Gabelsberger shorthand

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" Wanderer's Night Song " (above) and "Wanderer's Night Song - A Same" (below) in Gabelsberg shorthand

The gabelsberger shorthand (or Gabelsbergersche shorthand ) is one of Franz Xaver Gabelsberger developed and by him as speech draftsmanship called German cursive shorthand . The Gabelsberger shorthand was at the turn of the 20th century in Germany and Austria with an estimated four million users, the largest school of around twenty competing shorthand systems. The Gabelsberger system was also carried over to numerous other languages, as it is with its italic, i.e. H. consistently written system stood out from the graphic systems widespread up to then. After the introduction of the German standard shorthand in 1924, the predecessor of which it is considered to be alongside the Stolze-Schrey system, the spread of this shorthand system increasingly declined. Today it is primarily of historical importance.

history

Franz Xaver Gabelsberger developed his system, which he also used in his profession as a chancellery from 1819, from 1817. In 1834 he published his system under the title "Instructions for German Speech Drawing". A further development regarding applicable reductions was published in 1843 under the title New Perfections . Gabelsberger, who died in 1849, could no longer complete the second edition of the art of speech drawing , begun in 1848 . It was finally published in 1850 by the Munich Stenographers Central Association on the basis of the notes left behind.

Even before Gabelsberger's death, three directions in Gabelsberger's shorthand emerged, which, after his death, argued about which of the three schools should have dominance. The aim of the Vienna School , which consisted mainly of parliamentary stenographers, was to further develop shorthand for practical reasons, especially with regard to the abbreviations and brevity of the script. The Dresden School, on the other hand, had set itself the goal of spreading the system across the board and therefore concentrated more on improving the differentiation within the system. The aim of the Munich school , which stood between the other two schools, was the strict tradition of Gabelsberger's spelling.

In order to forestall the breakup of the three schools, a stenographers' meeting of the Gabelsberger schools was convened in Munich in 1852, which laid down common rules, generally adopted with the Munich resolutions , whereby Gabelsberger's original writings were still valid as the system document. Since incorrect textbooks on the Gabelsberger shorthand were also on the market in the meantime, a further resolution of the Munich assembly included a price of 50 gold thalers for the best, shortest textbook on the Gabelsberger shorthand, which was ultimately awarded to the Augsburg prelate Hieronymus Gratzmüller has been. Based on controversies within the Saxon Stenographic Institute , the Gabelsberger shorthand was defined by the Dresden resolutions in 1857 through a first comprehensive system document, which was further reformed in 1895 by the Vienna resolutions and in 1902 by the Berlin resolutions . The reform of 1902 should also be seen in connection with the then increasing pressure from the Stolze-Schrey system. The Berlin resolutions led to sometimes controversial discussions among the students of the Gabelsberger schools.

In 1906, the federal chairman of the Gabelsberger School suggested introducing a standardization conference for shorthand based on the model of the Orthographic Conference of 1901 , since within the different shorthand systems it was recognized that only a uniform shorthand was sustainable. After the start of the standardization conferences in 1912 and from the Reichstag resolution in 1924 to introduce the German unified shorthand, the Gabelsberger shorthand schools and stenographers' associations gradually switched to the new system, with courses in Gabelsberger shorthand still taking place today.

Brief system overview

Autograph Franz-Xaver Gabelsberger: "On the Purpose and Use of the Sciences"

Like today's German unified shorthand, the Gabelsberger system is divided into a traffic script and a speech script , whereby these two levels are not further subdivided. The traffic script is divided into the teaching of word formation on the one hand and the teaching of (simple) word abbreviations on the other . The speech defines the sentence abbreviations , i.e. the abbreviation of words in the context of sentences.

Shorthand spelling

Similar to the German unified shorthand, the Gabelsberger shorthand also has a simplified spelling. As a rule, there are no expansion symbols for vowels and, apart from ll , rr , ss and ß, no double vowels and double consonants are shown, with no distinction between ss and ß , and sowie and s . Diphthongs and umlauts can be replaced with simpler vowels if there is no danger of confusion. Foreign words are usually written after pronunciation.

Writing room

The writing space of the Gabelsberger shorthand between the so-called lower and upper writing limit is four levels high and is divided into three areas. The middle area, the line space , lies between the baseline and the topline and is one step high. The areas below and above are each 1.5 steps high. In the context of superscripts and subscripts of letters, it is permissible to exceed the upper or lower font limit, but this should be avoided as far as possible. Every written word must touch the baseline.

Consonants and vowels

Examples of "br-", "dr-" and "fr-" from "Instructions for the German Art of Speech Marking" (1834)

The Gabelsberger shorthand knows at least one literal designation for each letter of the alphabet . The individual letters of a word are written one after the other and connected with a hairline , whereby the next letter is appended directly to the line height of the end of the previous letter.

The consonants f , p , v and t each have two similar display options, which differ in whether they are written upwards or downwards; therefore they are called changing signs . Overwriting the upper and lower font boundaries should be avoided by using the changing characters accordingly or by repositioning them on the baseline. For this purpose, initial vowels and certain prefixes can also leave their place and appear at the top of certain characters. If l or s are at the beginning of a word, the so-called prefix is omitted here, at the end of the word the suffix ; the latter also applies to a , i , j and y . If double consonants are to be designated, this can be done, depending on the character, by stringing them closely together, by a doubling loop or by enlarging the character. The system document of the Gabelsberger shorthand also defines a relatively extensive set of rules with regard to the representation of vowels and consonant combinations (so-called consonances ), which is why it was described by representatives of other shorthand schools as rather chaotic, albeit effective.

Vowels can be represented in four different ways. The most common form of representation for vowels is the symbolic representation , which means that a vowel is represented similarly to today's German unified shorthand by corresponding variation of the preceding or following consonant such as amplification , compression , superscript and subscript . However, this is not always possible, since the letter forms of the Gabelsberger shorthand are derived from the German Kurrentschrift of the 19th century, which was written with a spring-type pen , and therefore some consonants already have a base line shadow in their basic form . Thus, reinforced characters cannot be condensed and condensed characters cannot be condensed again. Furthermore, some characters cannot be superscripted or subscripted, which is why there is also the option of direct representation for vowels, umlauts and diphthongs . If there is no possibility of confusion, umlauts and diphthongs can also be represented by sound-related vowels (substitution) . In certain cases it is also permissible not to designate individual vowels.

vocal Symbolic representation Representation by
e Easy connection
O Simple curvature
ö wide arch e
a Reinforcement
Ä Reinforcement and e e
i Compression, superscript, extension, steep position
u Subscript
ü Thwarting i or u
ouch Subscript and reinforcement
egg Wide superscript ei -Location
ai Reinforcement and egg egg
eu Subscript and egg egg
uh Reinforcement, subscript and egg egg

The form of representation of the individual characters, especially that of the symbolic representation of the vowels, was subject to changes in the course of the development of the Gabelsberger shorthand. The question of whether the vowel in the preceding or following consonant should be used in the symbolic representation of a vowel was discussed controversially by Gabelsberger's students for a long time. Gabelsberger himself preferred the representation in the preceding consonant in this question, did not attach great importance to this and often left out vowels entirely. In the Munich resolutions it was stipulated that the vowel representation had to be in the following consonant. This was later replaced by a comprehensive theory of vocalization, which was developed by the shorthand teacher Karl Albrecht on the basis of the Munich resolutions and was included in the Dresden resolutions.

The representation of the vowels in the Gabelsberger shorthand had a decisive influence on the vowel representation of the German unified shorthand. However, some symbolic forms of representation are only used with abbreviations in the initial text in shorthand. The standard vocalization scheme according to Carl Faulmann is used in the German unified shorthand ; however, the assignment of the vowels to the forms of representation was adapted to the principles laid down in the Gabelsberger shorthand.

Abbreviation

Like most systems of shorthand has also gabelsberger shorthand already in the basic level of traffic heading for frequently used words and syllables abstracts, including shortcuts or Sigel called. Some of these abbreviations were adopted in the German unity shorthand.

Word abbreviations

In contrast to other shorthand systems, the Gabelsberger shorthand already uses word abbreviations in the basic level, such as the omission of inflected and suffix syllables or sounds, word combinations or the addition of certain prefixes. As a result, the basic level of the Gabelsberger shorthand is more likely to be compared with the "express writing" of the German standard shorthand.

Speech

To accomplish this note of speeches gabelsberger shorthand also has a speech writing . The means of shortening the shape , the shortening of the stem or the sound and the mixed shortening are comparable to the rules of shortening of other shorthand systems. There is no further subdivision of the spoken script, as has been customary since 1968 in the German standard shorthand with a subdivision of the shorthand into express and spoken script.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Faulmann: History of the development of the Gabelsberger system of stenography
  2. ^ System certificate of Gabelsberger's shorthand. Preface.
  3. ^ Rätzsch / Fuchs: Course of Stenography. Preface.
  4. ^ Central Stenographers Association Gabelsberger e. V.
  5. ^ Rätsch / Fuchs: Course of Stenography.
  6. ^ Rätsch / Fuchs: Course of Stenography.
  7. ^ Faulmann: History of the Gabelsberger'schen shorthand.
  8. ↑ Vienna certificate of the German unity shorthand

literature

Web links

Commons : Gabelsberger shorthand  - collection of images, videos and audio files