Butter mushroom
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Butter mushroom ( Suillus luteus ) |
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| ( L .: Fr. ) Roussel 1796 |
The butter mushroom or butter boletus ( Suillus luteus ) is a type of mushroom from the family of greasy boletus relatives . It often grows in symbiosis with pine trees . Although it is counted among the edible mushrooms , according to more recent knowledge it can no longer be recommended without reservation.
features
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The yellow to chocolate brown hat is up to 12 cm wide. At first it is hemispherical and then spread out like a cushion. The hat is slimy and greasy, glabrous and dry, shiny, smooth. The tubes are pale yellow, later cloudy olive to brown-yellow in color, and are somewhat attached to the stem or slightly run down on it. The stem becomes 6–12 cm long and 1–2.5 cm thick. Mostly it is cylindrical or somewhat thickened towards the base. A whitish velum partiale (partial cover) initially connects it to the brim of the hat and later remains as a membranous ring - only a few thick tubelets have a stem ring.
Species delimitation
The ringless butter mushroom ( S. collinitus ) is one of the doppelgangers , but only occurs on limestone soils and has a ringless stem with a pink base. The granule tubular ( S. granulatus ) also has no ring and a whitish to yellowish colored stem without any pink tones. In addition to these two companions from the pine trees, the gold reed ( S grevillei ) , which is strictly bound to larches, can look similar. However, the fruiting bodies rarely have a brown, but mostly a lemon-yellow to red-orange hat.
Distribution, ecology and phenology
The butter mushroom is spread all over the northern hemisphere and is considered common in Europe . It accompanies the pine species from the sea coast to the alpine zones. It has a preference for cold temperate climates and makes no direct soil demands, but it seems to prefer acidic, nutrient-poor soils.
In the period from September to October you can often find him standing in groups.
meaning
The butter mushroom is mostly classified as edible. In some Slavic countries, such as Russia and Poland, the butter mushroom is one of the most collected and best known types of mushroom.
However, the edibility of the mushroom is now controversial. The German Society for Mycology classifies the butter mushroom as a species with inconsistent food value . Bresinsky and Besl cite reports from North America that the gelatinous cap skin causes indigestion. Flammer and Horak confirm that unskin fungal caps lead to diarrhea with a short latency period . Haberl and Zilker write that the species causes fungal poisoning with gastrointestinal irritation in some patients. The butter mushroom like the bald krempling ( Paxillus involutus ) very rarely triggers an allergic antigen defense reaction - one case has been documented.
For this reason, the skin of the hat is often removed before preparation, the dye of which can turn the hands dark brown for a few days.
Common names
In the USA , where the butter mushroom was widespread through pine plantings, it was given the name "Slippery Jack", which means something like "Slippery Hans", because of its slimy texture. In Bavaria it is therefore also called "Rotzer".
swell
literature
- Helmut and Renate Grünert: Mushrooms. Mosaik-Verlag, 1984, 287 pages
- Meinhard Moser , Helmut Gams: Small cryptogam flora. Volume 2, The boletus, leaf and belly mushrooms (Agaricales and Gastromycetales). Fischer-Verlag 1980
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Andreas Gminder : Handbook for mushroom collectors: safely identify 340 species of Central Europe . Franckh Kosmos Verlag, 2014, ISBN 978-3-440-14364-3 , pp. 82 .
- ↑ a b Marcel Bon : Parey's book of mushrooms . Kosmos, Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-440-14982-9 , pp. 46 .
- ↑ Kuulo Kalamees, Vello Liiv: 400 Eesti Seent . Eesti Loodusfoto, Tartu 2005, ISBN 9985-830-63-6 (Estonian, translated: “400 Estonian mushrooms”).
- ↑ DGfM - Technical Committee Mushroom Utilization and Toxicology: Mushrooms with inconsistent food value. (PDF) May 8, 2018, accessed on July 11, 2018 .
- ^ Andreas Bresinsky, Helmut Besl: Toadstools . Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1985, ISBN 3-8047-0680-0 (295 pages).
- ↑ René Flammer, Egon Horak: Poison mushrooms - mushroom poisons. Mushroom poisoning . A reference work for doctors, pharmacists, biologists, mycologists, mushroom experts and mushroom pickers. Schwabe, Basel (CH) 2003, ISBN 3-7965-2008-1 (204 pages).
- ^ Bettina Haberl, Thomas Zilker: Mushroom database: Butter mushroom ( Suillus luteus ). In: Toxicological Department of the II. Medical Clinic of the Technical University of Munich . 2000, accessed September 8, 2012 .
- ↑ H. Bobrowski: Acute renal failure in the course of an acute haemolytic reaction in a subject sensitive to Boletus luteus . In: Polski Tygodnik Lekarski . tape 21 , no. 48 , 1966, ISSN 0032-3756 , pp. 1864–1865 (Polish).
