Bald Krempling
| Bald Krempling | ||||||||||||
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Bald Krempling ( Paxillus involutus ) |
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| Paxillus involutus | ||||||||||||
| ( Batsch ) Fr. |
The balding or bald curling ( Paxillus involutus ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the curling relatives (Paxillaceae). The fruit bodies have a brown hat with an initially strongly curled, felty, but soon smooth edge. The brownish-yellow lamellae, which are cross-linked at the base, tan at pressure points, which is why the species is also called sensitive Krempling . Despite its lamellar Hymenophors belonging agaric kinship to order the Dickröhrlingsartigen (Boletales). It lives in symbiosis with numerous deciduous and coniferous trees ( ectomycorrhiza ). Consumed raw, the mushroom has a strong gastrointestinal toxicity and, even when cooked, can trigger the Paxillus syndrome if consumed repeatedly . In both cases, a severe course can lead to the death of the consumer.
features
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The Bald Kremp Ling is medium to large, in hat and handle structured fruiting . The stem is usually in the center, but can sometimes be slightly eccentric. The 4–8 (–15) cm wide hat is convex and hunched when young, becomes flatter in the course of growth and in old specimens usually has a clearly funnel-like deepened center. The hat can be yellow-brown to umber-brown in color, it is felty when young, but becomes bald over time and then becomes somewhat shiny. The edge of the hat remains finely felted, it is rolled up even with old fruiting bodies and becomes a bit greasy to slightly slimy in damp weather. The lamellas can be easily separated from the meat of the hat like the tube layer of tubes, run down the handle and are partially forked. They are initially ocher-yellow in color, turning olive-brown to olive-brown in older mushrooms. The lamellae immediately turn brown on pressure, the stains turn further to black-brown. The stalk is cylindrical, sometimes somewhat thickened towards the base, it becomes 3–8 cm long and 0.5 to 2 cm thick and is often somewhat bent. The stem color is ocher gray-brown with a red-brown over-graining in the longitudinal direction. The stem also turns brown on pressure. The soft flesh is light brown in color and darkens when cut.
Ecology and phenology
The Kahle Krempling is a mycorrhizal fungus that can enter into a symbiosis with a wide range of coniferous and deciduous trees. Important Central European partners are spruce , silver birch , red beech , hornbeam and Scots pine , as well as other tree species. Outside of forests, silver birch and hornbeam are the preferred partner trees. The bald krempling occurs in various forest communities, in addition in gardens and parks, also in moors as well as on the forest and roadsides. It prefers acidic fresh to moist soils, but can also grow on neutral and alkaline subsoil, dry and wet locations are also tolerated. The fruiting bodies appear in Central Europe from early summer to the first night frosts, the main fructification takes place from August to October.
distribution
The bald krempling occurs from the Mediterranean to the boreal zone in Europe, North Asia, North Africa, North America and Australia. The occurrences in New Zealand are believed to be due to introduction. In Germany the bald krempling is common everywhere, its populations are not endangered.
Importance and toxicity
Kahle Krempling is now considered poisonous, but it used to be considered edible. The consumption of raw (!) Kremplinge can lead to severe, sometimes fatal gastroenteritis . Extensive heating destroys the toxins contained in the raw mushroom (including hemolysins and hemagglutinins ), but an at least as great danger is posed by an allergen contained in the mushroom , which leads to the formation of antibodies in the blood and can trigger the Paxillus syndrome . The antigens of the fungus combine with the antibodies to form an antigen-antibody complex , which is deposited on the red blood cells and dissolves them, which in the worst case can lead to death. This syndrome usually only occurs after eating this type of mushroom several times, sometimes only after years, which is why it was previously thought to be edible.
confusion
Similar are a number of Kremplingsarten that have only recently been described and were previously not differentiated from the bald Krempling.
The copper-colored Krempling ( P. cuprinus ) typically occurs in open, lighter places such as parks or gardens. The hat of the copper-colored Kremplings is usually unbuckled, olive-like when young, then copper- to reddish-brown. Microscopically it differs from the almond-shaped spores indicated by a constricted vertex .
The large Krempling ( P. validus ) and the dark-spore Krempling ( P. obscurisporus ) also grow outside the forest . Both species have a short, stocky stem and a hat that is significantly larger with age, with a diameter of up to 30 (/ 40) centimeters.
The Alder Krempling ( P. rubicundulus s. Left ) has a fibrous, scaly hat and grows in the forest in damp places under black and gray alder .
The velvet foot wood crown ( Tapinella atrotomentosa ) has a distinctly black velvet stem.
Similar species of the genus Milkcaps ( Lactarius ) as the olive-brown Milchling ( Lactarius turpis off) but when breaching a milky liquid.
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literature
- René Flammer, Egon Horak: Poison mushrooms - mushroom poisons. Mushroom poisoning . A reference work for doctors, pharmacists, biologists, mycologists, mushroom experts and mushroom pickers. Schwabe, Basel (CH) 2003, ISBN 978-3-7965-2008-2 (204 pages).
- Lutz Roth, Hanns Frank, Kurt Kormann: Poisonous mushrooms, mushroom poisons . Nikol, Hamburg, ISBN 978-3-933203-42-7 (328 pages; molds - mycotoxins - occurrence - ingredients - fungal allergies - food poisoning).
- Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Mushrooms of Switzerland. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 3: Bolete and agaric mushrooms. Part 1: Strobilomycetaceae and Boletaceae, Paxillaceae, Gomphidiacea, Hygrophoracea, Tricholomataceae, Polyporaceae (lamellar). Mykologia, Luzern 1991, ISBN 3-85604-030-7 .
- German Josef Krieglsteiner (Eds.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Bruno Hennig, Hanns Kreisel, Edmund Michael: The most important and most common mushrooms with special consideration of the poison mushrooms . In: Handbook for mushroom lovers . 5th edition. tape 1 . VEB Gustav Fischer, Jena 1983, p. 312 .
- ^ M. Winkelmann, W. Stangel, I. Schedel, B. Grabensee: Severe hemolysis caused by antibodies against the mushroom Paxillus involutus and its therapy by plasma exchange . In: Clinical weekly . tape 64 , no. 19 , October 1, 1986, ISSN 0023-2173 , pp. 935-938 , doi : 10.1007 / bf01728620 ( springer.com [accessed October 4, 2017]).
- ↑ Alick Henrici, Geoffrey kibby: Paxillus - An End to Confusion? In: Field Mycology . tape 15 , no. 4 , October 1, 2014, ISSN 1468-1641 , p. 121–127 , doi : 10.1016 / j.fldmyc.2014.09.007 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed April 17, 2020]).
Web links
- Frank Moser: Kahler Krempling ( Paxillus involutus ). In: Natur-Lexikon.com . Retrieved July 8, 2012 .
- Harry Regin: Paxillus involutus - Kahler Krempling. In: picture gallery "Boletales - Röhrlinge and related" on Pilzfotopage.de . Retrieved July 8, 2012 .