Mikania

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Mikania
Mikania micrantha

Mikania micrantha

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Eupatorieae
Genre : Mikania
Scientific name
Mikania
Willd.

Mikania is a genus of plants in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The 430 to 450 species have a predominantly Neotropical distribution, only nine species are native to the Paleotropic .

description

Simple, arrow-shaped foliage leaf of Mikania natalensis , leaf upper side, with five main nerves that arise at the heart-shaped base of the blades.
Simple, obovate, foliage leaf of Mikania obovata , underside of the leaf, with three main veins that arise at the base of the blades.
Detail of an inflorescence of Mikania natalensis with flower heads
Inflorescence of Mikania obovata with flower heads in detail, the four bracts, the flower crowns and the two protruding stylus branches are clearly visible.
Seed heads of Mikania micrantha with achenes and Pappus

Appearance and leaves

The Mikania species are woody or perennial herbaceous plants. They usually grow as lianas , climbing shrubs or half-shrubs and reach heights of 3 to over 15 meters. But there are also some independently upright subshrubs or perennial herbaceous plants. The independently upright, winding or climbing stems are stem -round, grooved, four- to six-sided or sometimes winged and moderately branched. Basal leaf rosettes are never formed.

The leaves, which are mostly opposite or sometimes whorled on the stem axis, are sessile or mostly (short to long) stalked. The simple, membranous to leathery leaf blade is linear, triangular, more or less ovate to delta-ovoid with a narrow to heart-shaped blade base. The leaf margin is smooth, wavy to toothed or lobed. There is pinnate nerve, three to rarely seven main nerves can be seen on the leaf surfaces. The leaf blades are hairless or downy to woolly and often dotted with glands.

Inflorescences, flowers and fruits

Terminally on the stem axes or on the side branches are the sessile or stalked cup-shaped partial inflorescences in zymous , umbrella-clustered or umbrella-like total inflorescences. Usually the flower heads are each over a bract . It is the only genus of the Eupatorieae tribe with such a uniform structure of the flower heads. The flower heads are disc-shaped and the base of the cup (receptacle) is flat. There are no chaff leaves. In an involucre , which is usually 2 to 3 (1 to 4) millimeters in diameter, more or less cylindrical, there are only four almost identical, durable bracts in two rows , with the outer pair covering the inner roof tile-like. The bracts are lanceolate, linear or oblong, often with a thickened base. There are no ray florets available (daisies).

Each flower head contains only four tubular flowers (= disc flowers), all of which are fertile and mostly hermaphroditic. Only the eight species of the Mikania swartziana complex ( Mikania alba , Mikania hioramii , Mikania lepidophora , Mikania papillosa , Mikania polycephala , Mikania swartziana , Mikania tenella , Mikania venosa ) are dioeciously separated ( dioecious ); all species in this family group are endemic to the islands of the Greater Antilles . The five mostly white, sometimes pink to purple-colored petals are fused to form a funnel-shaped corolla tube, which widens more or less broadly at the top and ends with five long linear to short triangular coronet teeth that are barely to clearly recognizable. The petals are hairy on the outside to fine or glandular and inside they can be papilose . The stamens protrude above the corolla tube. The anthers have appendages at their upper end that are at least as long as they are wide. The bald or sometimes papillary style is at least thickened at its base. The two branches of the style , protruding from the corolla tube, are more or less thread-like up to the upper end, hardly club-shaped and hardly to strongly papilose .

The prismatic achenes are four to ten-ribbed with bald or downy hairy, sometimes glandular dotted surface. The durable pappus consists of rarely 20 to mostly 30 to 60 free or overgrown pappus bristles standing in one or two rows. The white, leather, pink to purple colored pappus bristles are more or less finely bearded with a blunt to pointed upper end.

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome number is x = 16 to 20.

Mikania micrantha as an invasive plant

Spread and endangerment

The genus Mikania has a predominantly Neotropical distribution. Only nine species are native to the Paleotropic . The center of biodiversity is Brazil with around 200 species . Only a few species occur in temperate areas of North and South America . Slightly more than 40 species are found on Caribbean islands. There are around 16 species in Mexico. Three species are cultivated and are neophytes in many areas of the world . Many species have a small area. Mikania micrantha , in particular, is an invasive plant in many tropical regions of the world. This species is clearly called “mile-a-minute” in Australia and Florida, for example. Also Mikania cordata and Mikania scandens in many tropical areas neophytes .

Twelve species are listed in the IUCN's Red List of Endangered Species , six of which are rated "Critically Endangered".

Simple leaves and inflorescence of Mikania argyreiae
Foliage leaves and inflorescences of Mikania chenopodiifolia
Mikania cordifolia
Inflorescences of Mikania cynanchifolia
Mikania glomerata as an ornamental plant
Mikania involucrata
Inflorescence of Mikania micrantha with flower heads and the butterfly Junonia almana as flower visitors
Habit, opposite, simple leaves and inflorescence with flower heads of Mikania obovata
Mikania pinnatiloba
Mikania salzmanniifolia
Habit, simple leaves and inflorescences of Mikania scandens as an invasive plant
Inflorescence of Mikania sessilifolia

Systematics

The genus Mikania was established in 1803 by Carl Ludwig Willdenow . As type species was Mikania scandens (L.) Willd. preserved. The generic name Mikania honors the Bohemian botanist Joseph Gottfried Mikan , professor in Prague, not Johann Christian Mikan .

The genus Mikania belongs to the subtribe Mikaniinae from the tribe Eupatorieae in the subfamily Asteroideae within the family Asteraceae .

There are about 430 to 450 species in the genus Mikania :

Some species that were previously classified in Mikania , such as Mikania ternata used as a houseplant, now belong to the genus Calea L. in the tribe Neurolaeneae.

use

Varieties of some species are used as ornamental plants in parks and gardens.

Mikania cordifolia , Mikania glomerata , Mikania guaco and Mikania laevigata are known under the common names guaco, guace, bejuco de finca, cepu, liane Francois, matafinca, vedolin, cipó caatinga, huaco, erva das serpentes, coração de Jesus, erva-de-cobra or guaco-de-cheiro used as popular medicinal herbs in folk medicine. In Mikania glomerata and Mikania laevigata the medical effects were studied.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Walter C. Holmes: Mikania , p. 481 - same text online and printed work : Tribus Eupatorieae , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 21 - Magnoliophyta: Asteridae (in part): Asteraceae, part 3 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 2006, ISBN 0-19-530565-5 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Yilin Chen, Takayuki Kawahara & DJ Nicholas Hind: Tribus Eupatorieae : Mikania , p. 883 - same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-Yi, Peter H. Raven & Deyuan Hong (editors): Flora of China , Volume 20-21 - Asteraceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, November 12, 2011. ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0
  3. ^ A b Walter C. Holmes: Dioecy in Mikania (Compositae: Eupatorieae) , In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 175, Issue 1-2, 1991, pp. 87-92: doi: 10.1007 / BF00942147
  4. ^ WC Holmes: Revision of old world mikania compositae , In: Botanical Yearbooks for Systematics Plant History and Plant Geography , 1982, pp. 211–246.
  5. ^ Walter C. Holmes: The Genus Mikania (Compositae-Eupatorieae) in Mexico . In: Sida - Botanical Miscellany . tape 5 . BRIT Press, 1990, ISBN 978-1-889878-19-5 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  6. ^ Mikania micrantha data sheet from the Australian Weeds Committee. ( Memento of the original from February 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.weeds.org.au
  7. ^ Mikania cordata , Mikania micrantha and Mikania scandens at Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk = PIER of the Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry.
  8. ^ Search for "Mikania" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
  9. ↑ In Linnaei species plantarum , 4th edition, volume 3, part 3, p. 1481, 1742–1748 first publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  10. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
  11. ↑ a b Assessment of recognized species names in the Global Compositae Checklist .
  12. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mikania in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  13. ^ Leslie Taylor: Guaco - Datasheet at Raintree - Tropical Plant Database .
  14. ↑ MH Napimoga & R. Yatsuda: Scientific evidence for Mikania laevigata and Mikania glomerata as a pharmacological tool , In: Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology , Volume 62, Issue 7, 2010, pp 809-20. doi: 10.1211 / jpp.62.06.0001 .

Web links

Commons : Mikania  - collection of images, videos and audio files