Wood sorrel

Wood sorrel
	Wood sorrel ( Oxalis acetosella ), illustration
Systematics
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Rosids
	Eurosiden I
Order :	Wood sorrel (Oxalidales)
Family :	Wood sorrel family (Oxalidaceae)
Genre :	Wood sorrel
Scientific name
	Oxalis
	L.

Wood sorrel ( Oxalis ) is a plant kind from the family of the sour clover plants (Oxalidaceae). With 700 to 800 species it is distributed almost worldwide. Because of the similarity of names, the sorrel genus is sometimes confused with “clover genera” and species from the legume family (Fabaceae).

description

Appearance and leaves

The sorrel species grow as annual or mostly perennial herbaceous plants , with upright to creeping or without stems, less often half-shrubs or shrubs . They thrive as helophytes , mesophytes or xerophytes . Depending on the species , they form rhizomes , onion-like or bulbous perennial organs.

The in basal rosettes or alternate and spirally on the stem axis arranged distributed ( Phyllotaxis ) leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The leaf blades mostly palmate in three or four parts, sometimes in several parts. The leaf surfaces are pinnate and can be dotted with glands. In some species there are joint pads with which the partial leaflets can be folded down at night or in dry conditions. Stipules are absent or very small.

Five-fold, radial symmetry flower of Oxalis magnifica

Inflorescences and flowers

On lateral, more or less long inflorescence shafts, the flowers stand individually over two small bracts or in several in dold-like , sometimes compound inflorescences .

The always hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five durable sepals are arranged like roof tiles. The five petals fused at most at their base are white, yellow, red or pink to purple in color. There may be a discus . There are two circles with five stamens each, which are often at their base but not fused with the petals; they can all be the same or mostly be significantly different. Five carpels are an above-permanent, fünfkammerigen ovary adherent of the five pen carries with capitate or bilobed scars . Each ovary chamber contains 2 to 15 pendulous, anatropic or hemianatropic ovules . Most often, heterostyly (most commonly tristyly) is present. They are seldom cleistogamous .

Capsule fruit of the upright wood sorrel ( Oxalis stricta ), also the durable sepals are recognizable

Fruits and seeds

The loculicidal capsule fruits tear open explosively with five flaps when ripe. The fruits have a fleshy axis that shrinks when dried; this causes the seeds to explode out of the fruit ( ballochorie ). The seeds usually contain a lot of oily endosperm and a straight embryo.

ingredients

The plants contain clover salt (potassium hydrogen oxalate) and oxalic acid , which cause the sour taste, as well as derivatives of anthraquinone in rhizomes and fatty oils in the seeds .

distribution

The center of the species diversity of the genus, which is very large with around 700 to 800 species, lies in the tropics and subtropics in the northern and southern hemispheres. More than 200 species have been described from southern Africa ( Capensis ) alone . The genus is also widespread in the temperate zones . But it is originally missing in Australia and the polar regions .

Systematics

The genus Oxalis was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, p. 433. The lectotype was published in 1907 by Small in N. Amer. Fl. 25, p. 25 Oxalis acetosella L. established. Synonyms for Oxalis L. are: Acetosella Kuntze , Bolboxalis Small , Hesperoxalis Small , Ionoxalis Small , Lotoxalis Small , Otoxalis Small , Oxys Mill. , Pseudoxalis Rose , Xanthoxalis Small .

The botanical generic name Oxalis comes from the ancient name of sorrel ( Rumex acetosa ) "oxalis", from the Greek oxaleios for sour, because of the sour taste of the leaves.

The complex classification system by TM Salter (1944) with around 37 sections must be regarded as provisional, as only a small number of the species were taken into account when it was listed. A comprehensive revision of the genus by means of DNA analysis is still pending , but there are phylogenies for South African and South American Oxalis species groups (see further literature).

Types (selection)

Wood sorrel ( Oxalis acetosella )

Blossom and leaves of Oxalis enneaphylla

Oxalis gigantea , a woody species

Nodding wood sorrel ( Oxalis pes-caprae ), habitus

There are around 700–800 species of oxalis (selection):

Wood sorrel ( Oxalis acetosella L. , Syn .: Oxalis montana Raf. ) Is often found in forests in Central Europe . Its distribution ranges from Europe and Asia to North America.

Oxalis articulata Savigny , Origin: South America

Oxalis atroglandulosa R. Knuth

Oxalis barrelieri L .: It is native to Central and South America and on islands in the Caribbean and is a neophyte in many other countries in Asia and Africa.

Oxalis bowiei Aiton ex G.Don (Syn .: Oxalis bowieana G.Lodd. , Nom. Nud., Oxalis bowiei Herb. ), Origin: South Africa

Oxalis bulbocastanum Phil.

Oxalis bupleurifolia A. St.-Hil.

Oxalis cinerea Zucc. (Syn .: Oxalis lineata Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. ): The homeland is Argentina and Chile.

Oxalis compacta Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. (Syn .: Oxalis platypila Gillies ex Hook. & R. Hedw. ): The home is Argentina.

Oxalis compressa Thunb. : The home is South Africa. In Australia she is a neophyte.

Horn sorrel ( Oxalis corniculata L. , Syn .: Xanthoxalis rufa Small ): Its home is unknown, it is a neophyte that has been naturalized in Europe and far beyond .

Oxalis debilis Kunth , with two varieties:

Oxalis debilis var. Corymbosa ( DC. ) Lourteig (Syn .: Oxalis corymbosa DC. ), Home: Brazil and Argentina
Oxalis debilis var. Debilis : The native region of South America.

Dillenius' wood sorrel ( Oxalis dillenii Jacq. ) Originally comes from North America and is a neophyte in many areas of the world, including Germany.

Oxalis enneaphylla Cav. is on the Falkland Islands and southern Chile endemic and is sometimes offered as an ornamental plant.

Oxalis fontana , see below: Oxalis stricta

Oxalis fruticosa Raddi

Oxalis gagneorum Fosberg & Sachet is endemic to the Marquesas Islands

Oxalis gigantea Barnéoud formssucculent shrubs up to 5 m in sizein Chile .

Oxalis glabra Thunb. , Home: South Africa

Oxalis grahamiana Benth.

Oxalis incarnata L .: It is native to southern Africa, in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand it is a neophyte.

Oxalis japonica Franch. & Sav.

Oxalis latifolia Kunth (Syn .: Ionoxalis vallicola Rose , Oxalis vallicola ( Rose ) R. Knuth ), native to Central and South America, is a neophyte in Europe.

Oxalis laxa Hook. & Arn. : The home is Peru, Chile and Argentina.

Oxalis lotoides Kunth : The home is Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru.

Oxalis magnifica ( Rose ) R. Knuth

Oxalis megalorrhiza Jacq. , from South America , forms long, succulent rhizomes. In succulent collections (mostly under the invalid name Oxalis carnosa Lindl. ), However, it soon becomes an annoying " weed ". The home is Ecuador, Peru and Chile.

Oxalis melilotoides Zucc. : The homeland is Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Oxalis micrantha Bertero ex Savi : The homeland is Ecuador, Peru, Argentina and Chile.

Oxalis oregana Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray , home: Northwest North America

Oxalis ortgiesii rule , occurs in the Peruvian Andes

Nodding wood sorrel ( Oxalis pes-caprae L. , Syn .: Oxalis cernua Thunb. ), Also called Bermuda wood sorrel or goat's foot wood sorrel, originally comes from South Africa and is naturalized in large parts of the Mediterranean and Central America.

Oxalis punctata L. f.

Oxalis purpurea L. , native to South Africa, is a naturalized neophyte in south-western Europe.

Oxalis rosea Feuillée ex Jacq. , Home: Chile

Oxalis simplicifolia Lorence & WLWagner , home: Marquesas Islands

Oxalis semiloba Sond.

Oxalis serpens A. St.-Hil. : The home is Brazil.

Oxalis stipulata Rose ex R. Knuth

Upright wood sorrel ( Oxalis stricta L. , Syn .: Oxalis europaea Jord. And Oxalis fontana Bunge ), also called European wood sorrel. His home is North America and Asia, he is a neophyte in many countries as well as in Europe .

Lucky clover ( Oxalis tetraphylla Cav. ) Comes from Mexico , is cultivated as lucky clover. In France, Austria, the Balkan Peninsula and Panama it is a neophyte in places.

Oxalis tortuosa Lindl. (Syn .: Oxalis maritima Barnéoud ): The home is Chile.

Oxalis triangularis A.St.-Hil. , is used as an ornamental plant. The home is Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina and Paraguay.

Oxalis tropaeoloides hoard. ex E. Vilm.

Tuberous wood sorrel ( Oxalis tuberosa Molina , Syn .: Oxalis crenata Jacq. ) Is a succulent species from the Andes , the tubers of which are eaten as a vegetable .

Oxalis valdiviensis Barnéoud ex Gay , homeland: Chile and Argentina. In France she is a neophyte.

Oxalis violacea L. (Syn .: Sassia tinctoria Molina ): The home is the United States.

Oxalis virgosa Molina : The home is Chile.

photos

Wood sorrel blossom ( Oxalis acetosella )

Horned wood sorrel flowers ( Oxalis corniculata )

Flowers of the nodding wood sorrel ( Oxalis pes-caprae )

Inflorescence from above of Oxalis regnellii

European wood sorrel ( Oxalis stricta )

Inflorescence of the lucky clover ( Oxalis tetraphylla )

Tuberous wood sorrel ( Oxalis tuberosa ), raw red oca

Tuberous wood sorrel ( Oxalis tuberosa ), cooked yellow oca

swell

Leslie Watson: Western Australian Flora. 2008: Oxalis - Online. (Section description)
Liu Quanru, Mark Watson: Oxalidaceae. In: Flora of China. Volume 11, 2008, p. 2: Oxalis
Walter Erhardt among others: The big pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names . Volume 2, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
Werner Greuter , HM Burdet, G. Long: Med-Checklist. Dicotyledones (Lauraceae-Rhamnaceae) . Volume 4, Conservatoire et jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève 1989, ISBN 2-8277-0154-5 , pp. 265-266.

Individual evidence

↑ The genus in Tropicos .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Oxalis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

Web links

Commons : Wood sorrel ( Oxalis ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

[tropicos-1] The genus in Tropicos .

[GRIN-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Oxalis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.