Wasserdost

Wasserdost
	Streaky water dost ( Eupatorium perfoliatum )
Systematics
	Euasterids II
Order :	Astern-like (Asterales)
Family :	Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily :	Asteroideae
Tribe :	Eupatorieae
Genre :	Wasserdost
Scientific name
	Eupatorium
	L.

Wasserdost ( Eupatorium ), and water hemp called, is a plant genus in the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). The approximately 45 species thrive in temperate areas of the northern hemisphere .

description

Illustration of the common water dost ( Eupatorium cannabinum )

Herbarium evidence of the common water deast ( Eupatorium cannabinum ) with parts of plants above and below ground

Opposite, stalked, pinnate leaves of Eupatorium fortunei

There are only a few flowers in a flower head, here with the common water feast ( Eupatorium cannabinum )

Infructescence of the common water feast ( Eupatorium cannabinum )

Achenes with pappus of the common water dost ( Eupatorium cannabinum )

Vegetative characteristics

Wasserdost species are annual or perennial herbaceous plants that reach heights of 30 to 200 centimeters. A rhizome or a thickening is formed at the base of the stem axis ( caudex ). The independently upright stems are usually not branched to the branches of the inflorescence.

The mostly opposite distributed on stems, rarely verticillately or sometimes almost at the upper end opposite to alternate constantly arranged leaves are sessile or pedunculated. The leaf blades have three main nerves or are pinnate. The leaf blades are mostly simple and delta-shaped or ovate to lanceolate or linear; sometimes completely different forms of spreading occur. Some species also have pinnately lobed leaf blades (for example, common water feast ( Eupatorium cannabinum )). The leaf margins are ± smooth, serrated or serrated. The leaf surfaces are bald or downy to rough or bristly hairy and usually dotted with glands.

Generative characteristics

The cup-shaped partial inflorescences stand together in umbrella-clustered or scattered to dense, branched, pyramidal paniculate , total inflorescences . The sessile or stalked flower heads are always disc-shaped. The basket shell (involucrum) is at a diameter of 1 to 3 to 5 or more millimeters inverted-conical to ellipsoidal. Usually 10 to 15 (7 to 22) mostly durable bracts overlap slightly to strongly like roof tiles and are usually in two to three, rarely up to five rows; sometimes the inner bracts are obsolete. In some species such as Eupatorium album , the bracts are the most strikingly colored part of the inflorescence. The mostly green bracts are two to three-nerved or there are hardly any nerves recognizable, they can also be pinnate. The mostly unequal, sometimes almost identical bracts are elliptical, lanceolate, oblong or obovate. The edges of the bracts are dry-skinned, translucent and the upper ends are rounded to pointed or acuminate, sometimes spiky. The surfaces of the bracts are usually finely or shaggy hairy, rarely bald and mostly they are dotted with glands. Typical of the genus Eupatorium s. st. is the flat, rarely slightly convex flower head base. There are no chaff leaves on the bottom of the basket .

In the cup-shaped inflorescence there are only radially symmetrical tubular flowers . In most species, the flower heads contain only three to five flowers. Only in the three species Eupatorium perfoliatum , Eupatorium serotinum and Eupatorium resinosum are there more than five flowers in the flower heads, with a maximum of 23 flowers.

All flowers are hermaphroditic and fertile. The petals are usually white or reddish, pink, lavender to purple due to anthocyanin . The five petals are narrowly funnel-shaped to narrowly bell-shaped and the corolla tube is also narrow at its base. Concentrated on the base of the corolla tube, the corolla throat and the corolla lobes, there are glands on the outside and rarely there are few hairs ( trichomes ). The corolla tube ends in five relatively short, triangular corolla lobes that are slightly longer than wide. The stamens usually do not protrude from the corolla tube. The upper appendages of the anthers are relatively large, ovate-triangular and about 1.5 times as long as they are wide. The lower anthers appendages are blunt to rounded, only short or almost absent. Nectaries can rarely be recognized. The base of the style is downy hairy or rarely glabrous (glabrous in Eupatorium capillifolium ); the rest of the stylus is mostly bare. A swollen lump may appear at the base of the pen. The two branches of the style are thread-like to somewhat widened or in the upper area widened with a papilose surface; they are often the most colorful parts of the flower. The stylus branches have long, thread-like, sterile appendages with a blunt end.

The brownish to blackish achenes are prismatic in shape, always five-ribbed, mostly bald and dotted with glands. The durable cardboard consists of a row with mostly 25 to 40 (20 to 50) whitish, bearded bristles; they are rounded at the top or there is a short point.

Sets of chromosomes

The basic number of chromosomes is x = 10. Even within one species, but especially among the hybrids , different degrees of ploidy were determined. Diploidy occurs only in the species Eupatorium lancifolium , Eupatorium resinosum , Eupatorium petaloideum , Eupatorium mikanioides , Eupatorium paludicola and Eupatorium album .

Phoebis sennae sucking nectar on the inflorescence of Eupatorium serotinum

Habitus of the common water deast ( Eupatorium cannabinum ) in the habitat

ecology

In Eupatorium TYPES rarely is therophytes , mostly hemicryptophytes .

Apomixis occurs in the Eupatorium species and hybrids . The pollination by insects is common. In three species, pollination takes place via the wind.

Usually the diaspores , the achenes , spread by means of the pappus through the wind.

Systematics, botanical history and distribution

The genus Eupatorium was 1753 Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , 2, page 836 first published . The genus name Eupatorium refers to King of Pontus Mitridates VI. Eupator (132-63 BC). Type species is Eupatorium cannabinum L. A homonym is Eupatorium Bubani published in Pietro Bubani : Flora Pyrenaea per ordines naturales gradatim digesta 2, 1899, page 268. Synonyms for Eupatorium L. are: Eupatorium sect. Dalea Loudon , Eupatorium sect. Heterolepis Baker , Eupatorium sect. Pteropoda DC. , Eupatorium sect. Subimbricata Hoffm. , Caradesia Raf. , Chrone Dulac , Cunigunda Bubani , Eriopappus Hort. ex Loudon , Eupatoriadelphus R.M. King & H.Rob. , Eupatoriastrum Greenm. , Halea L. , Pseudokyrsteniopsis R.M. King & H.Rob. , Viereckia R.M. King & H.Rob.

The genus Eupatorium belongs to the sub- tribus Eupatoriinae Dumort. from the tribe Eupatorieae Cass. in the subfamily Asteroideae within the family Asteraceae . The genus Eupatorium s. l. contained 800 to 1200 species in earlier broad conceptions and was split into many genera by King and Robinson in 1987 . The genera in which these species were placed are: Ageratina , Chromolaena , Condylidium , Conoclinium , Critonia , Cronquistianthus , Eutrochium , Fleischmannia , Flyriella , Hebeclinium , Koanophyllon , Mikania , Tamaulipa . This breakdown into small genres has been controversial, but has been consolidated in the 21st century. For the genus Eupatorium s. str., in the narrower sense, 42 to 45 species remain.

In Europe, North Africa and the Middle East, only one species is native, the common water deast ( Eupatorium cannabinum ). The other species are mostly found in North America (mainly in the eastern part), some also in East Asia . In North America there are about 20 species and about 4 natural hybrids (it turned out in 2007 that two types of the Flora of North America are also natural hybrids). There are about 14 species in China, six of them only there.

Image from Eupatorium album from The plants of southern New Jersey; with especial reference to the flora of the pine barrens and the geographic distribution of the species , 1911

Inflorescence of Eupatorium altissimum

Eupatorium chinense

Inflorescence of Eupatorium formosanum

Inflorescence of Eupatorium hyssopifolium

Eupatorium japonicum inflorescence

Inflorescence of Eupatorium lindleyanum

Foliage leaves and inflorescences of Eupatorium luchuense

Section of an inflorescence of Eupatorium mikanioides

Inflorescence of Eupatorium rotundifolium

Eupatorium serotinum inflorescence

There are around 42 species of Eupatorium and some natural hybrids:

Eupatorium album L .: The three varieties are common in the eastern United States .
- Eupatorium album L. var. Album : It thrives at altitudes of 10 to 300 meters.
- Eupatorium album var. Subvenosum A.Gray : It thrives in dry, open pine barrens and on sandy coasts at altitudes of 0 to 10, sometimes more, meters in the eastern US states of Delaware , New Jersey , New York and in the District of Columbia .
- Eupatorium album var. Vaseyi (Porter) Cronquist (Syn .: Eupatorium vaseyi Porter ): It thrives in dry to moist forests at altitudes of 20 to 300 meters.
Eupatorium altissimum L .: It thrives at altitudes of 20 to 400 meters in Ontario, Canada, and in large areas of the central to eastern United States.
Eupatorium amabile Kitam. : It thrives on grasslands, slopes, and rocks only in Taiwan .
Eupatorium anomalum Nash : It thrives at altitudes of 10 to 100 meters in the southeastern US states of Alabama , Florida , Georgia , North Carolina and South Carolina . She is at risk.
Common water deast ( Eupatorium cannabinum L. ): It is widespread in Europe , West Asia and North Africa and is a neophyte in North America .
Eupatorium capillifolium (Lam.) Small (Syn .: Eupatorium foeniculoides Walter ): It occurs in large areas of the United States, in Cuba and in the Bahamas. It is a neophyte in Central America and Venezuela.
Eupatorium chinense L .: It is common in India , Nepal , Korea , China and Taiwan. It is poisonous but is used as a medicinal plant.
Eupatorium compositifolium Walter : It thrives at altitudes of 10 to 200, sometimes more, meters in the United States.
Eupatorium formosanum Hayata (Syn .: Eupatorium formosanum var. Quasitripartitum (Hayata) Kitamura , Eupatorium quasitripartitum Hayata ): It occurs only in Taiwan and on the Japanese Ryūkyū Islands .
Eupatorium fortunei Turcz. (Syn .: Eupatorium caespitosum Migo , Eupatorium stoechadosmum Hance , Eupatorium chinense var. Tripartitum Miq. , Eupatorium fortunei var. Angustilobum Y.Ling ): It rarely occurs in the wild in China. It smells good, is used as a medicinal plant and for the production of scented oil, is cultivated and has grown wild in China, Japan, Korea, northern Thailand and Vietnam.
Eupatorium godfreyanum Cronquist : It thrives at altitudes of 20 to 300, sometimes more, meters in the eastern United States.
Eupatorium heterophyllum DC. (Syn .: Eupatorium mairei H.Lév. ): It occurs in Nepal , Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Gansu , Guizhou , Hubei , Shaanxi , Sichuan as well as Yunnan and perhaps in Taiwan. It is used as a medicinal plant.
Eupatorium hualiense C.H.Ou, SWChung & CIPeng : This endemic thrives on steep walls only in Taiwan and was first described in 1998.
Eupatorium hyssopifolium L .: The two varieties are distributed from the central to eastern United States.
- Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. var. Hyssopifolium : It thrives at altitudes of 10 to 200, sometimes more, meters.
- Eupatorium hyssopifolium var. Laciniatum A. Gray (Syn .: Eupatorium torreyanum Short & R. Peter ): It thrives at altitudes of 10 to 200, sometimes more, meters.
Eupatorium japonicum Thunb. (Syn .: Eupatorium fortunei var. Tripartitum (Makino) Nakai , Eupatorium japonicum var. Dissectum Makino , Eupatorium japonicum var. Simplicifolium Makino , Eupatorium japonicum var. Tozanense (Hayata) Kitamura , Eupatorium japonicum var. Tripartitum Makino , Eupatorium japonicum var. Wallichii (DC.) Yamamoto , Eupatorium tozanense Hayata , Eupatorium wallichii DC. ): It is widespread in China, Japan, Korea and Vietnam.
Eupatorium lancifolium (Torrey & A.Gray) Small : It thrives at altitudes of 50 to 500, sometimes more, meters in the central US states of Alabama, Arkansas , Louisiana and Texas .
Eupatorium leptophyllum DC. : It thrives at altitudes of 10 to 50, sometimes more, meters in the central to southern US states of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi , North Carolina, and South Carolina.
Eupatorium leucolepis (DC.) Torr. & A.Gray : They spread from Texas to the eastern United States. Until 2007 there were two varieties, but it turned out that one of them is a natural hybrid.
Eupatorium linearifolium Walter (Syn .: Eupatorium cuneifolium Willd. , Eupatorium glaucescens Elliott , Eupatorium tortifolium Chapm. ): It thrives at altitudes of 20 to 100, sometimes more, meters in the US states of Alabama, Delaware , Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Texas.
Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. : There are two varieties:
- Eupatorium lindleyanum var. Eglandulosum Kitamura : It occurs only in the Chinese provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang .
- Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. var. lindleyanum : It is widespread in Siberia , Korea, Myanmar , China, Taiwan, Japan and the Philippines . It is used as a medicinal plant.
Eupatorium luchuense Nakai (Syn .: Eupatorium kiirunense (Kitamura) Chou & SWChung , Eupatorium luchuense . Var kiirunense Kitamura ): You only comes in Taiwan and the Japanese Ryukyu Islands before.
Eupatorium mikanioides Chapm. : This endemic thrives in damp to wet, sometimes salty locations at low altitudes of 0 to 10, sometimes more, meters only in Florida.
Eupatorium mohrii Greene (Syn .: Eupatorium recurvans Small ): It thrives at altitudes of 10 to 100, sometimes more, meters from Texas to the eastern United States.
Eupatorium nanchuanense Y.Ling & C.Shih : It thrives on slopes of hills at altitudes of 1200 to 1700 meters only in Chongqing in Nanchuan and in Daguan in Yunnan.
Eupatorium omeiense Y.Ling & C.Shih : It thrives at roadsides on slopes of hills at altitudes of 700 to 900 meters in Sichuan only in Emei Shan and Tianquan .
Eupatorium paludicola E.E. Schill. & LeBlond : First described in 2007, it thrives on the coastal plains of North Carolina and South Carolina.
Streaky water dost ( Eupatorium perfoliatum L. ): It thrives at altitudes of 10 to about 500 meters in large areas in Canada and the United States.
Eupatorium petaloideum Britton : It thrives at altitudes of 20 to about 100 meters in the southern US states of Alabama, northern Florida, southern Georgia and Mississippi.
Eupatorium pilosum Walter : It thrives at altitudes of 20 to about 100 meters in the eastern United States.
Eupatorium resinosum Torr. : It thrives on the Atlantic coastal plain at altitudes of 20 to about 100 meters only in the eastern US states of New Jersey , North Carolina and South Carolina. She is at risk.
Eupatorium rotundifolium L .: The three varieties are common in eastern North America.
- Eupatorium rotundifolium var. Ovatum (Bigelow) Torrey
- Eupatorium rotundifolium L. var. Rotundifolium
- Eupatorium rotundifolium var. Scabridum (Elliott) A.Gray
Eupatorium semiserratum DC. : It thrives at altitudes of 10 to 100, sometimes more, meters in the southern US states of Alabama, Florida, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Tennessee , Mississippi, North Carolina, and South Carolina.
Eupatorium serotinum Michx. : It thrives at altitudes of 10 to about 400 meters and is widespread from Texas to the eastern United States.
Eupatorium sessilifolium L .: It grows at altitudes of 10 to about 300 meters and is widespread in the United States.
Eupatorium Shimadae Kitam. : It thrives on meadows on slopes and stony locations only in Fujian and Taiwan.
Eupatorium tashiroi Hayata : This endemic thrives on mountains in central and southern Taiwan.

Nature hybrids (selection):

Eupatorium × cordigerum (Fernald) Fernald : It is an apomictic , polyploid hybrid of Eupatorium rotundifolium and Eupatorium perfoliatum , which thrives in disturbed areas where the two species live together in the eastern US states of Arkansas, Mississippi, North Carolina and South Carolina as well as Virginia occur.
Eupatorium × fernaldii R.K.Godfrey : It is an apomictic hybrid of Eupatorium petaloideum , Eupatorium sessilifolium and Eupatorium perfoliatum . There are sites from the Piedmont region to the east side of the southern Appalachians .
Eupatorium × novae-angliae (Fernald) VISullivan ex A.Haines & Sorrie : It is only known from 15 sites in the northeastern US states of Massachusetts and Rhode Island . It is an apomictic hybrid of Eupatorium paludicola and Eupatorium perfoliatum .
Eupatorium × pinnatifidum Elliott : It is a hybrid swarm in which Eupatorium capillifolium or Eupatorium compositifolium and Eupatorium perfoliatum or Eupatorium serotinum are involved. There are localities in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, Texas and Virginia.

use

Varieties of only a few species (perhaps only of Eupatorium cannabinum ; it should be noted that most of the species mentioned in horticulture belong to other genera) are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens.

Some species are used as medicinal plants and for the production of scented oil (for examples see above in the species list).

The medicinal effects of Eupatorium cannabinum have been studied.

The juice from the leaves of Eupatorium cannabinum is used as an insect repellent in animals . Eupatorium compositifolium and Eupatorium hyssopifolium are used as culinary herbs. All plant parts of Eupatorium compositifolium and Eupatorium hyssopifolium are used to relieve bites from reptiles and insects .

ingredients

Important ingredients are pyrrolizidine alkaloids , flavonoids , for example the poisonous flavone eupatorin and the benzofuran derivative euparin .

swell

literature

Gregory J. Schmidt, Edward E. Schilling: Phylogeny and biogeography of Eupatorium (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) based on nuclear ITS sequence data. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 87, Issue 5, 2000. pp. 716-726. doi : 10.2307 / 2656858 full text PDF.
Harold Robinson, Edward E. Schilling, Jose L. Panero: Eupatorieae. P. 731-744, In: VA Funk, A. Susanna, TF Stuessy, RJ Bayer (Eds.): Systematics, Evolution, and Biogeography of Compositae , Vienna, 2009: IAPT PDF.
Edward E. Schilling, PB Cox, Jose L. Panero: Chloroplast DNA restriction site data support a narrowed interpretation of Eupatorium (Asteraceae). In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 219, 1999, pp. 209-223.
GJ Schmidt, Edward E. Schilling: Phylogeny and biogeography of Eupatorium (Asteraceae: Eupatorieae) based on nuclear ITS sequence data. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 87, 2000, pp. 716-726.
Kunsiri Chaw Siripun, Edward E. Schilling: Eupatorium. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 21: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 8: Asteraceae, part 3 (Heliantheae, Eupatorieae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530565-5 , pp. 462 (English, online ).
M. Ito, T. Yahara, Robert M. King, K. Watanabe, S. Oshita, J. Yokoyama, DJ Crawford: Molecular phylogeny of Eupatorieae (Asteraceae) estimated from cpDNA RFLP and its implication for the polyploid origin hypothesis of the tribe . In: Journal of Plant Research , Volume 113, 2000, pp. 91-96.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Edward Schilling, Jose Panero: The Eupatorieae Web Site : mit Eupatorium - List of North American Species .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Chen Yilin, Takayuki Kawahara, DJ Nicholas Hind: Eupatorium. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 20-21: Asteraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 , pp. 462 (English, online ).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc Kunsiri Chaw Siripun, Edward E. Schilling: Eupatorium. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 21: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 8: Asteraceae, part 3 (Heliantheae, Eupatorieae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530565-5 , pp. 462 (English, online ).
^ Eupatorium at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 836, digitized .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Eupatorium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed March 6, 2018.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Eupatorium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
^ ^A ^b Robert Merrill King, Harold Robinson: The genera of Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). In: Monographs in Systematic Botany, Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 22, 1987, pp. 1-581.
^ ^A ^b Werner Greuter : Compositae (pro parte majore). : Eupatorium. In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin, 2006–2009.
↑ ^a ^b Eupatorium at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein page 359).
↑ Richard Hawke: A Comparative Study of Joe-Pye Weeds (Eutrochium spp.) And Their Relatives. In: Plant Evaluation Notes , Issue 37, Chicago Botanic Garden, 2014. Full text PDF.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Entries on Eupatorium in Plants For A Future . Retrieved March 8, 2018.
↑ C. Arnold, G. Christ, K. Dietrich, Ed. Gildmeister, P. Janzen, C. Scriba, B. Fischer, C. Hartwich: Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice: For Pharmacists, Doctors, Druggists and Medicinal Officials . Ed .: O. Bumke, O. Foerster. tape 1 . Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-47350-0 , pp. 1069 ( Eupatorium on page 1069 in the Google book search).
↑ Ernst Steinegger, Rudolf Hansel: Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy . 4th edition. Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-3-662-08318-5 , pp. 518 ( pyrrolizidine alkaloids on page 518 in the google book search).
↑ Bruce A. Bohm, Tod F. Stuessy: Flavonoids of the Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) . Springer Science & Business Media, 2013, ISBN 978-3-7091-6181-4 , p. 231-251 ( Flavonoids of Eupatorieae on pages 231-251 in the Google book search).
↑ Bua Kamthong, Alexander Robertson: 196. Furano compounds. Part III. Euparin ; J. Chem. Soc. 1939, p. 925.

Web links

Commons : Wasserdost ( Eupatorium ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Gerhard Gensthaler: Medicine for Schnupfte In: Pharmazeutische Zeitung online .

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[Eupatorieae-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Edward Schilling, Jose Panero: The Eupatorieae Web Site : mit Eupatorium - List of North American Species .

[FoC-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah Chen Yilin, Takayuki Kawahara, DJ Nicholas Hind: Eupatorium. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 20-21: Asteraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 , pp. 462 (English, online ).

[FoNA-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc Kunsiri Chaw Siripun, Edward E. Schilling: Eupatorium. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 21: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 8: Asteraceae, part 3 (Heliantheae, Eupatorieae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530565-5 , pp. 462 (English, online ).

[IPCN-4] Eupatorium at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[SpPl-5] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 836, digitized .

[Tropicos-6] Eupatorium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed March 6, 2018.

[GRIN-7] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Eupatorium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 25, 2018.

[King-Robinson1987-8] A ^b Robert Merrill King, Harold Robinson: The genera of Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). In: Monographs in Systematic Botany, Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 22, 1987, pp. 1-581.

[EuroMed-9] A ^b Werner Greuter : Compositae (pro parte majore). : Eupatorium. In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin, 2006–2009.

[FloraMesoamericana-10] Eupatorium at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[Botanica2003-11] Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein page 359).

[Hawke2014-12] Richard Hawke: A Comparative Study of Joe-Pye Weeds (Eutrochium spp.) And Their Relatives. In: Plant Evaluation Notes , Issue 37, Chicago Botanic Garden, 2014. Full text PDF.

[PFAF-13] Entries on Eupatorium in Plants For A Future . Retrieved March 8, 2018.

[HagersHandbuch1900-14] C. Arnold, G. Christ, K. Dietrich, Ed. Gildmeister, P. Janzen, C. Scriba, B. Fischer, C. Hartwich: Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice: For Pharmacists, Doctors, Druggists and Medicinal Officials . Ed .: O. Bumke, O. Foerster. tape 1 . Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-3-642-47350-0 , pp. 1069 ( Eupatorium on page 1069 in the Google book search).

[Steinegger_Hänsel2013-15] Ernst Steinegger, Rudolf Hansel: Textbook of Pharmacognosy and Phytopharmacy . 4th edition. Springer, 2013, ISBN 978-3-662-08318-5 , pp. 518 ( pyrrolizidine alkaloids on page 518 in the google book search).

[Bohm-Stuessy2013-16] Bruce A. Bohm, Tod F. Stuessy: Flavonoids of the Sunflower Family (Asteraceae) . Springer Science & Business Media, 2013, ISBN 978-3-7091-6181-4 , p. 231-251 ( Flavonoids of Eupatorieae on pages 231-251 in the Google book search).

[kamthong-17] Bua Kamthong, Alexander Robertson: 196. Furano compounds. Part III. Euparin ; J. Chem. Soc. 1939, p. 925.