Clemens August Graf von Galen

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Cardinal Clemens August von Galen

Clemens Augustinus Joseph Emmanuel Pius Antonius Hubertus Marie Graf von Galen (born March 16, 1878 in Dinklage , Oldenburger Münsterland ; †  March 22, 1946 in Münster , Westphalia ) was a German bishop and cardinal. He was Bishop of Münster from 1933 to 1946 . He became known among other things for his public appearance against the " destruction of life unworthy of life " during the Third Reich . He was promoted to cardinal in 1946 and beatified in 2005 .

Life

family

Dinklage Castle
Memorial wall at Dinklage Castle

He was the eleventh of 13 children of the Reichstag deputy ( center ) Ferdinand Heribert Graf von Galen and his wife Elisabeth born. Countess von Spee was born in Dinklage . He came from the old Westphalian noble family von Galen . Christoph Bernhard von Galen (* 1606, † 1678, Prince-Bishop of Münster) was his great-great-great-great-great-uncle, the social bishop Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler (* 1811, † 1877) his great-uncle. The upbringing in the parental home is generally described as strict, oriented towards faith, order, punctuality and diligence. In particular, the ascetic attitude of the mother is emphasized, who wrote to her son on his name day in 1891: “Life is so short, and with it we should buy ourselves such a wonderful eternity; not a day must be wasted in order to assure us of this goal and to achieve something for God, regardless of the position. "

school

He received his school education together with his brother Franz from a private tutor at their parents' headquarters in Burg Dinklage and from 1890 at the Jesuit- run Stella Matutina boarding school in Feldkirch ( Austria ), where Franz and his cousin Emanuel von Galen followed him. A letter from the Prefect General to his mother reports on his difficulties in getting used to the situation: “The main difficulty ... lies in the complete infallibility of Clemens. At no cost can he be made to admit that he is wrong, it is always his professors and prefects ... "Since the final examination at the college was not recognized in Prussia due to the Jesuit law, von Galen attended the Antonianum grammar school in Vechta from 1894 , where he graduated from high school in 1896 . The high school newspaper of his year notes about him: "A man without alcohol and love / does not love the world's gears".

Education

Von Galen began studying philosophy, history and literature at the University of Friborg in Switzerland in May 1897 . 1898 matured during a three-month trip to Italy and Rome, during which he had a private audience with Pope Leo XIII. received his decision to become a priest, and he entered the Jesuit Convict Canisianum in Innsbruck in 1899 . At the local university , he continued his studies in philosophy and began the study of theology. At Easter 1903 he moved to the Münster seminary and to the University of Münster . There he received on May 28, 1904 by Bishop Hermann Jakob Dingelstad the priesthood .

Chaplain and pastor

Berlin memorial plaque on St. Matthias Church, Winterfeldtplatz, in Berlin-Schöneberg

From June 16, 1904, he first worked as cathedral vicar and chaplain to his uncle Maximilian Gereon Graf von Galen , the auxiliary bishop of Münster. From April 23, 1906 he worked as a chaplain in the Church of St. Matthias on Winterfeldtplatz and President of the journeyman's association in Berlin . On March 24, 1911, he took over the office of pastor ( curate ) in the newly built church and parish of Sankt Clemens Maria Hofbauer , named after the Redemptorist and city missionary Klemens Maria Hofbauer , at the Anhalter Bahnhof . From his inheritance he supported the construction of a craftsman's house in the neighborhood and the position of a second chaplain. At the beginning of the First World War, he campaigned there for voluntary military service. His application for employment in military chaplaincy was not granted. In the sense of the stab in the back , he understood Germany's defeat as a revolutionary betrayal of the undefeated army. He attributed the rejection of the Prussian state by large parts of the population to its idea of ​​the state god, who is not obliged to anyone. From December 21, 1919 he was pastor of the parish of St. Matthias.

There he met Nuncio Eugenio Pacelli, who later became Pope Pius XII. , with whom he often met, as they got along well. Pacelli managed to amuse himself at the expense of his friend: “After a warm welcome, Count v. Galen: 'But your Excellency, leave your work at home and enjoy this sunny spring day.' The answer: 'I can't afford that. First of all, I have to become pastor of St. Matthias and have as much humility as this one to get stuck in a sermon once in a while. ' That had happened. "

In the 1925 presidential election, he did not support the candidate of the Catholic Center, Wilhelm Marx , but the candidate of the national right, Paul von Hindenburg . In his writing Vexilla regis prodeunt! , which he had written in consultation with the Cologne Cathedral Chapter Friedrich von Spee in 1926 for the Association of Catholic Nobles in Germany , he condemned modern fashion, which dictates “public opinion under pagan leadership”, as well as “modern” dances. With this attitude and extensive experience with a secularized society in the Berlin diaspora , he returned to Münster in 1929. From April 24th he was pastor of the parish of St. Lamberti on Prinzipalmarkt in Münster. Albert Coppenrath , whom he supported in Münster after his expulsion from Berlin in 1941, was appointed to succeed him as pastor of St. Matthias .

Election of bishops in 1933

Episcopal ordination of Galens (October 28, 1933)
Floor slab in front of the Galens monument on Cathedral Square in Münster

In 1933 he was ordained bishop of Münster after other candidates from the cathedral chapter had resigned . Until then, only the resignation of the elected Wilhelm Heinrich Heufers was known, but in 2003, when the Vatican archives were opened for the period up to 1939, further details about the course of the bishop's election were known: Von Galen was on the list of proposals submitted by the cathedral chapter, but not on the list of three that the Holy See submitted to the Chapter for election in accordance with Article 6 of the Prussian Concordat. The decisive factor here is the assessment of Galens by the Nuncio Cesare Orsenigo , who wrote to Cardinal Secretary of State Eugenio Pacelli of imperious (arrogant) demeanor, stubbornness and - with a view to the writing The Plague of Laicism - of too schoolmaster-like tone for a simple pastor. It was only when the Berlin Cathedral Capitular Heufers, who was initially elected from the diocese of Münster, rejected the election for health reasons and then the elected Provost and Professor Adolf Donders of the remaining two candidates had asked not to have to take office, did the Pope expand - with that The chapter had one choice at all - the list, which was reduced to one candidate (the Trier auxiliary bishop Antonius Mönch ) by von Galen, whom the chapter unanimously elected on July 18, 1933. On 28 October 1933 he donated Cologne Archbishop Karl Joseph Cardinal Schulte , the episcopal ordination and introduced him into office. Co- consecrators were the Osnabrück Bishop Hermann Wilhelm Berning and the Trier Bishop Franz Rudolf Bornewasser . As a coat of arms he chose a promise of the candidate from the liturgy of the episcopal ordination: "Nec laudibus, nec timore" ( Latin : "Not human praise , not human fear should move us" (translation by Galens in his first pastoral letter )).

Galen was the first German bishop to take office after the so-called Reich Concordat came into force . As stipulated in the Concordat, he was the first German bishop to take an oath of allegiance to the state. The formula of the oath was:

“Before God and on the holy Gospels I swear and promise, as befits a bishop, loyalty to the German Empire and the Land of Prussia. I swear and promise to respect the constitutionally formed government and to have it respected by my clergy. "

This formula of the oath is still valid today (with small changes such as the Federal Republic of Germany instead of the German Empire and North Rhine-Westphalia instead of Prussia ).

time of the nationalsocialism

Controversy about Nazi ideology and denominational school

Even before his inauguration, he successfully protested against the instructions of the Münster City School Board that, according to All Souls' soul, "the demoralizing power of the people of Israel contributed to religious instruction in relation to Article 21 of the Prussian Concordat , according to which the subject matter for religious instruction had to be determined in agreement with the church authorities to the guest peoples ”. In his first Easter pastoral letter in 1934, he attacked central statements of Nazi ideology. There he described it as neo-paganism when it is asserted that morality only applies to the extent that it is beneficial to the race, when the revelation of the Old Testament is rejected and a national church based on the doctrine of blood and race is sought. In his diocese, at the end of 1934, he had the anonymous, anonymous scripture Studies on the Myth of the 20th Century, which was directed against the racial ideology of Alfred Rosenberg, which was written down in the work The Myth of the 20th Century - from Bonn church historian Wilhelm Neuss , among others - as an official supplement to the church gazette Publish diocese . After the Archbishop of Cologne, Karl Joseph Cardinal Schulte, withdrew his approval for the studies to be published as official publication two days before going to press, he had made a quick decision to write a preface to the text in which he was named. In his pastoral letter for Easter 1935, he dealt with Rosenberg's theses in a much sharper tone than in the previous year. He calls there "idolatry, ... idolatry, ... relapse into the night of paganism", if the nation is seen as the origin and ultimate goal; In 1936, in a sermon in Xanten , von Galen emphasized the topicality of martyrdom when he said that there were "fresh graves in German lands in which lie the ashes of those whom the Catholic people consider martyrs of the faith ..."

With searing concern

Monument to Clemens August Graf von Galens on the cathedral square in Munster

When a memorandum of the German bishops handed over to Hitler in August 1935, which was largely based on drafts by Galens and Cardinal Michael von Faulhabers , remained unanswered despite the announcement in a pastoral letter, he spoke in letters to his fellow ministers and in one intended for the Vatican Memorandum more and more clearly against the quiet diplomacy of most of the bishops, especially the chairman of the Bishops' Conference Adolf Cardinal Bertram , behind closed doors and for the public to intervene against those in power. The Encyclical With Burning Concern by Pope Pius XI. , in whose consultation in the Vatican he had presumably taken part as a member of the bishops' delegation invited to the Vatican in 1936 (consisting of Bertram, Faulhaber, Karl Joseph Cardinal Schulte, Konrad Graf von Preysing and von Galen), he therefore had it disseminated in his diocese through reprints . The publication of the official gazette was therefore forbidden and the printing works closed and expropriated without compensation.

Xantener Viktorstracht 1936

In a sermon that he gave at the Xantener Viktorstracht, a procession that takes place every 25 years, on September 6, 1936, von Galen first spoke publicly about the fundamental question of the relationship between obedience and conscience. Using Viktor von Xanten as an example , he presented his view on this. He started from the biblical passage in Romans ( Rom 13.1  EU ), which describes every state authority as being appointed by God, and developed that authority only dignified as God's servant and be right. This is their limit and the protection of human freedom against abuse of authority. Human authorities have authority only in accordance with God's will. Without justice, according to Augustine, human society would be reduced to the level of a band of robbers. That is why the words from the Acts of the Apostles ( Acts 5:29  EU ) apply : “One must obey God more than men.” The sermon culminated in the following sentences:

“How much thanks mankind owes these martyrs not only to the Christian faith, but also to the human dignity which they defended with their blood and life! Because at the moment when the human authority in its commands contradicts the clearly recognized will of God, which is witnessed in its own conscience, it ceases to be God's servant, it destroys its own dignity, if it loses the right to command, it abuses its own Power to reward and punish, and it tries joyfully to strangle the God-given freedom of human personality, the image of God in man! "

Foreign Policy and World War II

In 1936 he welcomed the occupation of the Rhineland , which had been demilitarized since the Treaty of Versailles, in a telegram to Werner Freiherr von Fritsch , the then Commander-in-Chief of the Army . In a declaration addressed to the clergy and rectors of his diocese on the referendum associated with the “Reichstag elections” on the termination of the Locarno Treaty and the occupation of the Rhineland, he stated that voting with “yes” means giving the fatherland the vote but not consent to things that the Christian conscience forbids approving.

About World War II he noted:

“The war, which was externally ended in 1919 by a forced violent peace, has broken out again and has cast a spell over our people and our fatherland. Once again, our men and young men are to a large extent called to arms and stand guard at the borders in bloody struggle or in serious determination to protect the fatherland and to fight for a peace of freedom and justice for our people at the risk of our lives . "

- Circular letter to the clergy dated September 14, 1939

In a pastoral letter of September 14, 1941, von Galen saw the attack on the Soviet Union as a fight against the "plague of Bolshevism ". He described it as a “release from serious worries and a release from heavy pressure” that the “Führer and Reich Chancellor declared the so-called ' Russian Pact ' concluded in 1939 with the Bolshevik rulers to have expired on June 22, 1941 ...” he quoted Hitler's term " Jewish-Bolshevik rulership" literally.

Three critical sermons (1941)

Von Galen achieved national and international fame through three sermons delivered in July and August 1941 and distributed in Germany through illegal leaflets and reprints by the Allies. Because of his sermons he was popularly nicknamed "The Lion of Munster".

July 13, 1941 - St. Lamberti

In the first of these sermons on July 13, 1941 in his former parish church of St. Lamberti , he takes up the fact that on the previous day the branches of the Jesuits and the Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception were dissolved by the Gestapo, the Fathers and sisters expelled from the Rhine Province and the Religious houses had been confiscated. He stated that the monastery tower , which had already raged in other parts of the empire, had now also broken out in Munster. He criticizes the fact that these measures were imposed on those affected without due process and that this was not the first time after two members of the cathedral chapter had also been banished from the diocese without charge. He sums it up with the words:

“Every German citizen is completely defenseless and defenseless against the physical superiority of the Secret State Police. ... None of us is safe, and may he be aware that he is the most loyal, most conscientious citizen, he may be aware of utter innocence that he will not one day be taken from his apartment, robbed of his freedom in the cellars and concentration camps of the Secret state police is locked up. "

Then, quoting the Latin motto Iustitia est fundamentum regnorum (“Justice is the basis of all rule”), he explains that in broad circles of the German people a feeling of lawlessness, even cowardly fearfulness, has taken hold. He rejects the conceivable accusation that he is weakening the inner front through these statements and turns it against the rulers: Since justice is the only solid foundation of all states, he warns that in Germany legal certainty will be destroyed, legal awareness undermined and that Confidence in governance destroyed. As a German man, as an honorable citizen, as a representative of the Christian religion, as a Catholic bishop, he shouts loudly: "We demand justice!"

July 20, 1941 - Überwasserkirche

The second sermon, which von Galen delivered on July 20, 1941, in the Überwasserkirche , he begins with the statement that the attacks of the opponents of the war had not reached the city, the attacks of the opponents in the interior of the country had continued unconcerned. He points to the seizure of numerous other monasteries and the expulsion of their residents. He reports that the protest he made during a visit by the district president and in a telegram to the Fuehrer's Reich Chancellery was of no use.

What he had predicted a week ago has already happened: one stands in front of the ruins of the inner national community, which had been ruthlessly smashed in these days. But since Christians do not make a revolution, there is only one weapon: strong, tenacious, hard perseverance. He uses the following picture for this:

“We are anvil and not a hammer! But take a look at the forge! Ask the master blacksmith and let him tell you: What is forged on the anvil gets its shape not only from the hammer but also from the anvil. The anvil cannot and need not strike back; it just has to be firm, just hard. If it is sufficiently tough, firm, hard, then the anvil usually lasts longer than the hammer. "

In this context, he calls on the believers to remain strong, firm and unshakable in all blows that fall on them, but also to be always ready to act with extreme sacrifice according to the word from the Acts of the Apostles ( Acts 5:29  EU ) act: "One must obey God more than people!"

August 3, 1941 - St. Lamberti
Page 1 of a copy of the sermon of August 3, 1941 - from the archive of a Catholic scout group of the DPSG, which was then illegally working
Page 2 of the sermon of August 3, 1941 (further pages of the sermon are not preserved in this archive)

14 days later, at the beginning of the third sermon, he reports of further occupations and confiscations of monasteries and then, based on a passage in the Gospel of the day, explains: "When he came closer and saw the city, he wept over it" ( Lk 19.41  EU ), that Jesus weeps over Jerusalem because man sets his will against the will of God. He then reports that the sick are now being transported from sanatoriums and nursing homes in the province of Westphalia and that after a short time the relatives were informed that the sick person had died and that the body had already been cremated. In doing so, he advocates the "suspicion bordering on certainty that one is following the doctrine which claims that one may destroy so-called 'life unworthy of life'". He replies that any deliberate killing is murder. Since under the penal code it is already a criminal offense who knows of an impending crime against life and does not report it to the authorities, he has filed a criminal complaint with the public prosecutor's office in Münster and the police chief. He believes that unproductive life should be killed, that it equates people with an old machine or a lame horse, and rejects this equation with the words:

“No, I don't want to bring the comparison to the end - as terrible as its justification and its luminosity! It is not about machines, it is not about a horse or a cow ... No, it is about people, our fellow men, our brothers and sisters! Poor people, sick people, unproductive people because of me! But have you forfeited your right to life? Do you, do I have the right to live as long as we are productive, as long as we are recognized by others as productive? "

If you set up the principle that you should kill your unproductive fellow human beings, then no one would be sure of his or her life, no one could trust the doctor, and general mutual distrust would be carried into families. In contrast, he refers to the unchanged meaning of the fifth commandment "You shall not kill" and developed that the rulers would have set aside the other of the Ten Commandments and urged them to break them. Therefore, the word “Better to die than sin” must be taken seriously, in that everyone withdraws from the influence of those who thought and acted so contrary to God.

Effects

The sermons were initially distributed - mostly by copying with the typewriter - within small Catholic groups throughout Germany, but very soon reached a wider public through workplaces and air raid shelters. In particular, the killing of war invalids, linguistically presented by the bishop only in the subjunctive as a possible consequence, was accepted as a factual assertion and considerably intensified the effect of the sermons. Since the rulers came to the conclusion that their attempts to keep the killing of sick people secret had failed, that further opposition from the churches was to be feared and that “euthanasia” proved inconsistent with large parts of the population, Action T4 was interrupted and only continued in a less noticeable form a year later.

resistance

Sources that first became known to the academic public through documents from the beatification process indicate that von Galen maintained contacts with the resistance group around Carl Friedrich Goerdeler and met Goerdeler in November 1943 in Münster. His brother Franz von Galen , who was closely related to him , a former Prussian member of the state parliament of the Center Party and uncompromising opponent of National Socialism, was arrested in 1944 as part of the Grid Action and deported to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp without his brother being able to help him.

Furthermore, copies of his sermons were passed on by hand - also from soldiers to the then forced laborer Karol Wojtyła . The later Pope thus showed the "other Germany" which was ready to resist National Socialism .

Reaction of the regime

Already his Lentenhirtenbrief 1934 was assessed by the Gauleiter as dictated by hatred against National Socialism. After the three sermons, the Gauleiter in Berlin urged the arrest of the bishop. Martin Bormann , head of staff at Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess , considered letting von Galen hang. Joseph Goebbels spoke out in favor of creating no Catholic martyrs during the war and postponing the elimination of Galen until "after the final victory", as he feared unrest in the Münsterland.

Others

On July 1, 1936, he became an honorary member of the Catholic Forest Academic Association (FAV) Rheno-Guestfalia Hann. Münden (today in Göttingen, CV). The inclusion in the CV was only possible in secret in 1936 because the Nazi regime had ordered its dissolution.

On May 3, 1937, the theological faculty of the University of Innsbruck officially awarded him an honorary doctorate in theology "in recognition of his services to pastoral care". The wording chosen by the rector at the ceremony, that von Galen wrote a dissertation on social justice and love not with a pen, but with the heart and commitment of the whole personality, honored his commitment against the Nazi ideology and in the fight for the denominational school .

Clemens August Cardinal Graf Galen was a member of the Sovereign Order of Malta and is classified as a saint of the Order of Malta. The own festival is fixed as a mandatory day of remembrance on March 22nd of each year.

post war period

In 1945, in his first interview with the Anglo-American press, von Galen stated that - although he and other educated Germans could be anti-Nazis - they still “had to be loyal to the fatherland” and therefore “must regard the allies as enemies”. In June 1945, with 12 basic demands for the reconstruction and reorganization of our homeland and the German fatherland , he drafted a party program corresponding to his natural law ideas. In continuation of his approach from The Plague of Laicism , he sees the reason for the downfall in the rebellion against the divine order of values ​​through the absolutization of secular principles. Von Galen criticized various measures taken by the occupying powers over the next few months, in particular the internment of members of the public service and the NSDAP in camps and the expulsion of the German population from the eastern regions. As early as July 1, 1945, he publicly rejected the widespread thesis of German collective guilt in a sermon held in Telgte .

In June 1945 von Galen expressly thanked "our Christian soldiers, those who, in good faith, have given their lives for the people and fatherland and also in the turmoil of war have kept their hearts and hands clean of hatred, looting and unjust violence" .

Elevation to cardinal

Coat of arms of Clemens August Graf von Galens as cardinal

On February 18, 1946 he was by Pope Pius XII. accepted all Terme as cardinal priest with the titular church of San Bernardo in the college of cardinals . Von Galen commented on the surprising appointment of three German bishops as cardinals (besides him also Joseph Frings and Konrad Graf von Preysing ):

“The Holy Father has thus recognized that not all Germans are completely subject to the condemnation that the world wanted to pronounce against them. As a supranational and impartial observer, he recognized the German people as having equal rights in the community of nations ... "

- Sermon in Rome on February 17, 1946

During visits to prisoner-of-war camps in the Taranto and Bari area from February 26 to March 2, 1946, von Galen mentioned his premonitions in speeches. The cathedral chapter accompanying him reports the sentence: “My time will soon be over, and when I'm up there, just turn to me.” When he returned to Münster on March 16, 1946, his 68th birthday, he received a great reception prepares. The city of Munster made him an honorary citizen . In an address of thanks on the cathedral square , he expressed the view that the approval and attitude of the faithful had made his fight possible for him, but also - as he explained with great emotion and a failing voice - had failed him the crown of martyrdom.

death

Grave in the Ludgerus Chapel of Münster Cathedral

Von Galen was admitted to the St. Franziskus Hospital in Münster on March 19, 1946 with severe abdominal pain and died there on March 22, 1946, just a few days after his return from Rome , of the consequences of a ruptured appendix . His last words were, “Yes, yes, as God wills. God reward you. God protect the dear fatherland. Keep working for him ... oh, dear Savior! "

Since the cathedral was in ruins, the exequies took place in Heilig Kreuz , where von Galen had celebrated the first pontifical office after his return as cardinal just five days earlier .

He was buried on March 28, 1946 in one of the Galen chapels, the Ludgerus chapel of the cathedral, built under Christoph Bernhard von Galen . The grave slab created by the South Tyrolean sculptor Siegfried Moroder bears the inscription

"Hic exspectat resurrectionem mortuorum Clemens Augustinus de Galen S. (anctae) R. (omanae) E. (cclesiae) presbyter cardinalis episcopus Monasteriensis"

"Here the resurrection of the dead awaits Clemens August von Galen, the Holy Roman Church Cardinal Priest, Bishop of Munster."

Memorial plaque in San Bernardo alle Terme in Rome

In the church of San Bernardo alle Terme in Rome, a plaque ending with a distich reminds of von Galen:

"In piam memoriam / Clementis Augustini de Galen / * 16.III.1878 † 22.III.1946 / SRE presbyteri cardinalis / sub titulo S. Bernardi / episcopi Monasteriensis / tempore ecclesiae in Germania persecutionis
Sponsus dignus erat sponsa tituloque sacerdos / praesul cui nec laus nec timor obstruit os. "

“In the pious memory of Clemens Augustin von Galen, • March 16, 1878, † March 22, 1946, the Holy Roman Church Cardinal Priest under the title of St. Bernardus, Bishop of Munster at the time of the persecution of the Church in Germany. The bridegroom was worthy of the bride and the title of priest, the ruler, to whom neither praise nor fear closed his mouth. "

reception

Contemporaries

The Berlin bishop Konrad Graf von Preysing said of him in the summer of 1941 (after Galen's three famous sermons) that he was “a very average contemporary with very limited spiritual gifts, who has therefore not seen until recently where the journey is going, and therefore always inclined to make agreements. " Helmuth James von Moltke said about von Galen as follows:" It is all the more impressive that the Holy Spirit has now enlightened and filled him. How much more significant is this sign than if it had been a question of an extremely clever man. "

beatification

On July 10, 1956, the Confraternitas Sacerdotum Bonae Voluntatis asked the successor of Galens, Bishop Michael Keller , to initiate the beatification process . The process was then initiated on October 22, 1956 in Münster and in November 1959 at the Congregation for the Causes of Saints , and in November 2004 it was positively concluded. The spontaneous healing of the dying Indonesian boy Hendrikus Nahak from a ruptured appendix at the request of the Divine Mission sister Vianelde Keuss to Galen was recognized as the miracle required . On October 9, 2005, Clemens August Graf von Galen was made by Pope Benedict XVI. Beatified with the Apostolic Letter Veritatis Splendor . Cardinal José Saraiva Martins ( Portugal ), the cardinal prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, celebrated the beatification ceremony in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome , at which Pope Benedict XVI. participated.

The feast day of Clemens August Graf von Galens is March 22nd.

Places of Galen Worship

In the course of the beatification process, Galen's grave was opened in the summer of 2005 and relics were removed that were laid down for veneration in a number of churches after the beatification. On December 12, 2005 the Ludgerus Cathedral in Billerbeck received a relic so that it could be kept in a shrine together with that of the diocese founder Liudger .

In Haltern am See , in the city park, there is a stone monument to Bishop Count von Galen by the Cologne sculptor Elmar Hillebrand .

On January 28, 2006, a relic of Galen was transferred to the Xanten Cathedral by Bishop Reinhard Lettmann and placed in a wall of the crypt that von Galen had consecrated exactly 70 years earlier. On February 10 of the same year, Auxiliary Bishop Heinrich Janssen from Münster and Bishop Heinrich Mussinghoff from Aachen presented a relic to the Church of San Bartolomeo all'Isola in Rome, which is dedicated to the memory of the martyrs of the 20th century.

On the first day of remembrance, March 22, 2006, Bishop Lettmann gave a relic to the pilgrimage church in Rieste -Lage. Four days later, on March 26th, a reliquary designed by Ahlen goldsmith Werner Fischer and made by his son Raphael Fischer in the form of a stylized hand with a finger relic was ceremoniously installed by Bishop Lettmann and Provost Erdbürger in the stele of the miraculous image of the Telgter pilgrimage chapel . Von Galen made frequent pilgrimages to Telgte and prayed in front of the miraculous image.

Another relic of Galens was placed in a stele-shaped reliquary by the sculptor Karl Biedermann on February 11, 2007 in his former place of work St. Matthias in Berlin-Schöneberg and consecrated by the vice-postulator of the beatification process, the Münster cathedral capitular Martin Hülskamp. Auxiliary Bishop Franz-Peter Tebartz-van Elst installed a Galen relic in the Surendorf chapel in Reken- Hülsten on August 5, 2007 . On August 21, 2007, Bishop Reinhard Lettmann laid a finger relic of Galen in the crypt of St. Mary, Mother of Seven Sorrows (Bethen) in Cloppenburg- Bethen , the pilgrimage site of the Oldenburger Münsterland. Most recently, Bishop Lettmann placed a relic in the confessional chapel of the pilgrimage site of Kevelaer . A finger of Galen can also be found in the altar in the Michaelskapelle of the youth castle Gemen near Borken . The youth castle was set up by Galen in memory of the youth education under National Socialism in order to counteract a renewed development towards such a one-sided education.

Stele with the inscription "be decided" on the Kardinalsweg at Middendorfs Kreuz south of the Heidesees Holdorf

On October 28, 2018, the Kardinalsweg , a 24.1 km long pilgrimage route in memory of Cardinal von Galen, was inaugurated. The route begins at the former Benedictine monastery, the Priory of St. Benedict , in Damme (Dümmer) and ends at Dinklage Castle.

After the Second World War, the Kardinal-Graf-von-Galen-Siedlungswerk founded the district of Clemens-August-Dorf in the Lower Saxony community of Damme for displaced persons and refugees. Numerous other institutions and schools bear his name, such as B. the Clemens-August-Gymnasium Cloppenburg . The largest bell in Münster Cathedral, cast on September 21, 1956, was named " Cardinal " in his honor .

Literary reception

In 2011 the novel I know about him by Roland E. Koch was published . The author provides Clemens August von Galen with a fictional housekeeper named Maria, with whom he has a fictional love affair. The life and work of the Bishop of Münster is portrayed from the perspective of Mary. Even if the book makes no claim to historical truth, Galen connoisseurs judge it critically because fiction and facts merge. Therefore, this work cannot contribute to a deeper understanding of Galen's historical figure. Other apparently historical facts in the novel are also fictitious; For example, in the novel, the family of the rabbi Fritz Leopold Steinthal is murdered, although they were among the few Jews who managed to leave in time. Felix Genn , Bishop of Münster, called in a sermon in Telgte in August 2011 not to buy the book: "Tell those who read it and think it is true that this is trash."

Historical evaluation

Monument to Clemens August Graf von Galen near Lippborg
Detail of the monument
Special postage stamp of the Deutsche Bundespost (1966) for the 20th anniversary of death

Person and work are valued differently. Apart from a few voices that portray him as a pioneer and supporter of the regime, von Galen is viewed by a broad public as an opponent of the Nazi regime . The beginning of the opposition, the extent of the dispute and the motivation of Galen are rated differently. There are essentially three main currents facing each other.

A first group of authors see von Galen as a resistance fighter. Above all in the literature of the first post-war period, which was shaped by the personal relationship with him, purely hagiographic representations, but also in more recent statements, the view is taken that von Galen was already opposed to National Socialism as a pastor and later as a bishop. This view sees the reason for his rejection of the republic as a form of government not in a sympathy for the monarchy, but in the rejection of any legislation based solely on power (here: the majority) and any government that is not based on God based on natural law. Galens' motive for his political commitment was always pastoral. Within this view, there are further differences about the party-political classification: It is sometimes said that von Galen cannot be classified in the political spectrum due to the natural legal justification of his political views, and sometimes it is argued that despite differences on individual practical-political questions, he is bound to the Center Party never gave up. The behavior of Galens was resistance, regardless of which definition of resistance is used, because his protests - in the stepped concept of resistance research - were assessed by the rulers as threatening the system and - viewed from an historical perspective - had shaken the foundations of the regime. Von Galen's resolute resistance to the euthanasia practiced in the Third Reich deserves special mention. The historian Götz Aly says: "The motives for Galen's resistance are alien to us today, and yet Galen's unique, courageous resistance deserves respect."

A second group of authors assess von Galen's stance after the collapse of the German Empire at the end of the war in 1918 as national-conservative and right-of-center, as embodied by the Center Party. She sees von Galen as a typical representative of his time, who like large parts of the elite of the empire rejected the Weimar Republic. His political thinking can be seen as “authoritarian” insofar as he - as a deeply scriptural Christian - made the apostle Paul's admonition his own: “Everyone obey the bearers of state power. For there is no state authority that does not come from God; each one is appointed by God ”( Rom 13.1  EU ). It is precisely in the knowledge that a regime that violates fundamental human rights has forfeited the legitimacy of its divine institution, so today more than a few see the outstanding achievement of Galens. Nevertheless, the designation as a resistance fighter is rejected on the grounds that resistance is not offered by those who criticize excesses, but only by those who want to break and overcome the ruling power.

Von Galen's critics can be assigned to the third group. You claim that von Galen was an opponent of the Weimar constitution and was considered strictly anti-liberal and anti-socialist. As a member of the conservative wing of the center, he was also politically active. They particularly criticize the fact that he described the National Socialist government as a lawfully installed authority and supported the German striving for great power. John S. Conway (Department of History, University of British Columbia) sees the assessment of the British Foreign Office of 1945 as an accurate epitaph for von Galen: “... the most notable personality within the clergy in the British zone. […] Statuesque in appearance and uncompromising in the discussion, this unshakable old aristocrat […] is a German nationalist through and through. ”The question is in particular whether the defense of church rights can be seen as resistance and what by Galen moved not to protest publicly in the same way against the persecution and extermination of the Jews , against anti-Semitism and against the elimination of liberals, democrats and communists. This view also emphasizes Galen's attitude to the Second World War as a defensive struggle against communism and asks the question why the bishop did not call for open resistance and conscientious objection after the third sermon at the latest . According to Heinrich August Winkler , church people were among the first to approve the German attack on the Soviet Union . Bishop von Galen made the most radical commitment to a just war against godless Bolshevism.

The view that von Galen deserves, like the Catholic Church as a whole, “has a first-rate position in a range of responsibilities for fascist barbarism”, that his reactionary outlook was the reason for his appointment as cardinal has remained isolated. Just as singular was the suggestion that “ecclesiastical, ideological and financial considerations” played a role in the use of Galens in the third sermon for the mentally ill and disabled.

Publications by the author Clemens August Graf von Galen

The "plague of secularism" and its manifestations

In 1932 von Galen published his work The "Plague of Laicism" and its manifestations - considerations and concerns of a pastor about the religious and moral situation of German Catholics. The term “plague of laicism”, which is marked as a quote in the title, comes from the encyclical Quas primas Pope Pius XI. The author understands this as efforts to regulate the whole of life according to purely this-worldly laws and to see the source of the imperfection of the world not in the tendency to sin , but in insufficient culture. Von Galen expresses his fear that the idea that man is naturally good has already spread to Catholic circles. By also accusing the Church of prudishness and backwardness in questions of morality and modesty, Catholic authorities would help the pagan principles behind them to win. The author recognizes the origin in naturalism, which denies the necessity of divine grace for good deeds. The author describes the economic ideas of liberalism and socialism with their ideas that everything regulates itself or is the result of private property as a further manifestation. As the third manifestation, he sees the striving of the parties to rule over everyone, even to the destruction of the fatherland. He expresses himself critically about the idea that princely absolutism or the will of the majority and not the will of God, which is recognizable in natural law and revelation, is the standard for all political action. In this context, he speaks against the unrestricted surrender of government power to the will of the people, against violations of the principle of subsidiarity and against a failed centralization of government power.

more publishments

  • Catholic doctrine . Regensberg, Münster 1940.

literature

Printing units

Non-fiction

Fiction

  • Roland E. Koch : Things I know about him. Dittrich, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-937717-69-2 .
  • Markus Trautmann, Verona Marliani-Eyll: White roses for the lion - a story about the legacy of the past and about young people of today. 3. Edition. dialogverlag, Münster 2020, ISBN 978-3-944974-47-7 .

Audio book

documentary

Web links

Commons : Clemens August Kardinal von Galen  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wikiquote: Clemens August Graf von Galen  - Quotes

Biographies

Individual contributions

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Church book entry No. 19/1878 of the parish of St. Catharina Dinklage, facsimile from Maria Anna Zumholz: The tradition of my house. For the coinage of Clemens August Graf von Galens in parental home, school and university. In: Joachim Kuropka (ed.): New research on the life and work of the Bishop of Münster. Regensberg, Münster 1992, ISBN 3-7923-0636-0 , p. 13, digitized online Dinklage, St. Catharina, Taufen, 1860-1884. Matricula Online, accessed July 1, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Clemens Heitmann: Clemens August Cardinal von Galen and his spiritual relatives. Dinklage 1983, p. 64. Siblings: 1. Elisabeth (1862–1870), 2. Anna (1863–1930), 3.  Friedrich (1865–1918), 4. Augustinus (1866–1912), 5. Franziska (1867 –1938), 6. Maria (1869–1876), 7.  Wilhelm (1870–1949), 8. Agnes (1872–1943), 9. Joseph (1873–1876), 10. Paula (1876–1923), 12 .  Franz (1879-1961) and 13th Monika (1886-1896).
  3. ↑ Clemens Heitmann: Clemens August Cardinal von Galen and his spiritual relatives . Friesoythe 1983, pp. 103, 128.
  4. ↑ Clemens Heitmann: Clemens August Cardinal von Galen and his spiritual relatives . Friesoythe 1983, pp. 72, 142.
  5. ^ Günter Beaugrand : Cardinal von Galen - Neither praise nor blame . Ardey, Münster 2005, ISBN 3-87023-312-5 , pp. 16-17.
  6. ↑ Irmgard Klocke: Cardinal von Galen. The Lion of Munster. For the 100th birthday. Pattloch, Aschaffenburg 1978, ISBN 3-557-91154-3 , pp. 7-8.
  7. ↑ Anna Maria Zumholz: The tradition of my house. For the coinage of Clemens August Graf von Galens in parental home, school and university. In Joachim Kuropka (Ed.): New research on the life and work of the Bishop of Munster. Regensberg, Münster 1992, ISBN 3-7923-0636-0 , p. 15.
  8. ↑ Maria Anna Zumholz: The tradition of my house. For the coinage of Clemens August Graf von Galens in parental home, school and university. In: Joachim Kuropka (ed.): New research on the life and work of the Bishop of Münster. Regensberg, Münster 1992, ISBN 3-7923-0636-0 , p. 18.
  9. ↑ Peter Löffler: Clemens August Cardinal von Galen - exhibition in the citizens' hall of the town hall in Münster, March 21, 1976 - April 19, 1976. Exhibition catalog, Münster 1976, p. 5.
  10. ^ Markus Trautmann: Clemens August von Galen. I raise my voice . Topos, Kevelaer 2005, ISBN 3-7867-8566-X , p. 17.
  11. ↑ Gottfried Hasenkamp : The Cardinal - Deeds and Days of the Bishop of Munster Clemens August Graf von Galen. Aschendorff, Münster, 2nd edition 1985, ISBN 3-402-05126-5 , pp. 9-10.
  12. ↑ a b c d e Hans-Günter Hermanski, Bernhard Ossege: Cardinal von Galen A courageous Christian in dark times: a role model for us? - Materials of the religious pedagogical work aid for secondary levels I and II. Dialogverlag, Münster 2006, ISBN 978-3-937961-35-4 Part M1 (PDF; 61 kB).
  13. ↑ Barbara Imbusch: “… not party political, but Catholic interests” - Clemens August Graf von Galen as pastor in Berlin 1906 to 1929. In: Joachim Kuropka (Ed.): New research on the life and work of the Bishop of Münster. Regensberg, Münster 1992, ISBN 3-7923-0636-0 , pp. 32-33.
  14. ↑ Barbara Imbusch: “… not party political, but Catholic interests” - Clemens August Graf von Galen as pastor in Berlin 1906 to 1929. In: Joachim Kuropka (Ed.): New research on the life and work of the Bishop of Münster. Regensberg, Münster 1992, pp. 34-35.
  15. ↑ Irmgard Klocke: Cardinal von Galen. The Lion of Munster. For the 100th birthday. Pattloch, Aschaffenburg 1978, p. 13.
  16. ↑ Von Galen in the essay Where is the fault? In: Historische -politische Blätter 1919, quoted from Markus Trautmann, Clemens August von Galen. I raise my voice . Topos, Kevelaer 2005, p. 21.
  17. ↑ Sr. Pascalina Lehnert : I was allowed to serve him. - Memories of Pope Pius XII. Wilhelm Naumann, Würzburg, 1990, pp. 40-41.
  18. ^ Horst Conrad: Status and denomination. The Association of Catholic Nobles. Part 1: The years 1857–1918. (PDF) p. 1 , accessed on December 4, 2018 .
  19. ^ Horst Conrad: Status and denomination. The Association of Catholic Nobles. Part 2: The years 1918–1949. (PDF) p. 133 , accessed on December 4, 2018 .
  20. ^ Rudolf Morsey : Clemens August Cardinal von Galen. An attempt at historical appreciation. Lecture at the commemoration on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of death on April 24, 1966 in the Münster City Theater.
  21. ↑ Joachim Kuropka: Clemens August Graf von Galen - His life and work in pictures and documents. Günter Runge, Cloppenburg 1992, ISBN 3-926720-07-7 , p. 10.
  22. ^ Ludger Grevelhörster : Cardinal Clemens August Graf von Galen in his time. Aschendorff, Münster 2005, ISBN 3-402-03506-5 , p. 57.
  23. ^ Rudolf Morsey: Clemens August Cardinal von Galen - Episcopal activity in the time of Hitler's rule. State Center for Political Education, Düsseldorf 1987, p. 13.
  24. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , pp. 46–47.
  25. ↑ Rudolf Willenborg: "Catholic parents, you must know that!" - The struggle of Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen against the total educational claim of National Socialism. Effects on party and state with special consideration of the Oldenburg part of the diocese of Münster. In: Joachim Kuropka (ed.): New research on the life and work of the Bishop of Münster. Regensberg, Münster 1992, ISBN 3-7923-0636-0 , pp. 101, 102-103.
  26. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , p. 67 ff.
  27. ^ Rudolf Morsey, Clemens August Cardinal von Galen - Episcopal activity in the time of Hitler's rule. State Center for Political Education, Düsseldorf 1987, p. 14.
  28. ^ Wilhelm Neuss : Fight against the myth of the 20th century. A memorial sheet to Clemens August Cardinal Graf Galen. JP Bachem, Cologne, 1947, pp. 18-19 and 23-24.
  29. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , p. 168 ff.
  30. ^ Joachim Kuropka: Clemens August Graf von Galen (1878-1946) - A great Lower Saxony. Booklet accompanying the exhibition in the Lower Saxony State Parliament June 10-19, 1992, pp. 9-10.
  31. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , p. 1438 ff.
  32. ^ Maria Anna Zumholz: Clemens August Graf von Galen and the German Episcopate 1933–1945. In: Joachim Kuropka (ed.): New research on the life and work of the Bishop of Münster. Regensberg, Münster 1992, ISBN 3-7923-0636-0 , pp. 185-186.
  33. ↑ Anna Maria Zumholz: Clemens August Graf von Galen and the German Episcopate 1933–1945. In: Joachim Kuropka (ed.): New research on the life and work of the Bishop of Münster. Regensberg, Münster 1992, pp. 189-190.
  34. ↑ Peter Löffler: Clemens August Cardinal von Galen - exhibition in the citizens' hall of the town hall in Münster, March 21, 1976 - April 19, 1976. Exhibition catalog, Münster 1976, p. 8.
  35. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , p. 439 ff.
  36. ^ Hubert Wolf , in: Geschichtsort Villa ten Hompel , LWL media center for Westphalia (ed.): Clemens August Graf von Galen. Sound evidence of the "Lion of Münster". Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe, Münster 2007, No. 5, ISBN 978-3-923432-67-7 .
  37. ↑ De civitate Dei IV. 4, 2.
  38. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , pp. 357-358.
  39. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , p. 365.
  40. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , p. 747.
  41. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , pp. 901, 902.
  42. ↑ Galen sermons , enlarged, in Münster in old pictures and documents of Henning Stoffers
  43. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , p. 843 ff .; Sermons in the dark. (PDF) Cathedral Chapter Münster, 1993, pp. 18–26 , accessed on December 17, 2016 .
  44. ^ Motto of Emperor Franz I after Plato , Nomoi I, 8.
  45. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , pp. 855 ff .; Sermons in the dark. (PDF) Church and Life, accessed August 5, 2020 .
  46. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , p. 852.
  47. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , pp. 874 ff .; Sermons in the dark. (PDF) Cathedral Chapter Münster, 1993, pp. 38–48 , accessed on December 17, 2016 .
  48. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , p. 869.
  49. ↑ Winfried Süß: Bishop von Galen and the National Socialist "euthanasia". In: zur debatte , 2005, pp. 18–19, kfzg.de ( Memento from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 560 kB).
  50. ↑ Stefania Falasca: The bishops and the coup. In: 30Days, January issue 2005 online edition ( Memento from April 4, 2005 in the Internet Archive ); Stefania Falasca: Un vescovo contro Hitler - Von Galen, Pio XII e la resistenza al nazismo. Cinisello Balsamo, Milan 2006, ISBN 88-215-5634-4 .
  51. ↑ Facsimile of the report from April 6, 1934 to the Reich Chancellery, printed by: Joachim Kuropka: Clemens August Graf von Galen - His life and work in pictures and documents. Günter Runge, Cloppenburg 1992, ISBN 3-926720-07-7 , p. 112.
  52. ^ Joachim Kuropka: Clemens August Graf von Galen (1878-1946) - A great Lower Saxony. Booklet accompanying the exhibition in the Lower Saxony State Parliament June 10-19, 1992, pp. 5–6.
  53. ^ Jozef Niewiadomski : Clemens August von Galen. Beatification in Rome on October 9, 2005. Innsbruck theological reading room, September 2, 2005; Maria Anna Zumholz, The tradition of my house. For the coinage of Clemens August Graf von Galens in parental home, school and university. In: Joachim Kuropka (ed.): New research on the life and work of the Bishop of Münster. Regensberg, Münster 1992, p. 25.
  54. ↑ March 22nd, Blessed Clemens August Cardinal von Galen. malteserorden.at, March 22, 2017, accessed on October 5, 2018 .
  55. ^ History of the Maltese: Order saints. malteser-geistlicheszentrum.de, accessed on October 8, 2018 .
  56. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. 2nd edition Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , p. 1104.
  57. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , pp. 1169–1170.
  58. ↑ Susanne Leschinski: Clemens August Cardinal von Galen in the post-war period 1945/46. In: Joachim Kuropka (ed.): New research on the life and work of the Bishop of Münster. Regensberg, Münster 1992, ISBN 3-7923-0636-0 , p. 257.
  59. ↑ Susanne Leschinski: Clemens August Cardinal von Galen in the post-war period 1945/46. In: Joachim Kuropka (ed.): New research on the life and work of the Bishop of Münster. Regensberg, Münster 1992, ISBN 3-7923-0636-0 , p. 247 ff.
  60. ↑ Peter Löffler, Clemens August Cardinal von Galen - exhibition in the citizens' hall of the town hall in Münster, March 21, 1976 - April 19, 1976. Exhibition catalog, Münster 1976, p. 5.
  61. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , p. 1302.
  62. ↑ Max Bierbaum: The last trip to Rome by the Cardinal von Galen. Aschendorff, Münster 1946, p. 87.
  63. ↑ Gottfried Hasenkamp: Homecoming and Homecoming of the Cardinal. Münster, Aschendorff, 2nd edition 1946, p. 8.
  64. ↑ Peter Löffler (Ed.): Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen - files, letters and sermons 1933-1946. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn / Munich / Vienna / Zurich, 2nd edition 1996, ISBN 3-506-79840-5 , p. 1325 (transcription from the sound archive of Westdeutscher Rundfunk, DOK 6a-b).
  65. ↑ Historic site Villa ten Hompel, LWL media center for Westphalia (ed.): Clemens August Graf von Galen. Sound evidence of the "Lion of Münster" . Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe, Münster 2007, No. 10, ISBN 978-3-923432-67-7 .
  66. ↑ Note from the attending physician Dr. Warnecke, quoted by: Max Bierbaum: Cardinal von Galen. Bishop of Munster. Regensberg, Münster 1947, p. 77; Gottfried Hasenkamp: Homecoming and Homecoming of the Cardinal , p. 13.
  67. ↑ Peter Löffler: Clemens August Cardinal von Galen - exhibition in the citizens' hall of the town hall in Münster, March 21, 1976 - April 19, 1976. Exhibition catalog, Münster 1976, p. 75.
  68. ↑ Hubert Wolf : Pope & Devil. The Archives of the Vatican and the Third Reich. beck'sche Reihe, C. H. Beck, 2012, ISBN 978-3-406-63090-3 , p. 240.
  69. ^ Benedictus XVI .: Litterae Apostolicae "Veritatis splendor" . In: AAS 4 (2006), p. 317.
  70. ↑ A portrait of the Blessed Clemens August Graf von Galen. Retrieved March 24, 2020 .
  71. ↑ Relic for the Telgter miraculous image - The return of the cardinal. In: kirchensite.de. The Bishop of Münster, March 16, 2006, accessed on October 2, 2014 .
  72. ↑ Bernd Haunfelder , Edda Baußmann, Axel Schollmeier: "A wonderful work". The celebrations for the reconstruction of the cathedral in Münster in 1956 . Aschendorff, Münster 2006, ISBN 3-402-00428-3 .
  73. ^ Felix Genn: Sermon by Bishop Genn on the pilgrimage of the Glatzer Catholics. In: kirchensite.de. The Bishop of Münster, August 27, 2011, accessed on October 2, 2014 .
  74. ^ Max Bierbaum: Cardinal von Galen. Bishop of Munster. Regensberg, Münster 1947, p. 78 ff .; Max Bierbaum: Not Praise, Not Fear - The Life of Cardinal von Galen according to unpublished letters and documents. Regensberg Münster, 7th edition 1974, ISBN 3-7923-0357-4 , p. 304.
  75. ↑ Irmgard Klocke: Cardinal von Galen. The Lion of Munster. For the 100th birthday. Pattloch, Aschaffenburg 1978, ISBN 3-557-91154-3 , p. 35 ff.
  76. ↑ Reinhard Schmoeckel: Stronger than weapons. Hoch, Düsseldorf, 1957, ISBN 3-7779-0122-9 , p. 114.
  77. ^ A b Günter Beaugrand: Cardinal von Galen - Neither praise nor blame . Ardey, Münster 2005, ISBN 3-87023-312-5 , pp. 12-13.
  78. ^ Ludger Grevelhörster: Cardinal Clemens August Graf von Galen in his time. Aschendorff, Münster 2005, ISBN 3-402-03506-5 , p. 141 ff.
  79. ↑ Barbara Imbusch: “… not party political, but Catholic interests” - Clemens August Graf von Galen as pastor in Berlin 1906 to 1929. In: Joachim Kuropka (Ed.): New research on the life and work of the Bishop of Münster. Regensberg, Münster 1992, p. 47.
  80. ↑ a b Joachim Kuropka: Clemens August Graf von Galen in the political upheaval of the years 1932 to 1934. In: Joachim Kuropka (Ed.): New research on the life and work of the Bishop of Münster. Regensberg, Münster 1992, ISBN 3-7923-0636-0 , p. 93.
  81. ↑ Joachim Kuropka: Did Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen offer resistance to National Socialism? In: Joachim Kuropka (ed.): New research on the life and work of the Bishop of Münster. Regensberg, Münster 1992, ISBN 3-7923-0636-0 , p. 371 ff.
  82. ↑ Götz Aly : All of this is part of life . In: Der Spiegel . No. 17 , 2013, p. 113 ( online ).
  83. ↑ Gottfried Hasenkamp: The Cardinal - Deeds and Days of the Bishop of Munster Clemens August Graf von Galen. 2nd Edition. Aschendorff, Münster, 1985, ISBN 3-402-05126-5 , pp. 16-17.
  84. ^ Rudolf Morsey: Clemens August Cardinal von Galen - Episcopal activity in the time of Hitler's rule. State Center for Political Education, Düsseldorf 1987, p. 9.
  85. ^ Marie-Corentine Sandstede-Auzelle, Gerd Sandstede: Clemens August Graf von Galen. Bishop of Munster in the Third Reich. Aschendorff, Münster 1986, ISBN 3-402-03267-8 , pp. 2-3.
  86. ^ Manfred Wichmann: Clemens August Graf von Galen. Tabular curriculum vitae in the LeMO ( DHM and HdG )
  87. ↑ Hans Friedl u. a. (Ed.): Biographical manual for the history of the state of Oldenburg . Edited on behalf of the Oldenburg landscape. Isensee, Oldenburg 1992, ISBN 3-89442-135-5 , p. 219 Biographical manual for the history of the state of Oldenburg. (PDF) lb-oldenburg.de, accessed on August 29, 2018 .
  88. ↑ Dirk Stelter: Resistance - Protest - Adaptation - Support: The Churches under National Socialism. In: Stefan Rahner, Franz-Helmut Richter, Stefan Riese, Dirk Stelter: "We are faithfully German - we are also Catholic". Cardinal von Galen and the Third Reich. WURF, Münster 1987, ISBN 3-923881-21-5 , p. 28 ff.
  89. ↑ “ … the most outstanding personality among the clergy in the British zone. ... Statuesque in appearance and uncompromising in discussion, this oak-bottomed old aristocrat ... is a German nationalist through and through. "John S. Conway: Review of Beth A. Greek Polelle, Bishop von Galen: German Catholicism and National Socialism. H-German, H-Net Reviews, April 2003. Online edition of the review of the Greek Polelle biography, New Haven 2002 .
  90. ↑ Karlheinz Deschner , Horst Herrmann : Der Antikatechismus. 200 reasons against the churches and for the world. Rasch and Röhring, Hamburg 1991, ISBN 3-89136-302-8 , p. 240; Karlheinz Deschner: With God and the Fascists - Vatican and Fascism. Hans E. Günther, Stuttgart 1965, pp. 139-140.
  91. ↑ On the sources: Werner Teubner, Gertrud Seelhorst: "The Christian good news is the unchangeable truth given by God to people of all races." - The German episcopate, Bishop von Galen and the Jews. In: Joachim Kuropka (ed.): New research on the life and work of the Bishop of Münster. Regensberg, Münster 1992, ISBN 3-7923-0636-0 , p. 221 ff.
  92. ↑ Johannes Fleischer: The myth of the holy resistance fighter - The "general line" of the Cardinal von Galen. In: Stefan Rahner, Franz-Helmut Richter, Stefan Riese, Dirk Stelter: "We are faithfully German - we are also Catholic". Cardinal von Galen and the Third Reich. WURF, Münster 1987, ISBN 3-923881-21-5 , p. 80 ff.
  93. ^ Heinrich August Winkler : The long way to the west II. German history 1933-1990. Federal Agency for Civic Education , Bonn 2004, pp. 82–83.
  94. ↑ Reinhold Schmidt: The Cardinal and the 3rd Reich - legend and truth about Cardinal von Galen. Series of Contemporary History Documentation, III. Volume, issue 16/17, 3rd edition 1980, SZD-Verlag Münster, pp. 10, 18.
  95. ↑ Reinhold Schmidt: How sharp was the "Lion of Münster"? In: Stefan Rahner, Franz-Helmut Richter, Stefan Riese, Dirk Stelter: "We are faithfully German - we are also Catholic". Cardinal von Galen and the Third Reich. WURF, Münster 1987, ISBN 3-923881-21-5 , pp. 78-79.
  96. ↑ Count Clemens von Galen: The "plague of laicism" and its manifestations. Considerations and concerns of a pastor about the religious and moral situation of German Catholics . Aschendorff, Münster 1932, DNB  57320313X .
  97. ^ Encyclical "Quas primas" of December 11, 1925 - On the setting up of the Christ the King Festival , under Item 29 Text online .
predecessor Office successor
Johannes Poggenburg Bishop of Münster
1933–1946 		Michael Keller
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on October 13, 2005 .
personal data
SURNAME Galen, Clemens August Graf von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Galen, Clemens Augustinus Joseph Emmanuel Pius Antonius Hubertus Marie Graf von (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German bishop and cardinal
DATE OF BIRTH March 16, 1878
PLACE OF BIRTH Dinklage , Oldenburger Münsterland
DATE OF DEATH March 22, 1946
Place of death Munster , Westphalia