Green fielded Täubling

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Green fielded Täubling
Russula virescens BŻ2.1.jpg

Green field hornbill ( Russula virescens )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Russulas ( Russula )
Type : Green fielded Täubling
Scientific name
Russula virescens
Velen.

The green field deafness ( Russula virescens ), which is also called fielded (green) deafness , is a fungus from the family of deaf relatives (Russulaceae). It is a medium-sized blubber with white spore powder and mostly chip-green, field-tearing hat skin. It has a mild taste and is valued as an edible mushroom. You can usually find it in the deciduous forest under oaks and beeches. The Latin type epithet is virescens and means "greening".

features

The name of the Grüngefelderten Täubling results from the hat skin that soon tears open in a typical field.
The underside of a mushroom hat lying on the forest floor, white radial lines around the central white stem; the lines are tightly packed with little space between them
The cream-colored lamellae on the underside of the hat of the green field bladder in the picture have grown on the handle.
Spores of the green field blubber in the light microscope

Macroscopic features

The hat of the green field blubber is 6 to 15 centimeters wide. It is hemispherical when young, then convex and expanded with age and slightly depressed in the middle. The hat skin is greenish, especially in the middle and at the edge cracked open, with greenish fields and yellowish cracks, which can also become dirty-yellow with age. The green color of the hat can have very different shades of green, ranging from gray-green to chip-green to grass-green. The skin of the hat can also be torn open to different degrees. There are specimens with few fields that are strongly reminiscent of other green-capped species such as the grass-green blubber Russula aeruginea . The green fields lie on a whitish to pale greenish background. The hat is usually round, but it can also be irregularly unfolded or have cracks. The hat skin is thin and can easily be peeled off up to half.

The lamellae are white to cream-colored and are quite narrow in the young mushroom. They are bulging on the stem and often brown spots with age. At their base, the lamellae are cross-veined.

The stem is cylindrical, white and of variable height, usually 4 to 8 inches long and 1 to 3 inches wide. Below the slats, the handle can be powdered white. With age, injuries or pressure, the stalk can turn brown. As with other species of the Russulales order , the meat contains, in addition to the mostly elongated hyphae, spherical cells, the so-called spherocysts, which are responsible for the typical fragility of the meat.

Microscopic features

The spores of the green field blubber are elliptical, 6.5 to 9 micrometers long and 5.5 to 7 micrometers wide, and very variable in shape. The spur ornament is also variable. Spores can be fine-grained or delicately prickly. Individual fine connections can be formed between the warts, but they can also be connected to one another abruptly or partially like a network. Short, blunt, eyelash-like hyphae are found in the epicutis , which is the upper layer of the capillary skin. The basidia , the spore-bearing cells, are club-shaped, 24 to 33 micrometers long and 6 to 7.5 micrometers wide. They are colorless and contain 2 to 4 spores. The relatively few pleurocystids - these are cystids that are located on the surface of the lamellae - are 40 to 85 micrometers long and 6 to 8 micrometers wide and end abruptly in a sharp point. They do not stain or stain only weakly with sulfovanillin .

Species delimitation

In Germany, the Grüngefelderte Täubling is one of the few Täublingen that can be easily and reliably recognized even by laypeople. There are other green-capped Bluebirds such as the grass-green Bluebird Russula aeruginea , but this can be easily distinguished by its smooth, gray-green hat and the ocher-yellow lamellae when ripe.

Other deafnesses with cracked hat skin, such as the crack-hatched woman's deafness, Russula cyanoxantha var. Cutefracta , always have violet hues that are completely absent in the green field deafness .

In North America, there are Russula crustosa and Russula parvovirescens, two pigeons that look extremely similar to the green field pigeon. Russula parvovirescens can only be reliably differentiated from the green field blotch by experts after extensive microscopic examination.

Russula crustosa tends to be easier to identify. His hat skin is also torn open, but when wet, his hat becomes sticky to slimy and the color is much more variable. It can be more reddish, yellowish or brown. The spore powder in Russula crustosa is also more yellowish.

Another North American species is Russula redolens . His hat is greyish-green to blue-green, but in contrast to the green-fielded Täubling, the hat surface is smooth and not torn. Russula redolens also has an unpleasant taste and smells like parsley.

ecology

The green field deaf can be found in deciduous forests as well as in mixed forests, as it can form an ectomycorrhiza with different trees .

In Germany you can find it mostly in light beech forests, less often in corresponding hornbeam-oak or spruce and fir forests. It can also be found on forest paths, forest edges, in parks and occasionally under individual trees in forest clearings. The fungus prefers acidic to neutral pH values and occurs on moderately dry to moderately fresh, low-base to low-base, nutrient-poor and, above all, nitrogen-poor sandy and loamy soils, mostly over silicate rocks such as granite , gneiss , porphyry . In over-acidic topsoil, the fungus can occasionally also be found on a weakly alkaline substrate.

Its most important mycorrhizal partners are the common beech and the oak ; it seldom forms a symbiosis with other deciduous trees or with spruce or fir . The fruiting bodies can appear individually or in groups between July and October. They are often found in the same place year after year, mostly in the grass.

distribution

European countries with evidence of finding of the green field blubber.
Legend:
  • Countries with found reports
  • Countries without evidence
  • no data
  • non-European countries

    • The green field Täubling is a Holarctic species that can be found from the meridional to the temperate to the moderately cool hemiboreal zone. The species occurs in northern Asia (northeast Russia, Korea, Malaysia, China and Japan) and in eastern North America (USA, Canada). They can also be found in North Africa (Morocco) and Europe. It is widespread in Europe. In the south it occurs from Spain to Romania and in the north in all of southern Fennoscandinavia. In the west you can find it from France, over the Netherlands to Great Britain and Ireland, while the eastern distribution area extends to Belarus and Russia.

    In Germany, the green field Täubling is very different from the Danish border to the foothills of the Alps, as it is largely absent in limestone areas. The species is still widespread, but there has been a clear decline in recent years, so that the species is now on the Red List in endangerment category RL3.

    The distribution of Russula virescens in North America is controversial as there are a number of similar species such as Russula crustosa and Russula parvovirescens . Some mycologists believe that Russula virescens is a purely European species, as B. Buyck and his coworkers (2006) found in their rDNA analyzes that the Virescens crustosa group in the eastern United States is much more complex than suspected and consists of at least one There are dozen genetically distinguishable species that differ significantly from the European form.

    Systematics

    Inquirerous classification

    The green field pigeon is the type of the subsection Virescentinae within the section Heterophyllae . The mushrooms in this group are distinguished by their hats that are cracked open in fields.

    meaning

    Food value

    Russula virescens is an excellent and popular edible mushroom. It doesn't have a distinctive odor, but its taste is described as mild and nutty.

    Inexperienced mushroom pickers should be careful not to confuse the green field blubber with the deadly poisonous green amanita phalloides , which can be easily recognized by its bulbous sheath and stem ring.

    literature

    Individual evidence

    1. ^ Synonyms of Russula virescens. In: Species Fungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved August 25, 2011 .
    2. ↑ A. Jamieson, R. Ainsworth, T. Morell: Latin dictionary: Morell's abridgment . Moon, Boys & Graves, London 1828, pp. 22 ( Google Books ).
    3. ^ A b c d VB McKnight, KH McKnight: A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America . Houghton Mifflin, Boston 1987, ISBN 0-395-91090-0 , pp. 325 ( Google Books ).
    4. ↑ a b R. Phillips: Rogers Mushrooms | Mushroom Pictures & Mushroom Reference. (No longer available online.) Rogers Plants Ltd, archived from the original on March 4, 2016 ; Retrieved August 25, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.rogersmushrooms.com
    5. ↑ Jens H Petersen, Jan Vesterholt: Danske storsvampe: (basidiesvampe) . Gyldendal, Viborg 1990, ISBN 87-01-09932-9 .
    6. ↑ M. Jordan: The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe . Frances Lincoln, London 2004, ISBN 0-7112-2378-5 , pp. 328 ( Google Books ).
    7. ^ RA Healy, DR Huffman, LH Tiffany, G. Knaphaus: Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States (Bur Oak Guide) . University of Iowa Press, Iowa City 2008, ISBN 1-58729-627-6 , pp. 117 ( Google Books ).
    8. ^ Russulales News / Characteristics of the russuloid fungi. Russian News Team, accessed January 26, 2016 .
    9. ↑ a b c David Arora: Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi . 2nd Edition. Ten Speed ​​Press, Berkeley 1986, ISBN 0-89815-170-8 , pp. 95 ( Google Books ).
    10. ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 .
    11. ↑ a b T. Hinkova: Нашите Гъби . Zemizdat (Bulgaria), 1986, p. 107 .
    12. ^ Z. Bi, G. Zheng, T. Li: The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province (Chinese University Press) . Columbia University Press, New York 1993, ISBN 962-201-556-5 , pp. 522 ( Google Books ).
    13. ^ V. Metzler, S. Metzler: Texas Mushrooms: a Field Guide . University of Texas Press, Austin 1992, ISBN 0-292-75125-7 , pp. 110 ( Google Books ).
    14. ↑ a b Bart Buyck, Donna Mitchell, Jeri Parrent: Russula parvovirescens sp. nov., a common but ignored species in the eastern United States . In: Mycologia . tape 98 , no. 4 (July / August), August 2006, ISSN  0027-5514 , p. 612-615 , doi : 10.3852 / mycologia.98.4.612 , PMID 17139854 .
    15. ↑ a b c Russula virescens at Mushroom Expert. Mushroom Expert, accessed July 22, 2009 .
    16. ^ HR Miller, OK Miller: North American Mushrooms: a Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi . Falcon Guide, Guilford, Conn 2006, ISBN 0-7627-3109-5 , pp. 79 ( Google Books ).
    17. ^ SE Smith, DJ Read, JL Harley: Mycorrhizal symbiosis . Academic Press, San Diego 1997, ISBN 0-12-652840-3 , pp. 369 .
    18. ↑ toilet Roody: Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians . University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky 2003, ISBN 0-8131-9039-8 , pp. 234 ( Google Books ).
    19. ↑ a b Russula virescens in the PilzOek database. In: pilzoek.de. Retrieved August 22, 2011 .
    20. ↑ Belgian List 2012 - Russula virescens. Retrieved on June 7, 2012 (Täubling rare: No threat).
    21. ↑ Cvetomir M. Denchev, Boris Assyov: Checklist of the larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 279–282 ( mycotaxon.com [PDF; 578 kB ; accessed on August 31, 2011]).
    22. ^ Estonian eBiodiversity Species description Russula virescens. In: elurikkus.ut.ee. Retrieved January 26, 2016 .
    23. ↑ Worldwide distribution of Russula virescens. (No longer available online.) In: data.gbif.org. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013 ; Retrieved August 21, 2011 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / data.gbif.org
    24. ↑ Elias Polemis et al .: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: 5. (PDF; 330 kB) Basidiomycetes associated with woods dominated by Castanea sativa (Nafpactia Mts., Central Greece). In: Mycotaxon 115 / mycotaxon.com. 2008, p. 16 ff , accessed on August 22, 2011 .
    25. ^ S. Petkovski: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009.
    26. ↑ Gordana Kasom, Mitko Karadelev: Survey of the family Russulaceae (Agaricomycetes, Fungi) in Montenegro . In: Warsaw Versita (ed.): Acta Botanica Croatica . tape 71 , no. 2 , 2012, ISSN  0365-0588 , p. 1–14 ( versita.metapress.com [PDF]). versita.metapress.com ( Memento of the original from April 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / versita.metapress.com
    27. ^ TV Andrianova and others: Russula virescens. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on November 27, 2015 ; accessed on May 3, 2012 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
    28. ↑ KJ Lee, YS Kim: Host range and host specificity of putative ectomycorrhizal fungi collected under ten different artificial forest types in Korea . In: Agricultural Research Seoul National University . tape 11 , no. 2 , 1986, ISSN  0253-651X , pp. 41-48 .
    29. ↑ R. Watling, L. susee: Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with members of the Dipterocarpaceae in Peninsular Malaysia - II . In: Journal of Tropical Forest Science . tape 10 , no. 4 , 1998, ISSN  0128-1283 , pp. 421-430 .
    30. ↑ Wei Hong Peng, Bing Cheng Gan, Wei Tan, Yong Guo: Studies on economic mushrooms in Longmen mountain areas . In: Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences . tape 16 , no. 1 , 2003, ISSN  1001-4829 , p. 36-41 (Chinese, en.cnki.com.cn ).
    31. ↑ Red list data from Russula virescens. In: s4ads.com. Retrieved August 25, 2011 .
    32. ^ Singer R: The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy . Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein 1986, ISBN 3-87429-254-1 , p. 820-21 .
    33. ^ B. Russell: Field Guide to the Wild Mushrooms of Pennsylvania and the Mid-Atlantic . Penn State University Press, University Park, Pa 2006, ISBN 0-271-02891-2 , pp. 97-98 ( Google Books ).
    34. ↑ ER Boa: Champignons comestibles sauvages: vue d'ensemble sur leurs utilizations et leur importance pour les populations . Ed .: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Organization des nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture, Rome 2006, ISBN 92-5205157-0 , p. 149 (French).
    35. ↑ L. Zeitlmayr: Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook . Garden City Press, Hertfordshire 1976, ISBN 0-584-10324-7 , pp. 62 .

    Web links

    Commons : Grüngefelderter Täubling ( Russula virescens )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files