nürtingen. A contribution to the local history of the 100th birthday of the Nürtingen SPD, ed. v. SPD local association Nürtingen, Nürtingen 1989, pp. 23–62, p. 33.
  5. ^ Rudolf Rocker : Johann Most. The life of a rebel. Verlag Der Syndikalist, Berlin 1924, p. 136.
  6. ↑ Max Nettlau : Anarchists and Social Revolutionaries. The historical development of anarchism in the years 1880–1886 . Asy-Verlag, Berlin 1931, p. 384.
personal data
SURNAME Most, Johann
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Most, John (maiden name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German anarchist, speaker, publisher of the magazine Freiheit und Politiker (SPD), MdR
DATE OF BIRTH February 5, 1846
PLACE OF BIRTH augsburg
DATE OF DEATH March 17, 1906
Place of death Cincinnati