Sadebaum

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Sadebaum
Sead tree (Juniperus sabina), illustration

Sead tree ( Juniperus sabina ), illustration

Systematics
Order : Conifers (Coniferales)
Family : Cypress family (Cupressaceae)
Subfamily : Cupressoideae
Genre : Juniper ( Juniperus )
Section : Sabina
Type : Sadebaum
Scientific name
Juniperus sabina
L.

The juniper ( Juniperus Sabina ), and stink-juniper , Poison juniper , Sevibaum , Säbenbaum , Sefistrauch or Sebenstrauch called, is a species of the genus juniper ( Juniperus ). He used to play an important role in folk medicine .

description

The Sade tree is a shrub that usually reaches heights of only 1 to 2, rarely 5 meters. It rarely grows completely upright and usually more or less creeping. The bark on older plants is reddish-brown. The branches have a round or slightly angular cross-section.

There are two different leaf shapes. In the youth it forms whirling arranged 4 to 5 millimeters long, needle-shaped, pointed leaves that are bluish above. In old age, there are also cross-opposed, scale-shaped leaves that are ovoid and 1 to 4 mm long. They smell unpleasant when rubbed and have a lifespan of 2 to 3 years.

There are both single ( monoecious ) and dioecious ( dioecious ) separate-sex individuals. The flowering period is from March to May. The berry-shaped cones are egg -shaped to spherical, 5 to 7 millimeters in size. They ripen in autumn in the same year of fertilization or in the next spring and are then black-blue. In each cone there are one to three egg-shaped and furrowed seeds.

The chromosome number of the species is 2n = 22.

Host plant

The stink juniper is one of the main hosts for the pear grate ( Gymnosporangium sabinae ), which causes damage to pear trees. For this reason, it was previously extensively eliminated in certain areas.

Occurrence

The Sade tree occurs with four varieties in Europe in a large number of states starting with Spain's Sierra Nevada over the Pyrenees , the Alps , the mountains of the Balkan Peninsula and other low mountain ranges to the Crimean peninsula . Another area of ​​distribution is known in the Caucasus . There is a small deposit in the Algerian Djurdjura Mountains. The eastern distribution area is found in Central Asia . Specifically, these are southern regions of Siberia in Russia , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , western China and northern Mongolia .

In the Alps there are deposits in South Tyrol , in the Austrian federal states of Carinthia and Tyrol , in the Swiss cantons of Valais and Graubünden with the Lower Engadine, and in Bavaria in the Berchtesgaden Alps and the Ammergau Alps . Its use in folk medicine has expanded its occurrence far beyond its natural range.

The Sade tree needs light and colonizes shallow, rocky, often base-rich soils. It occurs in crevices, rocky slopes, dry and steppe lawns and in sparse pine and larch forests up to altitudes between 1400 and 2300 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises on the Schneck- Ostwand in Bavaria up to 2100 m above sea level. It occurs in societies of the class Pulsatillo-Pinetea.

Hazards and protective measures

The Sade tree is included in the Red List of Endangered Species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ), but it is designated as “Least Concern”. This decision was based on the fact that it is one of the most widespread conifer species in the world and that it occurs in habitats that are not seriously endangered. The population is stable and the species is represented in many protected areas.

In the Swiss Red List, the Sedge tree ( Juniperus sabina ) is rated as not endangered ("LC"). The German deposits are assessed as endangered ("3").

With the Fauna-Flora-Habitat Directive No. 92/43 / EEC in the updated version of January 1, 2007 (FFH-RL) Annex 1 of the European Union , protected areas are designated for the following habitat types in which juniper occurs - i.e. also for the Sadebaum - required:

  • Mediterranean coastal dunes with juniper species Juniperus spp. - The protection of these habitats is required as a priority.
  • Tree-shaped hardwood bushes (Matorrals) with juniper species Juniperus spp.
  • Endemic forests with juniper species Juniperus spp. - The protection of these habitats is seen as a priority.
Sedge tree ( Juniperus sabina ) in the Sierra Nevada of Spain
Sade tree ( Juniperus sabina ) in the Parc national of Queyras (France)

Systematics

The Sade tree was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum .

There are five varieties:

Toxins

Sabinol
(1 R , 5 R ) - (+) - Sabinen

The tree is poisonous in all parts. The main active ingredient responsible is the essential safflower tree oil. Compared to the oil of the common juniper ( Juniperus communis ) it contains far more esters , has a higher acetyl content and is clockwise . Sedge tree oil mainly contains α-pinene and cadine , but also up to 50 percent sabine , 35% sabinyl acetate and unesterified sabinol and diacetyl .

In humans, it attacks the gastric mucosa , causing a rush of blood in the kidneys and thus hematuria . Other internal organs are also attacked. In women, the oil can trigger menorrhagia and lead to miscarriages . Therefore, the fruits were also used specifically for abortion . The tree was also used as a remedy for worms. Even a few drops of the essential oil are fatal to humans, and poisoning is possible just by rubbing them in.

In the past, juniper berries that were contaminated with sad tree berries were used to flavor gin . At least in Spain, juniper berries are examined by the state for this reason.

Medicine

In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, the Sade tree ( called Sabina in Latin ) was used as a medicinal plant for jaundice and headaches. Carbuncles and ergot poisoning.

swell

  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  • Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer, Kurt Kormann: Poison Plants - Plant Poisons. Occurrence, effect, therapy, allergic and phototoxic reactions. With a special section about poisonous animals. 6th, revised edition, special edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .
  • Robert P. Adams, Andrea E. Schwarzbach, Sanko Nguyen, Julie A. Morris, JQ. Liu: Geographic Variation in Juniperus sabina L., J. sabina var. Arenaria (EH Wilson) Farjon, J. sabina var. Davurica (Pall.) Farjon and J. sabina var. Mongolensis RP Adams . In: Phytologia . tape 89 , no. 2 , 2007, p. 153–166 ( PDF file; 299.98 kB ).
  • Juniperus sabina - systematics and description. In: The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved December 31, 2010 .
  • Juniperus sabina in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 13, 2010.

Web links

Commons : Sadebaum  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Sadebaum  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001, p. 97. ISBN 3-8001-3131-5
  2. ^ KJ Lang: Gymnosporangium sabinae. (No longer available online.) TU Munich, November 7, 2006, formerly in the original ; Retrieved November 20, 2008 .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.forst.wzw.tum.de  
  3. ↑ P. Quézel, S. Santa: Nouvelle flore de l'Algérie et des régions désertiques méridionales. Tome I, Center National de la Recherches Scientifique, Paris 1962, pp. 36–38 ( PDF file ( Memento of the original of February 19, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not been checked. Please check the original - and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. ). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.tela-botanica.org
  4. ↑ Juniperus sabina. In: The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved December 31, 2010 .
  5. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 113.
  6. ↑ Juniperus sabina in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2013. Posted by: A. Farjon, 2011. Accessed July 17, 2020th
  7. ^ D. Moser, A. Gygax, B. Bäumler, N. Wyler, R. Palese: Red list of endangered species in Switzerland: fern and flowering plants . Federal Office for the Environment, Forests and Landscape, Bern; Center of the data network of the Swiss flora, Chambésy; Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, Chambésy, 2002, p. 72 ( page no longer available , search in web archives: PDF file; 1194 kB ).@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.bafu.admin.ch
  8. ↑ Sadebaum. In: FloraWeb.de.
  9. ↑ Council Directive 92/43 / EEC of May 21, 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild animals and plants in the consolidated version of January 1, 2007 , accessed on May 27, 2011 . Pp. 17, 19, 23.
  10. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 1039 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D2%26issue%3D%26spage%3D1039%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  11. ↑ Juniperus sabina var. Sabina in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  12. ↑ Juniperus sabina var. Arenaria in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  13. ↑ a b Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Juniperus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved March 29, 2019.
  14. ↑ Juniperus sabina var. Davurica in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 13, 2010.
  15. ^ Robert P. Adams, Andrea E. Schwarzbach: A New Variety of Juniperus sabina from Mongolia: J. sabina var. Mongolensis . In: Phytologia . tape 88 , no. 2 , 2006, p. 179–185 ( PDF file; 8.18 kB ).
  16. ↑ André Patoir et al. a .: Étude expérimentale compartive de quelques abortifs (Apiol, Rue, Sabine, Armoise). In: Gynéc. et Obstétr. Volume 39, 1939, pp. 201-209.
  17. ↑ Vagn Jørgensen Brøndegaard: The juniper as an abortifacient. In: Sudhoff's archive for the history of medicine and the natural sciences. Volume 48, No. 4, 1964, pp. 331-351, JSTOR 20775123 ; also in: VJ Brøndegaard: Ethnobotanik. Plants in customs, history and folk medicine. Berlin 1985, pp. 190-216.
  18. ↑ Gundolf Keil: Notes on the 'Stockholm Pharmacopoeia'. In: Studia neophilologica. Volume 44, No. 2, 1972, pp. 238-262, here: p. 242.
  19. ↑ R. Casares: Eurotox Symposium Hazards (Eurotox) held in Brussels on 3-6 June 1964, The chronic toxicity of naturally-Occurring substances . In: Food and Cosmetics Toxicology . tape 2 , 1964, Juniperus sabina, p. 680 , doi : 10.1016 / S0015-6264 (64) 80419-3 .
  20. ↑ Hans Zotter : Ancient medicine. The collective medical manuscript Cod. Vindobonensis 93 in Latin and German. Academic printing and Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1980 (= Interpretationes ad codices. Volume 2); 2nd, improved edition, ibid. 1986, ISBN 3-201-01310-2 , pp. 152-155.