Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille

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Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille

Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille (born April 23, 1797 in Paris , † December 26, 1869 in Paris) was a French physiologist and physicist .

family

He was the son of the carpenter Jean Baptiste Poiseuille and his wife Anne Victoire (Caumont). In 1829 he married the daughter of Panay de la Lorette, a bridge and road builder.

education and profession

In 1815 and 1816 he studied at the École polytechnique in Paris and received his doctorate in 1828 with a thesis on the physiology of the blood circulation ( Recherches sur la force du cœur aortique ). What professional position he held until 1860 is unknown, in that year he was appointed inspector of the Paris elementary schools.

power

Poiseuille first described a mercury manometer (Poiseuille hemodynamometer) for estimating blood pressure and showed that blood pressure rises with expiration and decreases with inspiration (1828). He mainly dealt with the physiology of the blood circulation: the movement of venous blood (1832) and capillary blood in the circulatory system (1839) as well as the influence of cold on the capillary circulation (1839).

Further detailed work by Poiseuille examined the flow behavior of liquids in pipes (1840–1847). They led to fundamental knowledge about the velocity profiles and viscosity of liquids in tubes ( Hagen-Poiseuille law 1840, published in 1846).

Poiseuille tried to transfer the knowledge gained through physical experiments to physiology. He examined the effects of medicinal substances (1844), ventilation in ships (1845), respiration (1855), the detection of glucose in animals (1858, 1859), urea (1859) and the physiology of the blood circulation. Among other things, he postulated a priori the longitudinal (not radial) expansion of the capillaries during inspiration and also observed the slower blood flow.

In his honor, are an outdated French unit of dynamic viscosity with Poiseuille and later also the CGS unit with poise been designated.

Poiseuille was co-editor of the Dictionnaire de médecine usuelle .

The International Society of Biorheology presents the Jean-Leonard-Marie Poiseuille Award every three years.

Hagen-Poiseuille's law

Poiseuille's interest in the physiology of the circulatory system also led him to fundamental experiments relating to the flow behavior of liquids in narrow tubes at low speeds. In the years 1840 and 1841 he published the first test results on the flow properties of distilled water in glass capillary tubes with diameters of 0.65-0.015 mm. In principle, it was a matter of defining viscosity and tenacity (fluids moving between solid vessel walls). It was about the calculation of the speed distribution of simple flows through pipes (coaxial cylinder profiles).

The first experiments in this regard had already been carried out by Franz Joseph von Gerstner and Pierre-Simon Girard at the beginning of the century , but with tubes of larger diameter (measurement results falsified by turbulence). Exactly the same results as Poiseuille achieved in 1839, however, the Berlin building officer Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig Hagen (1797–1884) with tube diameters of 0.295–0.1276 cm (at 1˚ – 15˚ C). Hagen succeeded in correctly calculating the viscosity of the water, although he assumed (incorrect) conical velocity profiles. He correctly recognized that the resistance ( viscosity ) must be composed of a linear friction term and a square term of the "living force" ( pressure ).

In 1860 Eduard Hagenbach (1833–1910) called this law the Poiseuille Act - Poiseuille himself and the committee ( François Arago [1786–1853], Jacques Babinet [1794–1872], Guillaume Piobert [1793–1871], Henri Victor Regnault [1810 –1878]), which assessed the experimental results, did not mention Hagen's work. From 1925 (by Wilhelm Ostwald ) the flow rate was then appropriately called the Hagen-Poiseuille law .

Awards, prizes and memberships

  • For his dissertation Poiseuille received the gold medal of the Academy of Sciences.
  • In 1837 he was elected a member of the Leopoldina .
  • In 1842 Poiseuille was accepted as a member of the Académie de Médecine and the Société Philomatique in Paris.
  • He was a member of medical societies in Stockholm, Berlin and Wroclaw.
  • For his physiological research he was awarded the Montyon Medal several times (1829, 1831, 1835, 1843).

Works

  • Research on the force of the aortic system . Thèse (No. 166), Paris 1828
  • Research on the force of the aortic system . Archives générales de médecine 8 (1828) 550
  • Research expérimentales sur le mouvement des liquids dans les tubes de très-petit diamètres . Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences 11 (1840) 961, 1041, 12 (1841) 112

literature

  • Dictionary of Scientific Biography 11 (1975) 62
  • Annales de Physique (Ser. 10) 15 (1913) 411
  • Ludwig Schiller (ed.): Three classics of fluid mechanics: Hagen, Poiseuille, Hagenbach. Academic Publishing Company, Leipzig 1933.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Marcel Brillouin: Jean Leonard Marie Poiseuille . In: Journal of Rheology . tape 1 , no. 4 , July 1, 1930, ISSN  0097-0360 , p. 345-348 , doi : 10.1122 / 1.2116329 .
personal data
SURNAME Poiseuille, Jean Léonard Marie
BRIEF DESCRIPTION French physiologist and physicist
DATE OF BIRTH April 23, 1797
PLACE OF BIRTH Paris
DATE OF DEATH December 26, 1869
Place of death Paris