Banisteriopsis caapi
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Banisteriopsis caapi |
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| ( Spr. Ex Griseb. ) Morton |
Banisteriopsis caapi is a liana species from the Malpighia family(Malpighiaceae). The woody parts of the plant provide one of the two main active ingredients of ayahuasca , a hallucinogenic drink made from several plant components. The liana B. caapi is also called ayahuasca, a Quechua word that means "liana of spirits, liana of souls".
description
Banisteriopsis caapi has very long, often branched, woody stems. The leaves, which are up to 18 cm long and 8 cm wide, are generally oval in shape, but taper to a thin point. Its approximately 13 mm large flowers consist of four-flowered umbels, each with five white to pale pink sepals. The single plant rarely blooms; if so, then between December and August with a focus on January. The winged fruits develop between March and August.
Designations
The appearance of the plant varies greatly, which is also reflected in several synonymous names: Banisteria caapi Spruce ex Grisebach, Banisteria quitensis Niedenzu , Banisteriopsis inebrians Morton and Banisteriopsis quitensis (Niedenzu) Morton.
Other local names are as follows:
- Colombia : yagé, ayahuasca, yagé del monte, yagé sembrado
- Ecuador : ayahuasca, natema, nepe
- Peru : ayahuasca, ayahuasca amarilla, purga-huasca, ciele ayahuasca, ayahuasca negra, shuri-fisopa
- Brazil : caapí, yagé, cauupuri mariri, mão de onça, tiwaco-mariri
Varieties
Scientifically, two varieties are distinguished:
- Banisteriopsis caapi var. Caupari with nodular stems
- Banisteriopsis caapi var. Tukonaka with smooth stems
The Siona Indians differentiate between over ten plant forms depending on the color and shape of the leaves, the stems, the growth and the location. The Andoques differentiate between three types based on their effects.
distribution
Banisteriopsis caapi is widespread throughout the Amazon region, including Peru, Bolivia, Brazil and Venezuela, as well as on the Pacific coast of Colombia and Ecuador. Since the plant has been cultivated for centuries, its original origin can no longer be reliably determined.
The cultivated plants are usually sterile. They are therefore propagated by the Indians using cuttings.
ingredients
Β-Carbolines of the Harman alkaloid group of substances are found in all parts of the plant . The most important of these are harmine (40–96% share of total alkaloid content), harmaline (0–17% share of total alkaline content) and tetrahydroharmine (1–44% share of total total alkaline content).
The largest alkaloid concentration is found in the roots (0.64–1.95% alkaloid content of the dry weight), followed by the stems / trunk (0.11–0.83% of dry weight), the leaves (0.28– 0.70% of the weight) and the branches (0.14-0.37% of the weight).
Ingredients of B. caapi with small proportions are: Harmol, Harmalol , Harmine- N -oxide, Harminamide, Harminic acid, Harminic acid methyl ester, Harmalic acid, 6-Methoxytryptamine, Banistenoside A, Banistenoside B, Acetylnorharmine, Ketotetrahydronorharmin, Dirahydronorharmin and Tetrahydronihunorharmin,.
Using high-performance liquid chromatography , 1.7-12.5 mg total alkaloids per g dry weight were measured in the stems / stems; of which were 1.0-6.4 mg / g harmine, 0.3-1.3 mg / g tetrahydroharmine, 0.5-3.8 mg / g harmaline, 0.01-1.2 mg / g harmol and Traces up to 0.4 mg / g harmalol.
See also:
literature
- Christian Rätsch : Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Plants , 2nd edition, AT Verlag, Aarau 1998, ISBN 3-85502-570-3
- R. Hänsel, K. Keller, H. Rimpler, G. Schneider (Eds.): Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice: Volume 4: "Drugs AD" , p. 458, Springer Berlin 1992, ISBN 978-3-642-63468 -0 doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-642-58087-1_2
- Dagmar Eigner, Dieter Scholz: Ayahuasca - Liana of the spirits. In: Pharmacy in Our Time. 14, 1985, pp. 65-76, doi : 10.1002 / pauz.19850140302 .
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Dagmar Eigner, Dieter Scholz: Ayahuasca - Liana of the spirits. In: Pharmacy in Our Time. 14, 1985, pp. 65-76, doi : 10.1002 / pauz.19850140302 .
- ↑ a b c d e R. Hansel , K. Keller, H. Rimpler, G. Schneider (Eds.): Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice: Volume 4: "Drugs AD" , p. 458, Springer Berlin 1992, ISBN 978 -3-642-63468-0 doi : 10.1007 / 978-3-642-58087-1_2
- ↑ YH Wang, V. Samoylenko, BL Tekwani, IA Khan, LS Miller, ND Chaurasiya, MM Rahman, LM Tripathi, SI Khan, VC Joshi, FT Wigger, I. Muhammad: Composition, standardization and chemical profiling of Banisteriopsis caapi, a plant for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders relevant to Parkinson's disease. In: Journal of ethnopharmacology. Volume 128, number 3, April 2010, pp. 662-671, doi : 10.1016 / j.jep.2010.02.013 . PMID 20219660 . PMC 2878139 (free full text).
- ↑ JC Callaway, GS Brito, ES Neves: Phytochemical analyzes of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis. In: Journal of psychoactive drugs. Volume 37, Number 2, June 2005, pp. 145-150, PMID 16149327 .
