Velvet foot calves
| Velvet foot calves | ||||||||||||
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Common velvet foot rubble ( Flammulina velutipes ) |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Flammulina | ||||||||||||
| P. Karst. |
The flammulina ( Flammulina ) is a fungal genus from the family of Physalacriaceae. The mushrooms usually grow in clumps on dead or living wood. The frost-resistant fruit bodies appear mainly in winter and are considered edible. In Asian cuisine , the common velvet foot is a valued edible mushroom and is therefore also cultivated.
features
Macroscopic features
The flat domed to depressed hat measures up to 6 (-10) cm in diameter and is white, yellow, ocher to orange-brown in color. A distinctive shiny, greasy to slimy surface of the hat that dries off sticky is typical . The lamellas have grown freely up to the stem , but never run down it. The color spectrum ranges from whitish to pale ocher to ocher yellow and ocher brown. The spore powder leaves a white to pale cream-colored imprint. The rooted stalk has a cartilaginous-gelatinous consistency and a velvety, downy bark. It rarely appears white to creamy-white along its entire length, often only the tip is cream to yellow-ocher and the part below is brown to black. The meat is cartilaginous and gelatinous, fibrous and tough in the stem and tastes mild.
Microscopic features
The elliptical, slender elliptical, cylindrical-elliptical to cylindrical spores are usually 6–12 (–14) µm long (in Flammulina cephalariae up to 17 µm long) and show no color reaction ( inamyloid or acyanophil) in iodine solution and cotton blue. Most come both to the blades and on the hat and the stem Zystiden ago. The hyphae have buckles on the transverse walls .
Generic delimitation
Potential doppelgangers can be found among the flammlings ( Gymnopilus ) and Schüpplingen ( Pholiota ).
ecology
The fruiting bodies grow mostly in tufts, more rarely individually on dead or living wood or lignified roots, e.g. B. the thorny Restharrow ( Ononis spinosa ) and the white-flowered scaly head ( Cephalaria leucantha ).
species
The genus comprises 17 species worldwide, of which 8 occur in Europe.
| Velvet foot calves ( Flammulina ) in Europe |
Restharrow 's velvet root ( Flammulina ononidis )
Poplar velvet root ( Flammulina populicola )
Species relocated to the genus Laccariopsis
Laccariopsis mediterranea , which is associated with common beach grass , initially described as Hydropus mediterraneus , was previously assigned as Flammulina mediterranea (Mediterranean velvet root ) among other things to the genus of velvet root , then as Xerula mediterranea ("Brick red root") to the genus root root ; it is also listed under the last-mentioned synonym in the Mushroom Compendium, in which a note explains that the generic allocation of this mushroom has not yet been definitively established.
etymology
The vernacular name Samtfußrublinge consists of two parts of the word. The term velvet foot refers to the velvety covered stem. The word Rüblinge was previously used as a German name for lamellar mushrooms with a rubbery, elastic, tough stem.
In the original description of the genus Flammulina , which was originally set up only to assign it to the common velvet foot, no explanation of the etymology is given. In the past, species of the current genera of the flammula, which can look similar to the velvet foot carrots due to the lack of a ring on the stem and similar joyful hat colors, were assigned to the genus Flammula . The Latin word Flammulina is the diminutive of the word Flammula, which in turn is the diminutive of the word Flamma, which means embers, flame or fire in German. The generic name can therefore directly refer to the similarity of the common velvet foot rubble to earlier species of the genus Flammula or, independently of this, refer to the common velvet foot rubble with the term "small flame" due to the lively yellow-orange color.
Web links
- Christoph Hahn: Flammulina key for Europe. In: Forum of the Bavarian Mycological Society . February 24, 2010, accessed December 4, 2012 .
swell
literature
- Erhard Ludwig: Descriptions . The smaller genera of macromycetes with a lamellar hymenophore from the orders Agaricales, Boletales and Polyporales. In: Mushroom Compendium . tape 1 . IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 978-3-930167-43-2 (758 pages, German with English summaries, 17 × 24 cm, contains 20 new taxa and 13 new combinations).
Individual evidence
- ↑ JL Perez-Butron, J. Fernández-Vicente: Una nueva especie de Flammulina P. Karsten, F. cephalariae (Agaricales) Finderada en España . In: Revista Catalana de Micologia . tape 29 , 2007, p. 81-91 .
- ↑ a b Christoph Hahn: Identification key for selected genera of the Agaricales 2: The genus Flammulina . In: Mycologia Bavarica . tape 17 , 2016, p. 7-24 .
- ↑ Pan Meng Wang, Xiao Bin Liu, Yu Cheng Dai, Egon Horak, Kari Steffen, Zhu L. Yang: Phylogeny and species delimitation of Flammulina: taxonomic status of winter mushroom in East Asia and a new European species identified using an integrated approach . In: Mycological Progress . tape 17 , no. 9 , 2018, p. 1013-1030 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-018-1409-2 .
- ↑ Ronald H. Petersen, Karen W. Hughes, Scott A. Redhead: The genus Flammulina . A Tennessee tutorial. In: University of Tennessee Mycology Lab of the College of Arts & Sciences of The University of Tennessee Knoxville. The University of Tennessee Knoxville, archived from the original on March 12, 2016 ; accessed on November 30, 2017 (English).
- ↑ Soňa Ripková, Karen Hughes, Slavomír Adamčík, Viktor Kučera, Katarína Adamčíková: The delimitation of Flammulina fennae . In: Mycological Progress . tape 9 , no. 4 , 2010, p. 469-484 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-009-0654-9 ( PDF; 545 kB ).
- ↑ Achim Bollmann, Andreas Gminder , Peter Reil: List of illustrations of large European mushrooms . In: Yearbook of the Black Forest mushroom teaching show . 4th edition. Volume 2. Schwarzwälder Pilzlehrschau, 2007, ISSN 0932-920X (301 pages; directory of the color images of almost all large European mushrooms (> 5 mm) incl. CD with over 600 species descriptions).
- ^ Alfredo Vizzini, Enrico Ercole, Samuele Voryron: Laccariopsis, a new genus for Hydropus mediterraneus (Basidiomycota, Agaricales). In: Mycotaxon . tape 121 , 2012, p. 393-403 .
- ↑ Jahn, Hermann .: Mushrooms all around: a paperback for determining and looking up around 500 native mushroom species . Reprint 1979 edition. Koeltz, Koenigstein 1979, ISBN 3-87429-159-6 , pp. 1-355 .
- ^ PA Karsten: Symbolae ad Mycologiam Fennicam. Part XXX . In: Meddelanden af Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica. tape 18 , 1891, p. 61–68 ( archive.org [PDF]).
- ↑ Gustav Lindau, Robert Pilger: Cryptogamology for Beginners. First volume. The higher mushrooms . Julius Springer, Berlin 1928, p. 1-529 .
- ↑ Online Latin Dictionary. Retrieved April 26, 2020 .