Alter Südfriedhof (Munich)

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Location of well-known tombs (red dots in the map) on the Old Southern Cemetery; the green numbers on the map indicate the burial grounds (sections). Corresponding names can be found on the board at the entrances to the cemetery (see also the picture of the board below) or the PDF file below:
Floor plan with location identification of 54 graves of famous people (corresponds to the plan on the entrance boards, see picture below)

The Old South Cemetery - also known as the Old Southern Cemetery - in Munich was in 1563 as a plague cemetery "ferterer Freithof" (= external Cemetery) just outside the city at the instigation of Duke Albrecht V created. It is located a few hundred meters south of Sendlinger Tor between Thalkirchner Straße in the west and Pestalozzistraße in the east, with a maximum width of 180 meters. The northern and southern limits are Stephansplatz and Kapuzinerstraße, a distance of 720 meters. The area covers almost ten hectares . From 1788 to 1868, i.e. for 80 years, it was the only general burial place for the dead from the entire city area, which is why the graves of a number of prominent Munich residents can be found here.

View to the north to St. Stefanskirche

Job rank

The oldest still preserved central cemetery in Munich offers a “cross-section of cultural, intellectual and economic life. Here the social, cultural and economic circles of the 19th century shape in a strange way the silhouette of the long-vanished profile of the up-and-coming metropolis. A really great time is reflected here. "

history

Wilhelm Scheuchzer : The Old South Cemetery 1830
St. Stephan
Memorial in memory of the victims of the peasant uprising, the Sendlinger Murder Christmas of 1705
Central cross in the new part of the cemetery designed by Johann von Halbig

During the plague of 1563, the divine fields in Munich were no longer sufficient. "A new cemetery had to be created in front of the Sendlinger Tor - because of its location outside the city, called the Fertere, the Äussere Freidhof."

When the Swedes approached in 1632, the wooden Salvator Church, built in 1576, was torn down and the cemetery wall was razed to prevent them from holing up. In 1674, St. Stephen's Church was consecrated as a replacement for the little church . On the cemetery 1705/06 in several mass graves 682 bodies were victims of Sendlinger murder Christmas buried.

The unloved new central cemetery

The Gottesacker, located outside the urban area, became the main cemetery of the city with the prohibition of burials intra muros by Elector Karl Theodor in 1789, i.e. within the city ​​walls of Munich . All graves in the city area, all church tombs within the city walls (e.g. at the Kreuzkirche , the Salvatorkirche and the Franciscan monastery on today's Max-Joseph-Platz) were relentlessly abolished. The bones were loaded onto carts and reburied in the “ready-made churchyard”. In most cases, however, the bones of the deceased were only reburied in mass graves. Numerous files with petitions in the Munich State Archives still bear witness to the unsuccessful attempt by the citizens of Munich to preserve the old family crypts within the city walls. 1818–1821 morgue and crypt arcades were built according to the principles of "speaking architecture" (the cemetery floor plan is in the shape of a sarcophagus) by the royal court architect Gustav Vorherr , with the assistance of the garden architect Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell . Row graves in a clearly defined, geometrical arrangement and arcade tombs in the southern semicircle along the outer wall of the cemetery now gathered all classes and professions, regardless of whether they were rich or poor.

The breakthrough in the new art of tombs in Munich

“The abolition of the inner courtyards in 1789 made it necessary to enlarge it, but the old, narrow mortuary field of the previous century still showed no trace of the colossal and precious marble and ore monuments, which made the Munich cemetery one of the most worth seeing in Europe. With a few exceptions, the graves of bourgeois families were adorned with a simple wooden or iron cross, which was here and there gilded and regularly provided with an image of a saint, under which the name and status of the buried was recorded and which, by means of two hinged wing covers against the unimage of the Weather was protected. And when Franz Schwanthaler , the father of the famous Ludwig Schwanthaler , dared to erect a marble female figure on a grave, pious zealots, seeing in it a desecration of the consecrated place, smashed his work into ruins! But the track was nevertheless happily broken. "

The confessional conflict

Under the resistance of the church authorities and the strictly Catholic urban population of Munich, the former denomination-bound churchyard became a simultaneous central cemetery. In 1818, the wine merchant Johann Balthasar Michel, the first Protestant to receive Munich citizenship, was buried in the cemetery, which was now also open to Protestants.

The mass grave of the Sendlinger Murder Christmas

As early as 1818, the dialect researcher Johann Schmeller suggested for the first time that a memorial should be erected in the south cemetery to commemorate the victims of the peasant uprising, the Sendlinger Murder Christmas of 1705. Near the southern enclosure wall was a large, unkempt burial mound without a stone or cross, under which, according to tradition, more than 500 dead people from the peasant battle were buried; this was chosen as the location for the memorial. In 1818 it was decided to erect a memorial for the fallen Oberlanders. Von Leeb designed a wounded lion for this, but this design from 1825 was never realized. A later draft came from Franz Xaver Schwanthaler and was revised by Friedrich von Gärtner . King Ludwig I donated a 234 kg cannon to the city for the casting, which was melted down and reworked into a slim-footed well tub with 16 corners. “The monument was ceremoniously unveiled on November 1st, 1831, All Saints Day, to a great crowd. The ore monument may be perceived as a fountain, a holy water or a baptismal font. Friedrich von Gärtner has placed a cross over the Gothic forms (with pointed arches, pronged eyelashes and tracery). It is considered Munich's first work of art in the neo-Gothic style and is still in its original state today. The monument is in burial ground 6.

Extension and end

In 1840, King Ludwig I commissioned Friedrich von Gärtner to expand what had been known as the Central Cemetery, the Old Southern Cemetery. Friedrich von Gärtner planned the extension in the form of a Campo Santo, as in the Certosa cemetery in Bologna , with 175 circular arched arcades.

The old southern cemetery remained the central cemetery until the opening of the old northern cemetery on Arcisstrasse in Maxvorstadt in 1868. In 1898 the magistrate decided to close the old southern cemetery on a staggered schedule. On January 1, 1944, the burials at the Südfriedhof ceased. Due to the numerous burials in over 300 years, the ground in the old part was saturated with bones and other remains and no longer suitable for burials. The area suffered severe damage in the bombing war of 1944/45. In 1954/55 the cemetery was redesigned according to plans by Hans Döllgast . Today the entire area is a listed building.

Expansion and tombs

Old part: 19.9 days' work (not quite 7 ha) with 13,066 graves and 95 crypts, New part: 8.8 days work (around 3 ha) with 5022 graves and 175 caves.

Todays use

Since the stability of numerous tombs was no longer guaranteed and many threatened to collapse, the cemetery was renovated from 2004 to 2007 and St. Stephen's Church renovated. These measures secured the Old South Cemetery as an art and cultural historical monument.

Lapidary

The lapidarium in the Old Southern Cemetery was restored - after having only served as a storage room for devices for years - and made accessible to the public again on December 8, 2009. This was financed by the Street Art Foundation of the Stadtsparkasse Munich . The lapidarium reflects the history and architecture of the Old Southern Cemetery, consecrated in 1563, through art-historical sculptures, busts, reliefs, coats of arms and bronze plaques. The former funeral hall was converted into a museum and contains works by the sculptor Franz Jakob Schwanthaler and other exhibits from the fund of the Old Southern Cemetery. The lapidarium can be viewed at any time through the entrance grille. It is also accessible during guided tours or special events and, in addition to the art-historical sculptures, bronze plaques and busts that offer an insight into the burial culture of past centuries, gives an impression of the historical development of the cemetery, which is under monument and nature protection, and the burial culture in Munich animated film screening.

  • View into the lapidarium in the old southern cemetery in Munich

  • Fountain in the old part with a view of the lapidarium

  • Transition from the old to the new part (built in 1850) of the cemetery with information boards on the history of the cemetery

  • Lapidarium in winter

Graves of notable personalities

Numerous well-known personalities of the 18th and 19th centuries from science, business, politics, art and culture found their final resting place at the old southern cemetery in Munich. The information on the location of the grave first contains the grave field (GF) or section (green number from 1 to 26 in the plan in the old part of the cemetery or numbers 27–42 in the new part of the cemetery), followed by a row and finally a number as an indication of the place in the row (the latter also as a double place indication separated by a slash); Special information about the location of the grave is MR = right wall, ML = left wall, AA = old arcades (all in the old part of the cemetery) and NA = new arcades (in the new part of the cemetery) followed by a place number and a cemetery information (GF), the closest to the grave.

  • Example for the grave Carl Spitzweg: 5-17-10 / 11 - The grave is in grave field 5 row 17 place 10/11
  • Example for Max Emanuel Ainmiller's grave: NA-158 [at GF 30] - The grave is located in the Neue Arkaden at number 158 near the grave field 30

A special feature are two gravestones in Greek that were donated by King Ludwig the Philhellenic : Ilias Mavromichalis, bodyguard officer of his son Otto , and Leonidas Androutsos, son of the Greek freedom fighter Odysseas, who sent the child to Munich. Both died of cholera in 1836 when the epidemic raged in Munich.

list

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E.

F.

G

H

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K

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Grave place cf. Old southern cemetery in Munich, Franz Schiermeier - Florian Scheungraber - overview plan of the tombs - ISBN 978-3-9811425-6-3

T

U

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Z

photos

Plaque with names of famous people with numbers indicating the location of the graves (see map above this picture)

See also

Commons : Photos of Tombs  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

literature

  • Lioba Betten - Thomas Multhaup: The Munich Cemeteries - Guide to Places of Remembrance , MünchenVerlag, Munich 2019, ISBN 978-3-7630-4056-8 , pp. 6-13
  • Claudia Denk, John Ziesemer: Art and Memoria - The Old Southern Cemetery in Munich . Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin / Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-422-07227-5 .
  • Max Joseph Hufnagel: Famous dead in the southern cemetery in Munich. 500 witnesses to Munich's cultural, intellectual and political life in the 19th century . 4th, revised. Edition. Zeke Verlag, Würzburg 1983.
  • Alexander Langheiter, Wolfgang Lauter: The old south cemetery in Munich . 2., revised. Edition. MünchenVerlag, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-7630-4001-8 .
  • Erich Scheibmayr : Last home. Self-published, Munich 1985.
  • Erich Scheibmayr: Who? When? Where? 3 parts. Self-published, Munich 1989, 1997, 2002.
  • Franz Schiermeier, Florian Scheungraber: Old southern cemetery in Munich. History and celebrities. General plan of the tombs. Published for the city's 850th birthday . Franz Schiermeier Verlag, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-9811425-6-3 .
  • Margret Wanetschek: Green spaces in the urban planning of Munich 1790-1860. Newly edited by Klaus Bäumler and Franz Schiermeier. Franz Schiermeier Verlag, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-9809147-4-7 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b Max Joseph Hufnagel: Famous dead in the southern cemetery in Munich. Munich 1970.
  2. ^ Carl Albert Regnet : Munich in the good old days. Munich 1879, p. 53 below ( babel.hathitrust.org ).
  3. ↑ Albrecht Vorherr: A rebel memorial in the old southern cemetery. In: Nymphenspiegel. Volume VIII, Munich 2012, pp. 158–161.
  4. ↑ Lapidarium in the Altes Südfriedhof on muenchen.de
  5. ↑ 1. The beginnings of pathology in Munich - Pathological Institute - LMU Munich. Retrieved May 26, 2018 .
  6. ^ Phonetic transcription, transliteration: Elias Mauromichalis
  7. ↑ Josef Walter König: The grave sites of German-speaking poets and thinkers: a lexical guide. 2nd Edition. Corian, Meitingen 2003, ISBN 3-89048-320-8 , p. 231 ( limited preview in Google book search).
  8. ↑ Arthur Müller: Good night, little boy! E. Bloch, Berlin 1865 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DZcJKAAAAcAAJ~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelsided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ).
  9. ↑ Arthur Müller: A Haberfeldtreib. Dempwolff, Munich 1866 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DO806AAAAcAAJ~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelseiten%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ).
  10. ^ Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler: The public abuse of the Catholic Church on the stage. Kirchheim, Mainz 1868 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Ddiepubliceb00kett~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelseiten%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ).
  11. ^ Arthur Müller: A Vademecum for the Bishop of Mainz, Mr. WE Freiherrn von Ketteler. Answer to his writing: "The public abuse of the Catholic Church on the stage". Kunze, Mainz 1868 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3Da6RcAAAAcAAJ~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ).

Web links

Commons : Alter Südfriedhof (Munich)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 48 ° 7 ′ 38 ″  N , 11 ° 33 ′ 54 ″  E