Colas
| Colas | ||||||||||||
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Cola acuminata , illustration with follicle and cola nuts (cotyledons) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| cola | ||||||||||||
| Schott & Endl. |
The kola trees ( Cola ) are a genus of plants in the subfamily of the stink tree family (Sterculioideae) within the family of the mallow family (Malvaceae). You are in Africa south of the Sahara is home.
description
Vegetative characteristics
Cola species grow as mostly branched trees that reach heights of 20 to 30 meters. The alternate leaves arranged on the branches are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petioles often have a thickened pulvinus in the upper area ; they can also be thickened at their base. The simple leaf blades are palmately lobed or divided into fingers.
Generative characteristics
The racemose , paniculate or frets time inflorescences appear laterally on the branches or Kauli- or Ramiflor the trunk. The flower stalks are usually articulated. Cola types are usually dioecious and separate sexes ( diocesan ).
The flowers are usually functionally unisexual or sometimes hermaphroditic. There is only one bract circle , the petals are missing. There are three to seven, mostly four or five petaloid sepals resembling petals . There are five to twenty stamens present, and an androgynophore is often formed. The upper, approximate, up to ten carpels are free. The scar is multilobed.
Multi-seeded follicles are formed. Some of the seeds have a fleshy seed coat ( Arillus , Sarkotesta ). The seeds contain no endosperm and the embryo usually rarely has two, up to seven cotyledons ( cotyledons ).
Occurrence
All Cola TYPES come from Africa south of the Sahara (Sub) and do not reach Madagascar. Few species are cultivated in all of the tropics ; The most important growing countries are Brazil , Nigeria and the West Indies .
The center of the biodiversity of the genus Cola is in the "Guinea-Congolian" rainforests of West and Central Africa . But there are also species in the tropical deciduous forests that surround them. And there is a second biodiversity center along the East African coast.
Systematics
The genus Cola was established in 1832 by Heinrich Wilhelm Schott and Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher in Meletemata Botanica , page 33. Type species is Cola acuminata (P.Beauv.) Schott & Endl. Synonyms of Cola Schott & Endl. are: Bichea Stokes , Chlamydocola (K.Schum.) Bodard , Colaria Rafin. , Courtenia R.Br. , Edwardia Rafin. , Ingonia Pierre ex Bodard , Lunanea DC. , Lunanaea Endl. orthographic variant of Lunanea DC. , Siphoniopsis Karst.
The number of species in the genus Cola is controversial: fewer than 100 to around 125 species. In the African Flowering Plant Database , 103 are accepted and another six species whose status is unclear. Sometimes a genus Chlamydocola is spun off with two species. Little is known of some species, for example Cola buesgenii is only known from the collection of types .
The genus Cola can be divided into a subgenus Cola (Syn .: Eucola or Autocola , Schizocola , Chlamydocola , Haplocola , Cheirocola , Protocola , Anomocola) and the subgenus Cola is divided into two sections.
The following are considered valid species:
- Cola acuminata (P.Beauv.) Schott & Endl.
- Cola alba A. Chev.
- Cola altissima Engl.
- Cola angustifolia K.Schum.
- Cola anomala K.Schum.
- Cola argentea mast.
- Cola attiensis Aubrév. & Pellegr.
- Cola ballayi Cornu ex Heckel
- Cola bilenguensis Pellegr.
- Cola bipindensis Engl.
- Cola bodardii Pellegr.
- Cola boxiana Brenan & Keay
- Cola brevipes K.Schum.
- Cola bruneelii De Wild.
- Cola buesgenii Engl.
- Cola buntingii Baker f.
- Cola cabindensis Exell
- Cola caricifolia (G.Don) K.Schum.
- Cola cauliflora mast.
- Cola cecidiifolia Cheek
- Cola chlamydantha K.Schum.
- Cola chlorantha F. White
- Cola clavata mast.
- Cola coccinea Engl. & K.Krause
- Cola congolana De Wild. & T.Durand
- Cola cordifolia (Cav.) R.Br.
- Cola crispiflora K.Schum.
- Cola digitata mast.
- Cola discoglypremnophylla Brenan & APDJones
- Cola diversifolia De Wild. & T.Durand
- Cola duparquetiana Baill.
- Cola edeensis Engl. & K. Krause
- Cola fibrillosa Engl. & K.Krause
- Cola ficifolia mast.
- Cola flaviflora Engl. & K.Krause
- Cola flavovelutina K.Schum.
- Cola gabonensis mast.
- Cola gigantea A. Chev.
- Cola gigas Baker f.
- Cola gilgiana Engl.
- Cola gilletii De Wild.
- Cola glabra Brenan & Keay
- Cola glaucoviridis Pellegr.
- Cola greenwayi Brenan
- Cola griseiflora De Wild.
- Cola heterophylla (P.Beauv.) Schott & Endl.
- Cola hispida Brenan & Keay
- Cola hypochrysea K.Schum.
- Cola idoumensis Pellegr.
- Cola kimbozensis Cheek
- Cola lasiantha Engl. & K.Krause
- Cola lateritia mast.
- Cola le-testui Pellegr.
- Cola lepidota K.Schum.
- Cola letouzeyana Nkongmeneck
- Cola liberica Jongkind
- Cola lissachensis Pellegr.
- Cola lizae N.Hallé
- Cola lomensis Engl. & K.Krause
- Cola lorougnonis Aké Assi
- Cola louisii Germ.
- Cola Lukei Cheek
- Cola macrantha K.Schum.
- Cola mahoundensis Pellegr.
- Cola marsupium K.Schum.
- Cola mayimbensis Pellegr.
- Cola mayumbensis Exell
- Cola megalophylla Brenan & Keay
- Cola metallica cheek
- Cola millenii K.Schum.
- Cola minor Brenan
- Cola mixta A. Chev.
- Cola mossambicensis Wild
- Cola mosserayana Germ.
- Cola nana Engl. & K. Krause
- Cola natalensis olive.
- Cola ndongensis Engl. & K. Krause
- Cola nigerica Brenan & Keay
- Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl.
- Cola noldeae Engl. & K.Krause
- Cola octoloboides Brenan
- Cola pachycarpa K.Schum.
- Cola pallida A. Chev.
- Cola philipi-jonesii Brenan & Keay
- Cola pierlotii Germ.
- Cola porphyrantha Brenan
- Cola praeacuta Brenan & Keay
- Cola pseudoclavata Cheek
- Cola pulcherrima Engl.
- Cola quentinii cheek
- Cola quintasii Engl.
- Cola reticulata A. Chev.
- Cola ricinifolia Engl. & K.Krause
- Cola rondoensis Cheek
- Cola rostrata K.Schum.
- Cola ruawaensis Cheek
- Cola rubra A. Chev.
- Cola scheffleri K.Schum.
- Cola sciaphila Louis ex Germ.
- Cola selengana Germ.
- Cola semecarpophylla K.Schum.
- Cola simiarum Sprague ex Brenan & Keay
- Cola sphaerocarpa A. Chev.
- Cola sphaerosperma Heckel
- Cola stelechantha Brenan
- Cola subglaucescens Engl.
- Cola suboppositifolia Cheek
- Cola sulcata Engl.
- Cola tessmannii Engl. & K.Krause
- Cola triloba (R.Br.) K.Schum.
- Cola tsandensis Pellegr.
- Cola uloloma Brenan
- Cola umbratilis Brenan & Keay
- Cola urceolata K.Schum.
- Cola usambarensis Engl.
- Cola vandersmisseniana Germ.
- Cola verticillata (Thonn.) Stapf ex A.Chev.
- Cola welwitschii Exell & Mendonça ex R.Germ.
- Cola winkleri Engl.
use
Two species of the Cola section , Cola nitida and Cola acuminata , are grown extensively to harvest their caffeine and theobromine-containing fruits, the so-called kola nuts .
In West Africa the kola nuts are chewed. In the past, cola nuts served as a flavoring agent for cola drinks; they were originally also used to make Coca-Cola ; however, this is unusual nowadays. The fruits of the other species in the Cola section , Cola ballayi , Cola verticillata and Cola sphaerocarpa , are also stated to be edible.
swell
- H. Wild: Sterculiaceae in the Flora Zambesiaca , Volume 1, 1961: Cola - Online.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d H. Wild: Sterculiaceae in the Flora Zambesiaca , Volume 1, 1961: Cola - Online.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Stewart Robert Hinsley: Entry on the Malvaceae website, 2010.
- ^ Cola at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ^ African Flowering Plant Database
Web links
- Ingredients of the cola tree ( Cola acuminata) .
- Cola . In: U. Brunken, M. Schmidt, S. Dressler, T. Janssen, A. Thiombiano, G. Zizka: West African plants - A Photo Guide. Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main 2008.