Hornbeam

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Hornbeam
Japanese hornbeam (Carpinus japonica) with fruits

Japanese hornbeam ( Carpinus japonica ) with fruits

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden I
Order : Beech-like (Fagales)
Family : Birch family (Betulaceae)
Subfamily : Hazelnut family (Coryloideae)
Genre : Hornbeam
Scientific name
Carpinus
L.

The hornbeam or hornbeam ( Carpinus ) are a genus within the family of the birch family . They are deciduous trees or tall bushes in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere from Europe to the main distribution area in East Asia. Two species ( Carpinus caroliniana and Carpinus tropicalis ) occur in North and Central America. The only species native to Central Europe is the common hornbeam . Despite their name, hornbeams are not closely related to beeches .

description

The hornbeam species are deciduous trees or sometimes shrubs . The bark is gray, smooth, or scaly. The branches are thin. The buds are pointedly conical or egg-shaped and lie on the branches, terminal buds are missing. The bud scales are arranged in four longitudinal rows. The leaves are alternating in two rows. The stipules are obsolete or remain until the leaves fall off. The leaf blade is single and irregularly double or single serrate. Depending on the type, seven to 34 pairs of nerves are formed.

The hornbeam species are single sexed ( monoecious ). The inflorescences appear with the leaf shoot. The male inflorescences are pendulous, cylindrical catkins with numerous overlapping bracts . They grow on leafless or few-leaved short shoots. The flowers grow individually in the axils of the egg-shaped bracts. They have neither perigone nor cover leaf and have three to 12 stamens with stamens forked at the tip and two-chambered anthers with separate bars that are hairy at the top. The female inflorescences are upright and later pendulous, hairy catkins with five to 20 flowers at the ends of young, leafy shoots. Two flowers each grow in the axils of the egg-shaped and lapsed bracts. They have an inconspicuous perigone and an egg-shaped or three-lobed cover sheet. The ovary is twofold, the two thread-like stigmas are red.

The fruits grow in multiples in up to 15 centimeters long ährigen infructescences of 1 to 4 centimeters long stems. The fruits are 3 to 10 millimeters long, egg-shaped, more or less flattened, longitudinally ribbed nuts that are fused at the base with the egg-shaped or three-lobed, clearly veined cover leaf. The wings are always much longer than the nut.

The basic chromosome number is x = 8.

Common hornbeam ( Carpinus betulus )
American hornbeam ( Carpinus caroliniana )
Heart-leaved hornbeam ( Carpinus cordata )
Oriental hornbeam ( Carpinus orientalis )
Turczaninow's hornbeam ( Carpinus turczaninowii )
Tschonoskis hornbeam ( Carpinus tschonoskii )

Systematics and distribution

The hornbeams ( Carpinus ) are a genus of the birch family (Betulaceae) in the order of the beech-like (Fagales). Within the birch family, the hornbeams together with the hop beeches ( Ostrya ), the hazelnuts ( Corylus ) and the genus Ostryopsis form the subfamily of the hazelnut family (Coryloideae), which some authors also run as a separate family. The genus was created by Carl Linnaeus in his work Species Plantarum in 1753 for the first time scientifically valid described . The generic name chosen by him, Carpinus, comes from Latin and was already used by the Romans for the hornbeam.

The hornbeam species are widespread from Europe to East Asia, the main area of ​​distribution being in East Asia. One species, the American hornbeam ( Carpinus caroliniana ) is native to North America, another, Carpinus tropicalis , from Mexico to Central America. According to the Flora of China , about 50 species are distinguished, 33 of which are native to China, 27 of which are only found there.

The following types are specified:

use

The wood of the hornbeam is of little economic importance. Due to its hardness, it is used, especially in Europe, for the manufacture of hammer heads, tool handles and drum sticks.

literature

  • Andreas Roloff , Andreas Bärtels: Flora of the woods. Purpose, properties and use. With a winter key from Bernd Schulz. 3rd, corrected edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6 , p. 158.
  • Jost Fitschen : Woody flora . 12th, revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2007, ISBN 978-3-494-01422-7 , p. 388 .
  • Peter Schütt , Hans Joachim Schuck, Bernd Stimm (eds.): Lexicon of tree and shrub species. The standard work of forest botany. Morphology, pathology, ecology and systematics of important tree and shrub species . Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-53-8 , pp. 95-97 (reprinted 1992).
  • Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 4: Cycadaceae through Fagaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1999, ISBN 0-915279-70-3 , pp. 289 (English).
  • Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 3: Magnoliophyta: Magnoliidae and Hamamelidae . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 1997, ISBN 0-19-511246-6 (English).
  • Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 (reprint from 1996).

Web links

Commons : Hornbeams ( Carpinus )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ German name after Schütt, Schuck, Stimm: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten. P. 95.
    Roloff, Bärtels: Flora of the woods. P. 158
    Fitschen: Woody flora. P. 388.
  2. ↑ German name after Schütt, Schuck, Stimm: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten. P. 95.
  3. ↑ a b c Roloff et al .: Flora of the Woods. P. 158.
  4. ↑ a b c d Pei-chun Li, Alexei K. Skvortsov: Carpinus. In: Flora of China. Volume 4, p. 289 ( efloras.org ).
  5. ↑ a b c Schütt et al .: Lexicon of tree and shrub species. P. 95.
  6. ^ Carpinus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
  7. ↑ To be precise: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. P. 130.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar Rafaël Govaerts (ed. ): Carpinus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  9. ↑ a b c Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
  10. ↑ John J. Furlow: Carpinus In: the Flora of North America. Volume 3 ( efloras.org ).
  11. ↑ Material for drum sticks