Holiday school Munich

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The public holiday school in Munich was an established, commercially oriented school type around 1800 . It is the forerunner of today's vocational schools . At first it was available exclusively to male apprentices and journeymen , and from 1801 also to women, free of charge. With her increasingly wide-ranging content, she trained in arts , crafts and trades . The Munich public holiday school was the largest of its kind and attracted students from Germany and abroad.

The affiliated First Lithographic Art Institute played a decisive role in the further development of lithography and in the development of Munich as an art metropolis.

Holiday school around 1800

Origin and meaning

The first Sunday and holiday school in Bavaria was founded in Landshut as early as 1788 . Foreign schools served as models. This idea, which was new at the time, was supported by the educational policy work of State Minister Count Maximilian von Montgelas and the policy of the later King Max I Joseph . In the reform-friendly time around 1800, the Electorate of Bavaria increasingly saw itself as a "cultural state" with an educational program in the spirit of the Enlightenment . The basis for this was the introduction of compulsory schooling in 1803. With this measure, the state was able to exert better influence on the school system, which was previously mainly operated by churches and monasteries. However, the - also technical - school supervision by the church (the so-called spiritual school supervision ) was not completely abolished until after the November Revolution of 1918 on January 1, 1919 by the government of Prime Minister Eisner .

Education for the general public was seen as a desirable measure. "Usefulness" and "charitable" were other ideals that were striven for. Against this background, vocational education experienced a previously unknown revaluation. In 1803, with the “Highest Resolution Concerning Sunday and Holiday Schools”, all Bavarian towns, markets and parish villages were obliged to set up Sunday and holiday schools. With this measure the vocational training was established.

Montgelas formulated the need to provide broad sections of the population with a better education as follows: "It has been proven today that it is the gross ignorance of the population and not the reasonable education appropriate to the class that makes revolutions and overthrows the rich."

After the establishment of the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1806, King Ludwig I continued this liberal policy. In order to prevent revolutionary tendencies, however, he soon pursued a more conservative educational policy, which was characterized by the "primacy of religious education". In accordance with the pedagogy of the theologian Johann Michael Sailer , the previous changes in content by Montgelas have now been thoroughly revised. In a ministerial resolution of 1836 it was ordered that everything that had "crept into German schools" in terms of scientific and technical content be banned from them and expressly forbidden ... ".

Despite this countermovement in educational policy by the state, the development of vocational education could no longer be stopped. The industrial revolution also continued in Bavaria and made new demands on work and education.

financing

Since school attendance was free, the necessary financial aid came from the “school fund”, which among other things came from the proceeds of the Bavarian monasteries that were abolished in the course of secularization .

The holiday school received further financial support from the communities and brotherhoods, the proceeds from the port of fortune at the Oktoberfest and donations from private individuals. In 1821 the then Crown Prince Ludwig I donated his own lathe for teaching mechanics after an inspection visit to the school.

Munich as a role model

The first holiday school for young men was founded in Munich in 1793 on the initiative of Franz Xaver Kefer and set up in his private home. It should train male trainees (“apprentices”) and journeymen in a job-related manner.

As early as 1791, Kefer's friend, the drawing teacher Hermann Joseph Mitterer , had given drawing lessons to interested journeymen and apprentices. With the conviction "how important the art of drawing for technical workers" was, he had asked the authorities for a school permit. It was granted to him on March 26th, 1792 for the establishment of a "drawing school for holidays". The arts graduates were also prepared for transfer to the Royal Academy of Fine Arts .

Kefer's and Mitterer's schools were soon merged, as it was recognized how helpful and necessary artistic and technical drawing was for all professions. As early as 1795, the municipal authorities of the city of Munich made a building Am Anger available as the first school building for the Männlichen holiday school . After the premises were soon no longer sufficient due to increased influx, they moved to the neighboring building. In 1798 there were already 800 students.

Attending school became compulsory: "In the event of severe punishment, all guilds had to send all apprentices to this school without exception".

In May 1803, a few months after Franz Xaver Kefer's death on September 11, 1802, the former electoral court orphanage was bought for the school and, after renovations, moved into at the beginning of 1804. This year 1,500 students visited the institution, which now also had a school library and musical instruments. Due to the model character of the new type of school, a teachers' seminar was attached to the same building .

The male holiday school in turn served the Royal Building Trade School in Munich as a preparatory and repetition school . It was the first training institute for construction workers in the German-speaking area.

Mitterer later attached the Boissier School . She offered her students the knowledge they needed to make models for sculpture and metal casting . This has had a decisive impact on Munich's rise in ore casting in the 19th century.

In 1815 Mitterer founded another affiliated school branch: The First Lithographic Art Institute . In the laboratory of the holiday school, groundbreaking new techniques in this then new art of lithography were developed in the following years .

The female holiday school as an educational institution for women

In 1801 the female holiday school was founded for the more gender-specific training of “daughters, especially the servant class” , in which reading, writing and arithmetic were taught. Classes began regularly with singing, another school subject.

The Female holiday school was in the monastery of Servitinnen in Herzogspitalstraße in Hackenviertel housed. In 1804 it was already attended by 800 schoolgirls. "Sewing, knitting and spinning" were taught in the affiliated industrial school.

The school was less frequented because the manorial employers were reluctant to do without their female service staff for even a few hours. In contrast to the Male Holiday School , no associations or guilds were interested in female education.

Content

The subjects “religion, reading, writing, arithmetic and the written essays necessary for civil life” should be taught as a basis in the holiday school. Building on this, there were also lessons in "patriotic history , the description of the earth , a practical theory of reason, geometry , appropriate moral theory , lessons in singing, legal and constitutional theory , nature theory with many experiments, chemistry , theoretical-practical mechanics , natural history, technology and merchandise, etc." instead of.

Honoring female and male graduates

The learning successes were checked alternately every two years in the male and female holiday school . The best graduates were honored with cash prizes and books.

As a reward for a good graduation from the female holiday school , there were also “nice clothes” as lower-ranking prizes. The ceremony took place in the Munich City Hall.

Honoring the founder of the holiday schools in Bavaria

King Max I. Joseph donated a tomb to the initiator and founder of the Bavarian holiday schools in the old Munich southern cemetery and honored him with the following inscription:

“Max Joseph, Elector, honors the memory of Franz Xaver Kefer, founder and first teacher at the holiday school for artists and craftsmen in Munich with this monument. Thousands of his pupils through Europe honor it in their hearts, friends and comrades of his office with tears. He died on September 11th, 1802, aged 39. "

Well-known graduates

literature

  • Draft for the establishment of the holiday school at the public educational institution for future citizens and school teachers , Munich 1804
  • Franz Maria Ferchl: History of the establishment of the first lithographic art institute at the holiday school for artists and technicians in Munich , Munich, 1862
  • Morgenblatt für educated estates , No. 48 of June 11, 1829, p. 187
  • Announcement by the City of Munich's magistrate from July 13, 1820 (regulations for the local Feyertag School)
  • Annual report on the condition of both the male and female Feyertagsschule , Munich 1821
  • Franz Menges : Mitterer, Hermann Joseph , in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 17 (1994), p. 582
  • Lorenz Hübner: Description of the capital and residence of the curbs , Munich, 1803, pp. 390–393
  • Curriculum for the Sunday schools in the royal capital and residence of Munich . Munich, 1907
  • Leopold von Zedlitz-Neukirch : Complete travel paperback or guide through the Kingdom of Bavaria , Bayreuth 1834.