Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler

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Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler,
1870

Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler (born December 25, 1811 in Münster , † July 13, 1877 in Burghausen Monastery , Altötting district ) was a German theologian , Roman Catholic Bishop of Mainz and politician ( German Center Party ). Ketteler is the founder of the Catholic Workers ' Movement and was called the Workers Bishop because of his commitment to the workforce . He was a great-uncle of Cardinal Clemens August von Galen .

Life

Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler was the sixth of nine children of the district administrator Maximilian Freiherr von Ketteler born (1779-1832) and his wife Clementine von der Wenge (1778–1844) born. His older brothers were Clemens (1806–1881), August Joseph (1808–1853) and the politician Wilderich Freiherr von Ketteler (1809–1873). He came from the Westphalian noble family von Hüsten , which later called itself von Ketteler . In 1828 he completed his Abitur in the Jesuit boarding school of the College Spiritus Sanctus in Brig / Wallis ( Switzerland ), then he studied law and political science in Göttingen , where he joined the Corps Guestphalia . In a duel , he lost the tip of his nose here. He then continued his studies in Berlin from 1831 . There he heard, among others, Friedrich Carl von Savigny . After completing his law degree in Berlin and the state examination in Münster, he completed his one-year military service as a non-commissioned officer and became a court trainee . Then Ketteler initially embarked on a legal career in Prussia , but resigned from civil service for reasons of faith and conscience, among other things because of the arrest and imprisonment of the Archbishop of Cologne, Clemens August Droste zu Vischering . He then studied theology in Munich from 1841 to 1843 , where he belonged to the circle around Joseph Görres . On July 1, 1844, Ketteler was ordained a priest in Münster . As a chaplain at St. Stephen in Beckum , his interest in the social question became clear. At his suggestion, a hospital for the lower classes was built there, which still exists today. In November 1846 he took over the neglected community of Hopsten .

Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler lived in this house, today's Kettelerhaus , during his time as pastor of Hopsten .

The years until 1848 as a “farmer pastor” had a decisive influence on Ketteler. His tireless efforts were aimed at alleviating the misery caused by poverty, disease and a lack of education.

In the years 1848/49 he was a member of the National Assembly in the Paulskirche in Frankfurt . In August 1849 he resigned his mandate because he was appointed provost to St. Hedwig in Berlin and the prince-bishop's delegate for Brandenburg and Pomerania , but only for a short period. Because as early as March 15, 1850, Ketteler, elected from three candidates named by the cathedral chapter to the Pope (including Heinrich Förster ), was appointed bishop of Mainz and consecrated bishop on July 27 by the Archbishop of Freiburg , Hermann von Vicari .

Ceiling painting in the parish church of St. Josef (Reinhausen) : Pope Pius IX. (when he declared St. Joseph to be the patron of the Catholic Church) with flags of the Regensburg student and other church associations, Bishop Ketteler and Center Party Chairman Windthorst

In 1871/72 he was a member of the German Reichstag . Together with Ludwig Windthorst , he founded the Center Party as a counterweight to the Protestant parties and in particular Otto von Bismarck . However, he soon resigned his mandate in favor of his cathedral capitular Christoph Moufang .

Two laws passed as part of the Kulturkampf in May 1873 interfered with the autonomy of the church, e. B. with regulations on the training and employment of clergymen (details here ). In October 1873 in Kevelaer in front of more than 25,000 people, von Ketteler denounced these regulations and laws in his sermon. Since the discussion of state affairs was forbidden by the pulpit paragraph , he was arrested after his speech and given a maximum sentence of two years in a fortress , which sparked violent protests.

The bishop's coat of arms on the south wing of the St. Joseph House, which he founded , former water castle Klein-Zimmer

As Bishop of Mainz, Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler was constitutionally a member of the first chamber of the state estates of the Grand Duchy of Hesse from 1851 to 1877 .

In ecclesiastical politics he campaigned for the autonomy and power of the Catholic Church and was a declared opponent of the separation of state and church , which made him an adversary to Bismarck in the Kulturkampf , who published the syllabus errorum , a directory of modern theological and social views and teachings by Pope Pius IX. in 1864, which the Church should reject. The Catholic Church, and with it von Ketteler, wanted to propagate both the ostracism of philosophical ideas such as naturalism, pantheism and rationalism, and the rejection of socialism, communism, nationalism and liberalism.

Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler, lithograph (1865)

Under the influence of his Munich friend from university Adolph Kolping , he recognized the importance of the social question in the newly emerging industrial society and prepared the Catholic Church's turn to social activity for the benefit of the workers , which was eventually given by Pope Leo XIII. (Pope from 1878 to 1903). He is considered a co-founder of the Catholic social doctrine and received the nickname "worker bishop". In 1848, during his Advent sermons in Mainz, Ketteler explained the social obligation of property , as far as goods are concerned, which are distributed “for the purpose of welfare and administration” and are intended to be effective “in the interest of order and peace” with relevance to a teaching statement .

However, anti-Judaistic ways of thinking can also be found in Ketteler's statements, e . B. he advocated the murder of God thesis that “the Jewish people lost their profession on earth when they crucified the Messiah”. He also repeatedly combined the terms “Jews and Gentiles and false brothers”.

Although Bishop Ketteler was an opponent of the Pope's declaration of infallibility decided at the First Vatican Council , he submitted to the council decision .

Ketteler died on a return trip from Rome on July 13, 1877 in the Capuchin monastery of Burghausen and was buried on July 18, 1877 in the Marienkapelle of Mainz Cathedral .

He was a member of the Accademia dei Quiriti in Rome, Roman patrician , papal assistant to the throne and house prelate , commander 1st class of the Grand Ducal Hessian Order of Louis and knight of the Prussian Red Eagle Order 2nd class.

Sermons, letters, writings

  • Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler, Bishop of Mainz, wrote, among other things:
    • The great social questions of the present. Six sermons, delivered in the high cathedral in Mainz. Published by Franz Kirchheim, Mainz 1849
    • Bonifatius pastoral letter , 1855. This led to Arthur Müller's The Luther Festival in Worms with special consideration for the Bonifacius celebration in Mainz in 1855 - A Free Word . Chr. Limbarth, Wiesbaden 1886 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Dbub_gb_yzdOAAAAcAAJ_2~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D )
    • Freedom, authority and church. Discussions on the great problems of the present. Published by Franz Kirchheim, Mainz 1862
    • The labor question and Christianity. Verlag von Franz Kirchheim, Mainz 1864 (212 pages; digitized version ).
    • Can a devout Christian be a Freemason? Answer to Dr. K. Seidel, private lecturer in philosophy in Leipzig. Published by Franz Kirchheim, Mainz 1865
    • Germany after the war of 1866. Verlag von Franz Kirchheim, Mainz 1867 (231 pages)
    • The present condition of the Holy Father. Published by Franz Kirchheim, Mainz 1867
    • Public abuse of the Catholic Church on the stage. An APPEAL to all who have a sense of justice and honor and want to live in peace with their Catholic fellow citizens on the basis of mutual respect. Verlag von Franz Kirchheim, Mainz 1868 (19 pages; digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3D~IA%3Ddiepubliceb00kett~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelseiten%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ), which led to a loud discussion with Arthur Müller, the author of the comedy Gute Nacht, Hänschen that was attacked by the cardinal .
    • The real foundations of religious peace. An answer to the prelate Dr. Zimmermann and the evangelical clergy of Hesse made an accusation of “denigrating the evangelical faith”. Verlag von Franz Kirchheim, Mainz 1868 (87 pages)
  • Johann Michael Raich (Ed.): Sermons of the Most Revered Mr. Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherrn v. Ketteler, Bishop of Mainz. 2 volumes. Franz Kirchheim Verlag, Mainz 1878.
  • Johann Michael Raich (Ed.): Letters from and to Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherrn von Ketteler, Bishop of Mainz. Franz Kirchheim Verlag, Mainz 1879.
  • 10 letters from Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler to Countess Ida Hahn-Hahn . February 8, 1850 to February 8, 1873. Fritz Reuter Literature Archive , Berlin.
  • Erwin Iserloh (Ed.): Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler. All works and letters. 11 volumes. Mainz 1977-2001.
  • Erwin Iserloh, Christoph Stoll: Bishop Ketteler in his writings. Mainz 1977 (representative selection of texts).

Honors

  • In honor of Ketteler, a church with its own Ketteler chapel was to be built in a Mainz suburb with a predominantly working-class population. The Mainz-Mombach district, incorporated in 1907, was designated for this purpose . However, the Sacred Heart of Jesus Church there was never completed due to the outbreak of World War I , and the remains of the bishop therefore continue to rest in the Mainz Cathedral.
Rhineland-Palatinate Postage Stamp (1948)
Postage stamp from 1977 on the 100th anniversary of death
Ketteler memorial in Hopsten
  • In 1977 the Ketteler monument , a statue created by the sculptor Joseph Krautwald , was erected in Hopsten on the 100th anniversary of his death between the parish church and the rectory .
  • His call to the Catholic workers to organize was the founding call for the Catholic workers' associations . In 1849 the first association, the St. Joseph Support Association St. Emeram, was founded in Regensburg . In the following years, many workers 'associations were formed, which at the end of the 19th century (1891) merged to form the Association of South German Catholic Workers' Associations. In the same year Pope Leo XIII published the first major social circular Rerum Novarum . The writings of the social ethicist von Ketteler have determined the program of the workers 'associations and the Catholic workers' movement in Germany (KAB) to this day.
  • The KAB Foundation for the Future of Work and Social Security (ZASS) awards the Ketteler Prize every two years . Previous winners include the Solwodi founder, Sister Lea Ackermann , the head of the interior department of the Süddeutsche Zeitung Heribert Prantl and the Christian Workers Youth (CAJ).

Ketteler as namesake

literature

There is a lot of literature on Ketteler. A bibliography compiled by Christoph Stoll and Bernd Goldmann in 1995 contains over 1,300 titles; since then numerous others have been added.

in order of appearance:

Biographies, introductions, basic studies

  • Otto Pfülf : Bishop of Ketteler (1811–1877). A historical account. 3 volumes, 418, 441 and 403 pages. Franz Kirchheim Verlag, Mainz 1899.
  • Fritz Vigener: Ketteler. A German bishop's life in the 19th century. Munich and Berlin 1924. Digitized
  • Klemens Löffler : Wilhelm Emmanuel v. Ketteler. In: Westphalian pictures of life. Vol. 2. Aschendorff, Münster 1931, pp. 299-318.
  • Gisbert Kranz : Bishop Ketteler. A picture of life. Winfried-Werk, Augsburg 1961.
  • Erwin Iserloh: Church - Event and Institution. Articles and lectures. Vol. 1: Church history as theology. Aschendorff, Münster 1985; including several articles about Ketteler:
    • Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler. Pp. 259-265.
    • The social activity of Catholics in the transition from charitable welfare to social reform and social policy, illustrated by the writings of Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler. Pp. 266-284.
    • Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler and the freedom of the church and in the church. Pp. 285-308.
    • Catholicism and the German Empire from 1871. Bishop Ketteler's efforts to integrate Catholics into the small German state. Pp. 309-326.
    • Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler on the Pope's infallibility. Pp. 327-345.
  • Karl Brehmer: Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler (1811–1877) - labor bishop and social ethicist. On the trail of timeless modernity. Schnell und Steiner publishing house, Regensburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-7954-2135-9 .
  • Hermann-Josef Große Kracht: Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler. A bishop in the social debates of his time. Ketteler-Verlag and Lahn-Verlag, Cologne and Kevelaer 2011, 234 pp.
  • Reinhard Marx : To be a Christian means to be political. Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler read for today. Herder, Freiburg 2011.

Individual points of view

  • Elmar Fastenrath: Bishop Ketteler and the Church. A study of the church's understanding of political-social Catholicism (= contributions to the recent history of Catholic theology , vol. 13). Ludgerus-Verlag Wingen, Essen 1971.
  • Mainz and the social question in the middle of the 19th century. On the 100th anniversary of the death of Lord Mayor Wallau and Bishop Ketteler. Catalog for the exhibition in the town hall foyer Mainz August 4 to September 4, 1977.
  • Karsten Petersen: "I hear the call for freedom" - Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler and the demands for freedom of his time. A study of the relationship between conservative Catholicism and modernity. Schöningh, Paderborn 2005.
  • Klaus Schlupp: School, Church and State in the 19th Century. The Catholic elementary school in the Diocese of Mainz and the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt 1830–1877. Nordhausen 2005.
  • Volker Jakob: An aristocratic labor bishop. In: Westfalenspiegel , edition 3/2011, pp. 60-61 (especially on his Westphalian roots).

Contributions to biographical manuals

See also

Web links

Commons : Baron Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Wilhelm Emanuel von Ketteler  - Sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hayden Edwards: The Bishop Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler's Göttinger Mensur . In: Deutsche Corpszeitung 51 (1934/35), pp. 245–249
  2. ↑ From the Workers' Question to the New Social Question (PDF; 69 kB), timetable
  3. ↑ The prince-bishop's delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania was the Catholic jurisdiction of the prince-bishopric of Breslau , from which the diocese of Berlin emerged on August 13, 1930 .
  4. ↑ Michael Sachs: 'Prince Bishop and Vagabond'. The story of a friendship between the Prince-Bishop of Breslau Heinrich Förster (1799–1881) and the writer and actor Karl von Holtei (1798–1880). Edited textually based on the original Holteis manuscript. In: Medical historical messages. Journal for the history of science and specialist prose research. Volume 35, 2016 (2018), pp. 223-291.
  5. ↑ Source: Meyer's large conversation lexicon
  6. ↑ See Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler: The Catholic Doctrine of Property in Ketteler's Shepherd's Word The Great Social Questions of the Present , quoted from Texts on Catholic Social Doctrine II, 1st half volume, page 96 (87-100 in total), ed. from the Federal Association of the Catholic Workers' Movement (KAB), 1976 (Kevelaer)
  7. ↑ Olaf Blaschke : Catholicism and anti-Semitism in the German Empire. Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen 1999 (2nd edition), p. 173
  8. ↑ Eda Sagarra: “Judaism and the Catholic Church in Germany between Restoration and the founding of an empire.” In: Hans-Otto Horch / Horst Denkler (ed.): Judaism, anti-Semitism and German-language literature from the 18th century to the First World War. (Conditio Judaica) Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 1988, p. 275 ff.
  9. ↑ Arthur Müller: Good night, little boy! E. Bloch, Berlin 1865 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3DZcJKAAAAcAAJ~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~doppelsided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ).
  10. ^ Arthur Müller: A Vademecum for the Bishop of Mainz, Mr. WE Freiherrn von Ketteler. Answer to his writing: "The public abuse of the Catholic Church on the stage". Kunze, Mainz 1868 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3D~GB%3Da6RcAAAAcAAJ~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~PUR%3D ).
  11. ↑ Foundation ZASS: Ketteler Foundation Award future of work and social security (ZASS). In: www.kettelerpreis.de. Retrieved January 8, 2017 .
  12. ↑ Homepage of the nursing home on the grounds of the Alexianer St. Joseph Hospital , accessed on November 5, 2019.
  13. ↑ Rental apartments with a long waiting list , Allgemeine Zeitung Mainz , accessed on March 1, 2020
  14. ^ Residents against "residential complex" in Kettelersiedlung , nordbayern.de , accessed on March 1, 2020
  15. ↑ Homepage of the Ketteler-Kolleg
  16. ↑ Publishing v.Hase & Koehler, 1995
predecessor Office successor
Peter Leopold Kaiser Bishop of Mainz
1850–1877 		Christoph Moufang (as diocesan administrator)
Georg Anton Brinkmann Prince-Bishop's delegate for Brandenburg and Pomerania
1849–1850 		Leopold Pelldram
personal data
SURNAME Ketteler, Wilhelm Emmanuel von
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German theologian, Roman Catholic Bishop of Mainz and politician (German Center Party)
DATE OF BIRTH December 25, 1811
PLACE OF BIRTH Muenster
DATE OF DEATH July 13, 1877
Place of death Burghausen Monastery , Altötting district