Big clunk
The large or strong Krempling ( Paxillus validus ) is a type of mushroom from the family of Kremplingsverwandten (Paxillaceae). There is a large mushroom with a brown hat , short stem and tawny slats , which under deciduous trees grow. The species is still little known and has not been distinguished from the bald krempling for a long time .
| Big clunk | ||||||||||||
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Big Krempling (Paxillus validus) |
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| Paxillus validus | ||||||||||||
| C. Hahn |
features
The species has a 7–20 (25) cm wide, sometimes irregular cap up to 2 cm thick . It is oval, funnel-shaped (whereby the funnel can be off-center) and up to 4 cm deep. The surface is soft, velvety, irregular, slightly felty-fibrous in the edge area, moist greasy-sticky. It rubs off brown. The hat is often cracked open, especially in the edge area. It is shaded in different shades of brown, yellow, red and gray-brown, in old specimens it is black-brown in the middle. The edge of the hat can be slightly grooved with age. The hat skin is thick and partially removable. The brim of the hat is rolled up, later protruding.
The sturdy and thick stem is 0.3 (!) - 5 cm long, 1–3 cm thick and hardly tapered at the base. It is brown in color and is often covered with red, watery droplets that remain as dark spots when dried.
The slats are yellow-brown. You are urged to 10-18 fins per centimeter, and are equipped with different lengths fin tablets mixed. At the bottom they are connected flat cross veins. They have grown on the stem and run down this. The lamellae turn brown on pressure.
The firm flesh is light yellow and has a pleasant mushroom-like odor . The large Krempling forms up to 2 millimeters large, irregularly shaped sclerotia . The spore powder is ocher rusty brown with a slight olive shade.
Microscopically , the Great Krempling is characterized by rhizomorphic walls covered with crystals of up to 2.5 µm . The spores are 7–11 by 5–7 µm in size.
ecology
The great Krempling is a mycorrhizal fungus that can enter into a symbiosis with various deciduous trees such as linden , hornbeam or poplar . It occurs in parks in grassy places, on loamy, humus-rich, neutral soils, mostly outside the forest.
Little is known about the distribution and abundance of the species; it has probably already been misidentified as Kahler Krempling .
meaning
The dietary value or the toxicity of the species is still unknown. Since it is closely related to the Kahler Krempling , the Large Krempling is also suspected of being poisonous. The bald curd can trigger the life-threatening Paxillus syndrome and is highly toxic when raw.
confusion
The dark spore Krempling ( Paxillus obscurisporus ) is very similar . It grows under conifers and is rarer than P. validus. Macroscopically, it is less curled up, the lamellae are more reddish to golden brown. The stem is tapered at the base (stem base thinner than the rest of the stem). The most important macroscopic distinguishing feature is the wine-reddish spore powder . Microscopically, the species differs through smaller crystals on the rhizomorphic walls (0.5 µm).
In the bald curling ( P. involutus ) and the alder curling ( P. rubicundulus see left ), the hat rarely exceeds 15 centimeters. The stem of both species is not short and thick, but almost as long as the hat is wide. The two species also have different ecological requirements. They are more likely to occur in forests.
The copper-colored Krempling ( P. cuprinus ) occurs in similar locations as the Great Krempling, but is also significantly smaller and has a thinner and relatively longer stem. Microscopically it differs from the almond-shaped spores indicated by a constricted vertex .
The velvet foot wood crown ( Tapinella atrotomentosa ) has a distinctly black velvet stem.
Similar species of the genus Milkcaps ( Lactarius ) as the olive-brown Milchling ( Lactarius turpis off) but when breaching a milky liquid.
The giant brim funnel ( Aspropaxillus giganteus ) is clearly lighter (whitish) in color.
Systematics
The southern European species Paxillus ammoniavirescens is closely related . It does not differ genetically from the Great Krempling and also has large crystals on the rhizomorphic walls. Paxillus ammoniavirescens is much smaller and its flesh turns green with ammonia , in contrast to the large Krempling . The species is sometimes considered synonymous with Paxillus validus . Possibly there are two varieties of the same species. In this case, “ Paxillus ammoniavirescens ” would have priority as the older name .
literature
- Henning Knudsen, Andy Taylor: Funga Nordica. Agaricoid, boletoid, clavarioid, cyphelloid and gastroid genera . Ed .: Knudsen, H. & Vesterholt, J. Band 1 . Nordsvamp, Copenhagen 2012, ISBN 978-87-983961-3-0 , p. 214-215 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Paxillus Fr. ss.lt. Retrieved April 16, 2020 .
- ↑ a b Paxillus validus, Großer Krempling. Retrieved April 16, 2020 .
- ↑ P. validus. In: boletales.com. Retrieved April 17, 2020 .
- ↑ René Flammer, Egon Horac: Poison mushrooms - mushroom poisons . Schwabe, Basel 2003, ISBN 3-7965-2008-1 , p. 61-62 .
- ↑ C. Hahn, Reinhard Agerer: Studies on the Paxillus involutus shape circle . In: Nova Hedwigia . August 1, 1999, p. 241–310 , doi : 10.1127 / nova.hedwigia / 69/1999/241 ( schweizerbart.de [accessed on April 17, 2020]).
- ↑ Alick Henrici, Geoffrey kibby: Paxillus - An End to Confusion? In: Field Mycology . tape 15 , no. 4 , October 1, 2014, ISSN 1468-1641 , p. 121–127 , doi : 10.1016 / j.fldmyc.2014.09.007 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed April 16, 2020]).
- ↑ Patricia Jargeat, Jean-Paul Chaumeton, Olivier Navaud, Alfredo Vizzini, Hervé Gryta: The Paxillus involutus (Boletales, Paxillaceae) complex in Europe: Genetic diversity and morphological description of the new species Paxillus cuprinus, typification of P. involutus ss, and synthesis of species boundaries. In: Fungal biology . No. 118 . Elsevier, S. 12-31 .
