Nikolaus Rudinger

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Nikolaus Rüdinger (1832-1896)

Nikolaus Rüdinger (born March 25, 1832 in Erbes-Büdesheim ( Rheinhessen ), † August 25, 1896 in Tutzing am Starnberger See ) was a German anatomist and university professor in Munich .

Childhood and youth

Nikolaus Rüdinger was the last of twelve children of the farmer and butcher Andreas Rüdinger and his wife Elisabeth, b. Schidder. He grew up in a simple family and became a half-orphan when his father died at the age of three . First he attended the village school in his hometown. Since his mother did not have the means to send him to secondary school, he then received private lessons in high school subjects from the local Catholic pastor Jacobus Böhm . He was enthusiastic about the medical profession at an early age, but studying medicine could not be financed for the family. So at the age of 14 he started an apprenticeship with an Alzeyer barber at his own request .

Training in Heidelberg and discovery in Gießen (1850–1855)

In 1850, Rüdinger finally became a barber's assistant in Heidelberg . At the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität there , it had been customary for a long time for barbers or bathers to listen to anatomical and surgical lectures in order to finally pass the exam as a surgeon and pursue a career in minor surgery. Eighteen-year-old Rüdinger also used this opportunity for a semester. But then an inheritance following the death of his mother enabled him to study medicine in Heidelberg for four years. He was able to acquire extensive knowledge of the anatomy of the human body under Jakob Henle and Friedrich Arnold .

In the autumn of 1854 he passed the anatomical part of the state examination for surgeons at Ludwigs University in Giessen . His thirst for knowledge and his extraordinary talent for medical preparation did not go unnoticed, even from Theodor von Bischoff . Against the background of the then Crimean War (1853–56) , Rüdinger intended to offer his services as a military doctor to the Russian Empire . After visiting several Gießen clinics in the winter of 1854/55, he reported here as a supposed “stranger” for his doctoral examination due to a lack of relevant school reports . In fact, he succeeded in casting without the presence of a printed on April 12, 1855 Dissertation for Doctor medicinae extraneus in medicine, surgery and obstetrics graduated to become. However , he rejected his original plan to emigrate to Russia because von Bischoff offered him a job as his private assistant.

Life and work in Munich (1855–1896)

Rüdinger decided on this offer, broke off the doctor's examination and accompanied von Bischoff when he was called to Munich on April 26, 1855 . Here the private assistant was already active as a prosector at the anatomical institute of the Ludwig Maximilians University from May 15, 1855 . In the following years he created a remarkable collection of anatomical specimens and helped with practical lessons in the dissection room. At the same time he wrote and published his first scientific papers. Based on this, he asked King Maximilian II Joseph directly on December 10, 1857, "with the dispensation of submitting a Matura certificate and exemption from the state medical examination in Bavaria" for his admission to the habilitation as a private lecturer . However, after hearing the competent authorities ( Senate and medical faculty of Munich University), his request was not met due to his lack of schooling, his career as a barber, the circumstances surrounding his doctorate in Giessen and apparently also because he was not a native of Bavaria. Therefore, with the support of Bischoffs, he was preparing for the Abitur examination in his free time with private lessons , which he passed in Darmstadt in October 1858 with good success. Now the academic career was open to him. Another application for admission to the habilitation dated November 10th of the same year, in which he also asked to be able to take the state medical examination in Erlangen if necessary , he nevertheless withdrew because of its hopelessness.

In the following years, Rüdinger gained great recognition in the professional world through a series of successful and highly regarded publications in his field. At the suggestion of his mentor von Bischoff and with the approval of the general curator Justus von Liebig , he was finally appointed adjunct of the anatomical institute by royal decree on January 3, 1863 and confirmed in his function as prosector. He received a salary of 900 guilders . Although he was now mainly in charge of dissecting lessons and von Bischoff allowed him to hold his own revision courses and courses in the institution, Rüdinger continued to try to get him accepted into the university's faculty. A third application for admission to the habilitation dated January 1, 1863, to which he added his treatise on the spread of the sympathetic in the animal tube, the spinal cord and the brain as a habilitation thesis , which had been favorably assessed by prominent sources (Henle and Hyrtl ) , failed due to the vote of the Senate and ministry. His fourth and last request on June 28, 1864 was unsuccessful.

Rüdinger's grave in Munich

On June 2, 1868, von Liebig took the initiative and suggested to the responsible minister that Rüdinger be appointed associate professor . Ultimately, the committees were able to agree on the award of the title and the position of honorary professor in the medical faculty, which took place on August 30, 1868. At the beginning of 1870, Rüdinger was appointed associate professor directly by King Ludwig II . During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71 he was a surgeon and received several military awards . After Bischoffs retired in 1878, Rüdinger was temporarily entrusted with teaching. In the summer of 1880 Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer came from Königsberg to Munich. The chair was split and Rüdinger was appointed full professor of anatomy and the second curator of the anatomical institute. As a colleague of Kupffers ( microscopic anatomy , embryology ) he taught descriptive and topographical macroscopic anatomy for the next sixteen years and taught the students during dissection exercises. In 1883 he was elected an extraordinary member of the Royal Bavarian Academy of Sciences (from 1888 a full member). In the following year he was accepted into the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina . In the winter semester 1889/90 and in the summer semester 1890 he was dean of the medical faculty.

Since 1860 Rüdinger was married to Auguste Ruhwandl, daughter of a Munich lawyer. The marriage resulted in the daughter Maria Magdalena Auguste (* 1861; later mother of the conductor and composer Franz von Hoeßlin ) and the two sons Maximilian (* 1864) and Hermann (* 1870).

Rüdinger died on August 25, 1896 after a short sick stay in his summer home in Tutzing on Lake Starnberg as a result of appendicitis . His own corpse was also dissected and the brain, weighing 1465 grams, removed as the deceased had bequeathed it to anatomy during his lifetime.

tomb

Rüdiger found his final resting place on 27 August 1896, the old southern cemetery in Munich (burial ground 17 - row 13 - Place 38/39) Location .

Work and performance

Neuroanatomical plate based on a preparation by Rüdinger (1868)

Rüdinger's rise from a simple barber's assistant to an internationally known and widely respected anatomy professor was unprecedented. With his craftsmanship he enriched the collection of the anatomical institute in Munich with numerous excellent specimens from his own production, from 1870/71 in particular also from sections of frozen corpses according to the Pirogow's method . In addition, he invented a new method of preserving corpses with carboline injection . He wrote about 90 independent scientific treatises and writings. The main focus of his work was the macroscopic anatomy of the nervous system , the ear and the skull . In addition to his own specialist field, he also devoted himself to histology , embryology, anthropology and comparative anatomy and earned great recognition for his research.

He carried out pioneering work by using photography of soft specimens as the basis for anatomical illustrations for the first time , with which he had resounding success. His atlas of the peripheral nervous system of the human body , published in 1861, was based on photographs of his specimens by the royal Bavarian court photographer Joseph Albert . Rüdinger caused a worldwide sensation with images of unprecedented naturalness. Cheap special editions of his works also made them accessible to a broad readership. Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer wrote in 1897: “The cooperation of the most excellent prosector of the time with an artistically gifted photographer who was pioneering in his field [...] celebrated a triumph that has not yet been surpassed and Rüdinger's name shines everywhere where anatomists worked and taught awarded. "

Rüdinger was also a talented teacher in his subject. For the students, for example, after eight different sagittal sections of the trunk, he made a particularly clear and lifelike, hinged model made of paper mache , which was also known as the disc Toni .

On June 15, 1886, he carried out the autopsy and subsequent embalming of King Ludwig II of Bavaria in the Munich residence .

Offices and memberships

Prizes and awards

Posthumous honors

Works (excerpt)

  • The articular nerves of the human body. , Erlangen 1857. ( Online )
  • A contribution to the mechanics of the aortic and heart valves. , Erlangen 1857. ( Online )
  • Atlas of the peripheral nervous system of the human body. Photographed from nature by Jos. Albert kb court photographer in Munich. , Munich 1861.
  • About newly discovered nerve loops within the spinal canal. In: Medical Intelligence Journal Munich. , 8 (1861), p. 80. Munich 1861.
  • About the spread of the sympathetic in the animal tube, spinal cord and brain. , Munich 1863. ( Online )
  • A contribution to the anatomy and histology of the Eustachian tuba. , Munich 1865. ( Online )
  • Via the spinal nerves of the abdominal viscera. , Munich 1866
  • Atlas of the human organ of hearing. , Munich 1866–1875.
  • Monthly journal for ear medicine. , Berlin 1867-1870. (Editor)
  • The muscles of the front extremities of the reptile a. Birds with special regard to the analog u. homologous muscles in mammals, etc. man. An award typeface awarded by the Society of Sciences in Haarlem. , Haarlem 1868. ( Online )
  • The anatomy of the peripheral nervous system of the human body for students and doctors. , Munich 1868–1870.
  • Contributions to the histology of the auditory organ. , Munich 1870.
  • Contributions to the histology of the middle ear. , Munich 1872.
  • About the facial canal in relation to the seventh cranial nerve in adults. In: Monthly for Ear Medicine. , 7 (1873), pp. 69-71. Berlin 1873.
  • Topographical-surgical anatomy of the human being. , Stuttgart 1873-1878. ( Online (Vol. 3) )
  • About the artificial skull reshaping. In: Correspondence sheet of the German Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory. , 7 (1874). Braunschweig 1874.
  • About the arbitrary blemishes of the human body. Popular lecture, given on March 28, 1874 in the Liebig'schen Hörsaal on behalf of the Volksbildungsverein committee in Munich. , Berlin 1874.
  • The jugular fossa and its individual differences in size. In: Monthly for Ear Medicine. , 9 (1875), pp. 1-8. Berlin 1875.
  • Contributions to the anatomy of the auditory organ, the venous blood vessels of the cranial cavity and the surplus fingers. , Munich 1876.
  • About the aqueductus vestibuli of humans and the Phyllodactylus europaeus. In: Journal of Anatomy and History of Development . , Year 1877, pp. 214–230. Leipzig 1877.
  • Preliminary reports on the differences in cerebral convolutions by sex in the fetus and the newborn, taking into account congenital brachycephaly and dolichocephaly. In: Contributions to the anthropology and prehistory of Bavaria. , Munich 1877.
  • Contributions to the morphology of the soft palate and the digestive system. , Stuttgart 1879. ( Online )
  • A contribution to the anatomy of the monkey cleft and the interparietal furrow in humans according to race, gender and individuality. In: Contributions to anatomy and embryology. , Pp. 186-198. Bonn 1882. (Festschrift for J. Henle)
  • A contribution to the anatomy of the language center. In: Contributions to biology. , Stuttgart 1882. (Festschrift for Th. LW von Bischoff)
  • Via the language center in the frontal lobe. In: Monthly for Ear Medicine. , 16 (1882), pp. 71, 90, 159, 179. Berlin 1882.
  • On the anatomy of the prostate, the uterus masculinus and the ductus ejaculatory in humans. , Munich 1883.
  • Via brains of newborn and adult microcephalic animals. In: Meeting reports of the Royal. Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich, mathematical-physical class. , 15 (1885), pp. 112-117. Munich 1885.
  • Reports on some microcephalic brains. In: Munich medical weekly. , 33 (1886), pp. 161, 185, 205. Munich 1886.
  • Contributions to the anthropology and prehistory of Bavaria , Munich 1887. (Editor)
  • Gambetta's brain. In: Meeting reports of the Royal. Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich, mathematical-physical class. , 16 (1887). Munich 1887.
  • Via the drainage channels of the endolymph of the inner ear. In: Meeting reports of the Royal. Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich, mathematical-physical class. , 16 (1887). Munich 1887.
  • About artificially deformed skulls and brains of South Sea islanders (New Hebrides). In: Meeting reports of the Royal. Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich, mathematical-physical class. , 16 (1887). Munich 1887.
  • On the anatomy and development of the inner ear. In: General Medical Central Newspaper. , Born in 1888. Berlin 1888.
  • For the development of the membranous semicircular canals of the inner ear. In: Meeting reports of the Royal. Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich, mathematical-physical class. , Born in 1888. Munich 1888.
  • About the cerebral arteries and their inclusion in bone canals. In: Archive for Anatomy and the History of Development. , Year 1888, pp. 97-108. o. O. 1888.
  • The formation of the primary and secondary ocular vesicles in Triton alpestris. In: Meeting reports of the Royal. Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich, mathematical-physical class. , Born in 1889. Munich 1889.
  • Course in topographical anatomy. , Munich 1891.
  • About the remodeling of the Lieberkühn's glands by the solitary follicles in the appendix of humans. In: Meeting reports of the Royal. Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich, mathematical-physical class. , Born in 1891. Munich 1891.
  • The racial skulls and skeletons in the Royal Anatomical Institute in Munich. After the inventory from 1889. , Braunschweig 1892.
  • About the ways and goals of brain research. Ceremonial address given at the public meeting of the KB Academy of Sciences in Munich on November 22, 1893. , Munich 1893.
  • About deliberate skull reshaping. In: Correspondence sheet of the German Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory. , 1 (1894). Braunschweig 1894.
  • About the brains of various dog races. About the brains of twins. In: Meeting reports of the Royal. Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich, mathematical-physical class. , Year 1894, pp. 249–255. Munich 1894.
  • Leucocyte migration in the mucous membranes of the intestinal canal. In: Meeting reports of the Royal. Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich, mathematical-physical class , born in 1895. Munich 1895.

literature

  • E. Albert et al. (Ed.): Biographical lexicon of outstanding doctors of all times and peoples. 2nd edition, Berlin 1929–1935.
  • Anton Bettelheim (Ed.): Biographical Yearbook and German Nekrolog. Berlin 1897.
  • Anton Bettelheim (Hrsg.): Biographisches Jahrbuch and German Nekrolog. Berlin 1900.
  • Rudolf Reiser: Rüdinger, Nicolaus. In: Karl Bosl (ed.): Bosls Bavarian biography. Pustet, Regensburg 1983, ISBN 3-7917-0792-2 , p. 650 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • German biographical encyclopedia (DBE), Vol. 8: Plett - Schmidseder. 1998, ISBN 3-598-23168-7 .
  • Andreas Gohritz, Lee A. Dellon, Veith Moser, Erich Kaiser, Peter M. Vogt: From the first description of joint innervation in 1857 to modern surgical joint denervation [Nikolaus Rüdinger]. In: Chirurgische Allgemeine , 13th year, 6th issue (2012), pp. 350–356
  • Max Joseph Hufnagel: Famous dead in the southern cemetery in Munich. 500 witnesses to Munich's cultural, intellectual and political life in the 19th century. Munich 1969.
  • Walther Killy (ed.): German biographical encyclopedia (DBE). Darmstadt 1998, ISBN 3-598-23160-1 .
  • Wilhelm Krause:  Rüdinger, Nicolaus . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 53, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1907, pp. 580-582.
  • Alma Kreuter: German-speaking neurologists and psychiatrists. a biographical-bibliographical lexicon from the forerunners to the middle of the 20th century. Munich 1996.
  • Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer: Nikolaus Rüdinger †. In: K. v. Bardeleben (Ed.): Anatomischer Anzeiger. Centralblatt for the entire scientific anatomy , year 1897, pp. 219–232. Jena 1897.
  • Julius Leopold Pagel (Ed.): Biographical lexicon of outstanding doctors of the nineteenth century. Berlin 1901.
  • Th Puschmann: Rüdinger, Nikolaus. In: Anton Bettelheim (ed.): Biographical yearbook and German Nekrolog. , Berlin 1897 (1).
  • Wernich, Pagel and Haberling: Ruedinger, Nicolaus R. In: E. Albert et al. (Ed.). Biographical lexicon of the outstanding doctors of all times and peoples. Berlin 1929–1935 (4), p. 517.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b o. V .: Erbes-Büdesheim. (Family history). In: Rheinhessische Volksblätter. 1935, no.13 Alzey 1935.
  2. ^ A b Karl Wilhelm von Kupffer: Nikolaus Rüdinger †. In: Bardeleben, K. v. (Ed.): Anatomischer Anzeiger. Centralblatt for the entire scientific anatomy , year 1897, pp. 219–232. Jena 1897.
  3. ^ Official directory of the staff of teachers, civil servants and students at the royal Bavarian Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich. Winter semester 1889/90, Munich 1889, urn : nbn: de: bvb: 19-epub-9627-6 . as well as the official register of the staff of teachers, civil servants and students at the royal Bavarian Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich. Summer semester 1890, Munich 1890 urn : nbn: de: bvb: 19-epub-9628-2 .
  4. ^ Wilhelm Zentner:  Hoeßlin, Franz von. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 9, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1972, ISBN 3-428-00190-7 , p. 369 f. ( Digitized version ).
  5. ↑ cf. the entry for Maximilian Rüdinger in: Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Munich. Department IV War Archives. War trunk rolls, 1914-1918. 12496. War ranking: Res. Kav. Regt. 6, Vol. 1 ; as well as for Hermann Rüdinger in: Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Munich. Department IV War Archives. War trunk rolls, 1914-1918. 12723. War ranking: Replacement squadron 8th Bavarian. Chevauleger Regt. (Dillingen location).
  6. ↑ cf. the communication in: Buschan, G. (Ed.): Centralblatt für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte , 1st year 1896, p. 374. Breslau 1896.
  7. ↑ cf. the death announcement in: J. Ranke (Hrsg.): Correspondenz-Blatt of the German society for anthropology, ethnology and prehistory. , XXVII. Born in 1896, p. 74. Munich 1896.
  8. ↑ a b cf. Irmgard Müller: Selected images from works in the former German Medical Library. (PDF; 4.2 MB) Bochum (undated).
  9. ↑ ( Section protocol of the corpse of King Ludwig II of Bavaria . )
  10. ↑ a b Official directory of the staff of teachers, civil servants and students at the royal Bavarian Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich. Summer semester 1896, Munich 1896, urn : nbn: de: bvb: 19-epub-9640-8 .
  11. ↑ Minutes of the meeting of the Erbes-Büdesheim municipal council from June 28, 2010. ( Online )
personal data
SURNAME Rüdinger, Nikolaus
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Rüdinger, Nicolaus
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German anatomist
DATE OF BIRTH March 25, 1832
PLACE OF BIRTH Erbes-Büdesheim , Rheinhessen
DATE OF DEATH August 25, 1896
Place of death Tutzing