Georg Simon Ohm

Georg Simon Ohm

Georg Simon Ohm (born March 16, 1789 in Erlangen , † July 6, 1854 in Munich ) was a German physicist .

Life

Ohm came from an old bourgeois family that had passed the locksmith trade from father to son for many generations. His father Johann Wolfgang returned to Erlangen as a traveling journeyman after ten years of wandering , acquired the master's license in 1785 and married Elisabeth Maria Beck. At the same time he devoted himself to the study of mathematics and the Kantian philosophy . The father introduced his two sons Georg Simon and Martin (1792–1872), who, contrary to family tradition, were allowed to attend high school, to mathematics at an early age and gave them mathematics lessons themselves. At the age of fifteen, Georg Simon Ohm was subjected to a five-hour examination by the mathematics professor Karl Christian von Langsdorf , who confirmed his extraordinary talent and his well above-average knowledge in the field of mathematics. The professor was so impressed that in the final sentence of his report he expressed the hope that a new pair of Bernoulli brothers would emerge from the master locksmith's family .

In 1805 Georg Simon Ohm began studying mathematics, physics and philosophy at the Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen at the age of 16 . Due to financial difficulties he had to break off his studies after a year and went to a private school in the former Gottstatt monastery in Switzerland as a math teacher . At 22 he returned to Erlangen back, was there in 1811 with a thesis on light and color to the doctor doctorate and worked in Erlangen three semesters as a lecturer in mathematics. In 1812 he became a teacher at the old grammar school (now Kaiser Heinrich grammar school) and the secondary school (today Clavius ​​grammar school ) in Bamberg , in 1817 teacher of physics and mathematics at the Jesuit grammar school ( Dreikönigsgymnasium ) in Cologne and in 1826 at the war school in Berlin .

Ohm monument at the Technical University in Munich, Theresienstraße

His main interest was electricity, which was largely unexplored at the time. In 1833 he became a professor at the Royal Polytechnic School in Nuremberg , which he also headed as director from 1839 and which today bears his name ( Technical University of Nuremberg Georg Simon Ohm ). In 1849 he moved to the University of Munich, where he initially held an extraordinary, and from 1852 a full professorship for experimental physics .

His students included the mathematician Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet and the astronomer Eduard Heis .

tomb

Georg Simon Ohm found his final resting place in the Old South Cemetery in Munich (Grabfeld 15-Reihe 1-Grab 41, location ).

Gravestone in the old southern cemetery in Munich

Postage stamp from the German Federal Post Office (first issued May 5, 1994). It shows a color-coded resistor and Ohm's law U = R · I

Works

The writings of Ohms are numerous. The most important of these was an article published in Berlin in 1827 entitled The galvanic chain mathematically processed . This work, whose initial ideas had appeared in the biographical-literary concise dictionary of the exact natural sciences by Johann Salomon Schweigger and Johann Christian Poggendorff in the two previous years , had an important influence on the development of the theory and application of electric current .

Ohm's name has entered the terminology of electricity . As Ohm's law , the proportionality between current and voltage in an electrical conductor called that Ohm had found in the spring 1826th The constant of proportionality is called electrical resistance , the SI unit of which is the ohm (symbol Ω).

Ohm also put forward a theory of aliquots or overtones in 1843 .

Honors

• 1839: Corresponding member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
• 1841: Awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society
• 1842: Appointment as an external member of the Royal Society
• 1845: Appointment as a foreign member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences
• 1850: Full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences
• 1853: Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art

Posthumously

• In 1881, at the First International Electricity Congress, the unit for electrical resistance was named after ohms.
• A bust of him is in the Hall of Fame in Munich.
• A memorial by him stands in front of the building of the Technical University of Munich in Theresienstrasse.
• The Technical University of Nuremberg Georg Simon Ohm , one of the largest universities for applied sciences in Germany , is named after him . The Ohm-Gymnasium in his hometown Erlangen and the Georg-Simon-Ohm-Vocational College in Cologne also bear his name.
• The asteroid (24750) Ohm was named after him.
• A crater on the back of the moon was also named after Georg Ohm.

List of selected works

• Basic lines for an appropriate treatment of geometry as a higher educational medium (first work) ( PDF )
• Preliminary notification of the law according to which metals conduct contact electricity (In: Journal für Chemie und Physik, in conjunction with several scholars, edited by JSC Schweigger. Halle: Association for the dissemination of knowledge of nature. 44, 1825 = Yearbook of Chemistry and Physics [New Series]; as a journal of the scientific association for the dissemination of natural knowledge and higher truth, edited by JSC Schweigger. Halle: Association for the dissemination of natural knowledge. 14, 1825, pp. 110–118) ( PDF )
• About conductivity of metals for electricity (In: Journal for Chemistry and Physics, in connection with several scholars ed. By JSC Schweigger. Halle: Association for the dissemination of knowledge of nature. 44, 1825 = Yearbook of Chemistry and Physics [New Series]; as one Journal of the scientific association for the dissemination of knowledge of nature and higher truth, edited by JSC Schweigger. Halle: Association for the dissemination of knowledge of nature. 14, 1825, pp. 245–247) ( PDF )
• The galvanic chain, processed mathematically (Reimann, Berlin 1827, 245 S .: graph. Darst.) ( PDF ; digitized and full text in the German text archive ), ISBN 3-939962-03-1
• The galvanic chain, processed mathematically (Berlin 1827; new edition, Vienna 1857)
• Supplements to Ohm's mathematical processing of the galvanic chain: missions from Dr. GS Ohm, Prof. zu Berlin, to Hofrath Pfaff, Professor zu Erlangen (In: Karl Wilhelm Gottlob Kastner Hg .: Archive for the Entire Science of Nature , Nuremberg 1827ff. Vol. 14, 1828, pp. 475–493) ( PDF )
• About the definition of the tone, together with the theory of the siren and similar tone-forming devices linked to it (In: Annalen der Physik und Chemie, ed. Zu Berlin by JC Poggendorff. 59, 1843 = Annalen der Physik und Chemie, Second Row. 29, 1843. Leipzig: Barth, pp. 513-565) ( PDF )
• Elements of analytical geometry in space on oblique-angled coordinate systems (Nuremberg: Schrag, 1849. XII, 590 S.) = Contributions to Molecular Physics 1 ( PDF )
• Explanation of all interference phenomena that are perceptible in uniaxial crystal plates between rectilinearly polarized light (Munich 1854) ( PDF )
• Basics of physics as a compendium for his lectures (Nuremberg 1854) ( PDF )

See also

• Ohm's law
• Ohmmeter
• Ohmmeter

Others

In 1914 Messrs. Hirota, Ogimoto, supported by Mr. Maruyama, founded a publishing house for technical knowledge in Japan, which they named after their initials OHM-sha, naturally with reference to Georg Simon Ohm.

literature

• Carl M. von Bauernfeind: Commemorative speech for Georg Simom Ohm , Technical University, Munich 1882.
• Ernst G. Deuerlein: Georg Simon Ohm 1789–1854. Life and work of the great physicist . Extended 2nd edition, Erlangen: Verlag Palm & Enke, 1954, 32 pp.
• Bianca A. Hermann: Famous researchers and scholars: Georg Simon Ohm (1789–1854) . In: Ulrike Leutheusser, Heinrich Nöth (Hrsg.): Munich shines for science . Lecture Series Famous Researchers and Scholars. Allitera Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-86520-257-4 ( summary of the author's lecture ( memento of February 11, 2018 in the Internet Archive )).
• Dieter Ullmann: Ohm-Seebeck-Helmholtz and the tone color problem. NTM font no. Business Naturwiss., Techn., Med., Leipzig 25, H. 1, 65-68 (1988).
• Michael Droescher: Georg Simon Ohm (1789–1989) , Cultural Office, Erlangen 1989.
• Peter May: Georg Simon Ohm. Life and Effect , City Museum, Erlangen 1989.
• Dietmar Hahlweg , Walter Füchtbauer, Klaus von Klitzing : 200 years of Georg Simon Ohm. 1798-1989 . Georg-Simon-Ohm-Verein, Erlangen 1989, 30 pages.
• Karl Maximilian von Bauernfeind:  Georg Simon Ohm . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 24, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1887, pp. 187-203.
• Jürgen Teichmann :  Ohm, Georg Simon. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 19, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-428-00200-8 , pp. 489-491 ( digitized version ).
• K. Jäger, F. Heilbronner (eds.): Lexikon der Elektrotechniker , VDE Verlag, 2nd edition from 2010, Berlin / Offenbach, ISBN 978-3-8007-2903-6 , pp. 316-317
• P. Volkmann: Technology pioneers: namesake of units of physical units , VDE Verlag, Berlin / Offenbach 1990, ISBN 3-8007-1563-5 , pp. 85–90
• Isaac Asimov: Biographical Encyclopedia of Natural Sciences and Technology , Herder, Freiburg / Basel / Vienna 1974, ISBN 3-451-16718-2 , p. 225
• Kenneth L. Caneva: Ohm, Georg Simon . In: Charles Coulston Gillispie (Ed.): Dictionary of Scientific Biography . tape 10 : SG Navashin - W. Piso . Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 1974, p. 186-194 .

Web links

Commons : Georg Ohm  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wikisource: Georg Simon Ohm  - Sources and full texts

• Ohm digital. All books and magazine articles by Georg Simon Ohm. Library of the Technical University of Nuremberg Georg Simon Ohm. 
• Literature by and about Georg Simon Ohm in the catalog of the German National Library
• Ohm at the old grammar school in Bamberg

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Hans Körner: The Bavarian Maximilians Order for Science and Art and its members . In: Journal for Bavarian State History . tape 47 , 1984, pp. 299–398 , p. 394 ( Digitale-sammlungen.de ).
2. ↑ Ohm
3. ↑ Ōm-sha (Ed.): Ōm-sha 100-nen koshi 1914-2014. Ohm-sha, 2014.