Julius Schulte-Frohlinde

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Düsseldorf Opera House , 1959

Julius Schulte-Frohlinde (born May 26, 1894 in Bremen , † November 20, 1968 in Düsseldorf ) was a German architect . He was u. a. active in Cologne, Nuremberg, Bremen and Düsseldorf.

biography

After attending school and graduating from high school, Julius Schulte-Frohlinde studied architecture in Munich and Stuttgart . The architecture training that was significantly shaped by Paul Bonatz and Paul Schmitthenner in Stuttgart had an influence on building activity in the 1920s as the “ Stuttgart School ”.

Schulte-Frohlinde interrupted his studies because of the outbreak of the First World War . Together with his childhood friend Hans Hinsch , he volunteered for the Pioneer Battalion 10. In May 1915 he was wounded. He worked as a pilot in the Richthofen fighter wing until the end of the war .

After the end of the war, he completed his architecture studies in Stuttgart in 1924 and worked as an assistant to Paul Bonatz. As part of this activity he came to Cologne , where Adolf Abel - another Bonatz student - had been appointed city planning director in 1925.

As a result, Schulte-Frohlinde was involved in the design of the state hall for the Pressa exhibition in 1928. A building that, with its monumental brick architecture, represented a consciously conservative alternative to the so-called new building tendencies that are strongly represented in Cologne .

From 1927 Schulte-Frohlinde worked as a municipal building officer in Nuremberg , designing municipal buildings such as the Pathological Institute and the municipal gas works.

1933 to 1945

When the plans for the buildings and grounds of the Nazi Party Rally Grounds in Nuremberg began, he came into closer contact with Albert Speer , who is also a consultant to the newly established labor front German (DAF) acted and at Robert Ley belonging office beauty of the work conducted.

For DAF's own construction department, Schulte-Frohlinde was initially appointed deputy manager at the suggestion of Speer - who was already overloaded with orders - and from 1936 head of this DAF architecture office. Schulte-Frohlinde designed the Nazi training castles Erwitte in Westphalia and Sassnitz on Rügen , arranged public festivals in Berlin , Nuremberg and Hamburg , the First International Craft Exhibition in Berlin in 1938 and took over the construction of the DAF community center in Berlin.

In the course of the reorganization of the offices of the DAF, the planning department of the Reichsheimstättenamt was subordinated to him, where he was also responsible for training and recruiting architects at the planning offices of the Gauheimstättenamt. When the General Inspector for German Roads , Fritz Todt , instructed Schulte-Frohlinde to "ensure the most economical and at the same time flawless architectural development of residential construction", Schulte-Frohlinde was able to expand his field of work.

For the increased rationalization of residential construction, the DAF construction department developed construction sheets with “Reichsbauformen” and “Landschaftsbauformen”, which - based on the typology of German landscapes - stipulated floor plan types, facade patterns, plan sheets for individual houses.

When a Nazi model settlement of the German Labor Front was to be built in Braunschweig- Mascherode in 1935/1936 , Schulte-Frohlinde became head of the DAF architecture office for this settlement. With its mixture of small settlements, single-family houses, row houses and rental apartments as well as the structure around a central square with community house, the image of a traditional village complex was created, which architecturally symbolized the Nazi ideal of ties to the local clod. In 1936 he designed the KdF city for the Olympic Games in Berlin . Schulte-Frohlinde had been a member of the NSDAP since 1937 .

Schulte-Frohlinde's conservative, traditionalist construction style shaped the housing architecture of the Third Reich and thus represented the most significant influence of the Stuttgart School on building under National Socialism. In addition, Schulte-Frohlinde also belonged with publications such as the foreword to the book Buildings of the Movement , in which he openly expressed anti-Semitic tendencies by denouncing a Jewish-Marxist influence on the German building industry , one of the leading architects of the time.

During the Second World War, Schulte-Frohlinde served as an officer in the Air Force from 1939 to 1943. As an award, he received the Iron Cross first class clasp and was promoted to major. In 1941 Schulte-Frohlinde was appointed honorary professor for architecture at the Technical University of Munich. In mid-1941, Schulte-Frohlinde was relieved of the management of the DAF architecture office and from that point on was in charge of planning the large-scale buildings in Munich. From 1943 to 1945 he took over the chair for architecture from German Bestelmeyer at the TH Munich . In the final phase of the war he was appointed Gaudozentenbundführer of Munich-Upper Bavaria. In the task force for the reconstruction , which met from 1943 under the direction of Albert Speer, Schulte-Frohlinde was involved as a consultant and was on the reconstruction plan for Bonn entrusted. In August 1944 Schulte-Frohlinde was included by Hitler on the God-gifted list of the most important architects.

1945 to 1968

After the end of the Second World War, Schulte-Frohlinde lost the professorship at the Technical University of Munich and returned to his hometown of Bremen , where he was able to successfully establish himself with his own architectural office. He took over the chairmanship of the newly established local group of the Association of German Architects (BDA) and later became BDA state chairman. Schulte-Frohlinde remained true to his conservative building ideas and so the rebuilding of Bremen showed strong traditionalist features due to his influence .

On the initiative of Friedrich Tamms , whom Schulte-Frohlinde knew very well from working together in the reconstruction team, he was appointed to Düsseldorf and took over the management of the building construction department on January 1, 1952. His appointment met with resistance from the so-called “ Architects' Ring ” in Düsseldorf, who believed the city had already become a “center of former Nazi celebrities”.

In view of the filling of the post with Schulte-Frohlinde, the architects ' ring published a statement in February 1952:

“Among the big cities in Germany, Düsseldorf has the sad fame of harnessing these cultural peaks of the system of that time in its development work. The point here is not to put a person on trial because of membership of the party or some other organization, but rather whether we have recognized how deeply the National Socialist conception of building culture differs from that of democracy. The building lions of the party buildings have not changed in their building attitude. If they are old enough, they already had this attitude before Hitler appeared and will not shed it today either. Wouldn't it be better, when redesigning our city, to make use of those men who had to emigrate or go underground when Hitler came, and whose cultural and political past leaves no room for doubt?

The list of Germanic knights who are active in or for Düsseldorf is very frightening to us. We see this as a symptom of our time and would like to prevent this clique from pushing its way back into leading positions by rehabilitating the unfortunate denazification process.

We therefore protest against the fact that the builder of the Nazi training castle Erwitte and creator of the Nazi party rally grounds, Professor by Hitler's grace, Schulte-Frohlinde, should direct the fortunes of the Düsseldorf building authorities. "

- Statement on the occupation of the construction director position in Düsseldorf : quoted after Werner Durth 1986/2001, p. 298

The architects' ring carried out signature campaigns and sought support at home and abroad. He found broader consensus when, in the summer of 1950, Schulte-Frohlinde received the planning for the expansion of the Düsseldorf City Hall without competition and his draft, which was then made public, made it clear that he still felt closely connected to the structural ideals of National Socialism. ("Düsseldorf Classicism Triumphs - Why Restorative Building in a Progressive City?" - Düsseldorfer Nachrichten, March 6, 1952). Now the Association of German Architects, the Rhenish Secession , the German Werkbund and the Association of Architects and Engineers appeared on the scene and - together with the Architects' Ring  - published a joint declaration: "Objection to the new town hall in Düsseldorf".

Weekend house, Quelkhorn

All these attempts to influence the urban development of the city and the associated continuity of the staff, known as the Düsseldorf architects ' dispute, had no effect. Despite this resistance, both against himself and against his building concept, Schulte-Frohlinde remained active in this position and was responsible for the many public buildings, such as the reconstruction of the opera house, for which he called in his teacher Paul Bonatz shortly before his death could. In 1952, in a report on the background and personnel-political entanglements of urban development in Düsseldorf, Der Spiegel quoted a ridiculous verse of Kom (m) ödchen that was circulating at the time :

Every beginning is the brick
and then later the cement,
But nothing holds together
like a clique that knows each other.

In 1959 Schulte-Frohlinde retired. His grave is in the Riensberg cemetery in Bremen .

buildings

Old Town Hall Düsseldorf
Annette-von-Droste-Hülshoff-Gymnasium (Benrath)
Europahalle Düsseldorf
Waller Church , Bremen
Schmidt House, Bremen

Fonts

  • Julius Schulte-Frohlinde: The simple German tomb . Nuremberg 1934
  • Julius Schulte-Frohlinde among others: The landscape foundations of the German building trade . Volume III, Der Osten, Verlag Georg DW Callwey, Munich undated (around 1940)
  • Julius Schulte-Frohlinde: Buildings between yesterday and today . Düsseldorf 1960

literature

  • Werner Durth : German Architects. Biographical entanglements 1900–1970. Vieweg, Braunschweig et al. 1986, ISBN 3-528-08705-6 (new edition. Krämer, Stuttgart / Zurich 2001, ISBN 3-7828-1141-0 ).
  • Michael Flagmeyer: The architecture of the German labor front . A National Socialist control organization as a planning instrument. 2 volumes. Braunschweig 2009 (Braunschweig, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2009).
  • Michael Grüttner : Biographical Lexicon on National Socialist Science Policy (= Studies on Science and University History. Volume 6). Synchron, Heidelberg 2004, ISBN 3-935025-68-8 , p. 155.
  • Herbert Heyne: Conversion of a single-family house in Berlin by the architect Professor Julius Schulte-Frohlinde. In: The art. 88, 1943, pp. 124-128.
  • Anna Teut : Architecture in the Third Reich. 1933–1945 (= Bauwelt-Fundamente 19, ISSN  0522-5094 ). Ullstein, Berlin et al. 1967.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Building Councilor Schulte-Frohlinde. In: Zentralblatt der Bauverwaltung , Volume 61, No. 12 (March 19, 1941), 213.
  2. ^ A b Ernst Klee : The cultural lexicon for the Third Reich. Who was what before and after 1945. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2007, ISBN 978-3-10-039326-5 , p. 552.
  3. ↑ a b Michael Grüttner : Biographical Lexicon on National Socialist Science Policy (= Studies on Science and University History. Volume 6). Synchron, Heidelberg 2004, ISBN 3-935025-68-8 , p. 155.
  4. ^ Professor Schulte-Frohlinde. In: Zentralblatt der Bauverwaltung , Volume 61, No. 26 (June 25, 1941), p. 455.
  5. ↑ Town hall with Figürkes . In: Der Spiegel . No. 44 , 1952 ( online - "In the state capital there you can get right up to the city building office. The only condition is that you have helped build a trace of the Reich Chancellery.").
  6. ^ Werner Durth : German architects. Biographical entanglements 1900–1970 . Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 1992, ISBN 3-423-04579-5 , p. 367 ff.
  7. ↑ Modern designs . Issue 12/1935
  8. ↑ Modern designs . Issue 8/1936
  9. ↑ Modern designs . Issue 10/1938
  10. ↑ Baumeister 48 (1951) 4, pp. 220-221
  11. ↑ Baumeister 48 (1951) 4, p. 229
  12. ↑ Baumeister 48 (1951) 4, p. 235
personal data
SURNAME Schulte-Frohlinde, Julius
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German architect
DATE OF BIRTH May 26, 1894
PLACE OF BIRTH Bremen
DATE OF DEATH 20th November 1968
Place of death Dusseldorf