Worm ferns

Worm ferns
	Common fern ( Dryopteris filix-mas )
Systematics
Department :	Vascular plants (tracheophyta)
	Ferns
Class :	True ferns (Polypodiopsida)
Order :	Spotted ferns (Polypodiales)
Family :	Fern family (Dryopteridaceae)
Genre :	Worm ferns
Scientific name
	Dryopteris
	Adans.

The genus of worm ferns ( Dryopteris ) belongs to the family of worm ferns (Dryopteridaceae). The at least 150 species are mainly found in the northern hemisphere . Many hybrids also exist , mainly bred in the Victorian Age of England, when ferns were very popular in parks and gardens.

description

Illustration of Dryopteris macropholis

Rhizome of Dryopteris macropholis

The Dryopteris species grow as perennial herbaceous plants . They are characterized by a very thick, short rhizome densely covered with brown scales . The leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade and vary greatly in length and width. The petiole is relatively short and strong. The leaf blade is single or double pinnate. The leaf blade in the Central European species is hardly narrower towards the bottom, which is a distinguishing feature of the lady fern ( Athyrium ).

The spores are arranged in large sori on the underside of the leaf.

Dryopteris aemula

Comb fern ( Dryopteris cristata )

Underside of a frond of the red veil fern ( Dryopteris erythrosora ) with sori

Dryopteris glabra

Dryopteris tokyoensis

Mountain worm fern ( Dryopteris wallichiana )

Systematics and distribution

Some authors classify some species as belonging to the genera Ctenitis or Thelypteris . Some authors have assigned Dryopteris species of the genera Aspidium and Nephrodium . For most species, mature spores are essential for reliable identification and to distinguish the pure species from the hybrids.

The genus of Dryopteris comprises more than 150 and probably more than 280 species worldwide. In Central Europe these include:

Chaff-scaly worm fern ( Dryopteris affinis (Lowe) Fraser-Jenk. ), Also called gold-scale fern, distribution area: Europe, Middle East . With several subspecies, which are also considered species by some authors.

Common thorn fern or Carthusian fern ( Dryopteris carthusiana (Vill.) HPFuchs , Syn .: Dryopteris spinulosa (Muell.) Watt ): It occurs in Europe and Western Asia .

Crested fern ( Dryopteris cristata (L.) A. Gray ): It is widespread in the northern hemisphere in Europe, western Siberia , Canada and the United States.

Broad-leaved thorn fern or broad worm fern ( Dryopteris dilatata (Hoffm.) A.Gray ): It is widespread in Europe, West and North Asia , North America and in Greenland .

Slender thorn fern ( Dryopteris expansa (C.Presl) Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy ): It is widespread in Europe, Turkey , Russia , North America and Greenland.

Common worm fern ( Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott ): It is widespread in Eurasia , North Africa and the New World.

Scree worm fern ( Dryopteris oreades Fomin ), distribution area: Europe, the Middle East and the Caucasus .

Far-feathered thorn fern or far-feathered worm fern ( Dryopteris remota (A.Braun ex Döll) Druce ), distribution area: Europe, Turkey and Georgia .

Rigid worm fern ( Dryopteris villarii (Bellardi) Woynar ex Schinz & Thell. ), Distribution area: mountains in Europe and Western Asia .

Outside Central Europe there are (selection):

Dryopteris aemula (Aiton) Kuntze : It occurs in the Azores , Madeira , Canary Islands , northern Spain , France , the British Isles , Turkey and Georgia.
Dryopteris arguta (Kaulf.) Watt : It occurs in the western US states of Oregon , Washington , Arizona , California and Baja California .
Dryopteris atrata (Wall.) Ching : It occurs in Sri Lanka , India , Bhutan , Nepal , Myanmar , Thailand , Vietnam , Taiwan , Tibet and in large parts of China.
Dryopteris campyloptera (Kunze) Clarkson : It occurs in eastern Canada and in the eastern United States.
Dryopteris celsa (W.Palmer) Knowlton, W.Palmer & Pollard : It is found in the eastern and central United States.
Dryopteris cinnamomea (Cavanilles) C.Christensen : It occurs from the southern US states of Arizona and Texas to Mexico.
Dryopteris clintoniana (DCEaton) Dowell , native to eastern Canada and eastern USA.
Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai : It occurs on the Japanese islands of Hokkaido , Honshu and Shikoku , in Korea , Primorye , Sakhalin and in the Chinese provinces of Hebei , Heilongjiang , Jilin and Liaoning .
Dryopteris cycadina (Franch. & Sav.) C.Chr. : It occurs in Japan, Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Fujian , Guangxi , Guizhou , Hubei , Hunan , Jiangxi , Sichuan , Yunnan and Zhejiang .
Dryopteris dickinsii (Hoffm.) A.Gray : It occurs in India, Japan, north-central Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang.
Red veil fern or red veil worm fern ( Dryopteris erythrosora (DCEaton) Kuntze ): It is found in large parts of China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan and the Philippines . With several subspecies, which some authors consider to be separate species.

Fragrant worm fern ( Dryopteris fragrans (L.) Schott ): It is widespread in the northern hemisphere in Asia, North America and Greenland; in Europe it occurs only in northern Finland and northwestern Russia .

Dryopteris glabra (Brack.) Kuntze : It occurs in Hawaii and Tahiti .

Giant worm fern ( Dryopteris goldieana (Hook. Ex Goldie) A.Gray ), native to eastern Canada and eastern and central USA.

Dryopteris hirtipes (flower) Kuntze , native to: Himalayas, India, Sri Lanka, South China, Indochina, Malay Peninsula , Polynesia .

Dryopteris hondoensis Koidz. : It occurs in Japan, Korea and the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Zhejiang.

Dryopteris intermedia (Muhlenberg ex Willd.) A.Gray : It is found in Canada and the United States.

Dryopteris ludoviciana (Kunze) Small : It occurs in the southern and southeastern United States.

Dryopteris macropholis Lorence & WLWagner : This endemic occurs only in the Marquesas .

Dryopteris marginalis (L.) A. Gray , native to: Greenland, eastern Canada and the USA.

Dryopteris odontoloma C.Chr. , Home: Himalayas.

Dryopteris Sieboldii ( Van Houtte ) Kuntze , Origin: Japan, China.

Dryopteris stewartii Fraser-Jenk. , Home: Himalayas, China.

Dryopteris sweetiorum Lorence & WLWagner : This endemic occurs only on the Marquesas Islands.

Dryopteris tokyoensis (Makino) C.Chr. , Home: Japan, Fujian, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang.

Dryopteris uniformis (Makino) Makino , native to: Japan, South Korea, China.

Mountain worm fern ( Dryopteris wallichiana (Spreng.) Hyl. ): It is found in Asia in Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, China, Taiwan, Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and in the New World from Mexico via Central America and the Caribbean islands widespread to Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Argentina and Paraguay. There are two varieties.

The following natural hybrids have been observed in Central Europe:

Dryopteris × alpirsbachensis Freilang , Zenner, Bujnoch, S.Jess. & Magauer = Dryopteris carthusiana × Dryopteris remota
Dryopteris × ambroseae Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy = Dryopteris dilatata × Dryopteris expansa
Dryopteris × brathaica Fraser-Jenk. & Reichst. = Dryopteris carthusiana × Dryopteris filix-mas
Dryopteris × complexa Fraser-Jenk. = Dryopteris affinis × Dryopteris filix-mas
Dryopteris × critica (Fraser-Jenk.) Fraser-Jenk. = Dryopteris borreri × Dryopteris filix-mas
Dryopteris × deweveri (Jansen) Jansen & Wachter = Dryopteris carthusiana × Dryopteris dilatata
Dryopteris × sarvelii Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy = Dryopteris carthusiana × Dryopteris expansa
Dryopteris × uliginosa (A.Braun ex Döll) Kuntze ex Druce = Dryopteris carthusiana × Dryopteris cristata

use

The Dryopteris species contain phloroglucin compounds ("filizin") in the subterranean parts of the plant - medicinal substances that paralyze intestinal parasites . The extracts were therefore previously used to treat tapeworm infestation . Hence the common name worm fern. Because of numerous poisonings, some with fatal results, the worm fern has meanwhile been placed on the negative list of phytopharmaceuticals . Only when modern tapeworm remedies fail are these remedies used by qualified naturopaths.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The big pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Maarten JM Christenhusz, E. von Raab-Straube (2013): Polypodiopsida. : Data sheet Dryopteris In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Dryopteris in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Sugong Wu, Xiang Jianying, Shugang Lu, Wang Faguo, Prof. Fuwu Xing, Shiyong Dong, He Hai, Li-Bing Zhang, David S. Barrington, Maarten JM Christenhusz: Dryopteridaceae. : Dryopteris Adanson. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 2-3: Lycopodiaceae through Polypodiaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2013, ISBN 978-1-935641-11-7 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h James D. Montgomery, Warren H. Wagner Jr .: Dryopteris Adanson. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7 .
^ Michael Koltzenburg: Dryopteridaceae. In: Schmeil-Fitschen: The flora of Germany and neighboring countries. G. Parolly, JG Rohwer (Ed.), 97th edition, Quelle & Meyer Verlag, Wiebelsheim 2019, ISBN 978-3-494-01700-6 . Dryopteris on p. 164.

Web links

Commons : Common ferns ( Dryopteris ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: worm fern - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Literature for species occurring in German-speaking countries

Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
Bernhard Marbach, Christian Kainz: FSVO nature guide mosses, ferns and lichens. blv, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-405-16323-4 .

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[Zander2008-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The big pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .

[Euro+Med-2] Maarten JM Christenhusz, E. von Raab-Straube (2013): Polypodiopsida. : Data sheet Dryopteris In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

[GRIN-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Dryopteris in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 20, 2019.

[FoC-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Sugong Wu, Xiang Jianying, Shugang Lu, Wang Faguo, Prof. Fuwu Xing, Shiyong Dong, He Hai, Li-Bing Zhang, David S. Barrington, Maarten JM Christenhusz: Dryopteridaceae. : Dryopteris Adanson. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 2-3: Lycopodiaceae through Polypodiaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2013, ISBN 978-1-935641-11-7 .

[FoNA-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h James D. Montgomery, Warren H. Wagner Jr .: Dryopteris Adanson. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 1993, ISBN 0-19-508242-7 .

[Koltzenburg2019-6] Michael Koltzenburg: Dryopteridaceae. In: Schmeil-Fitschen: The flora of Germany and neighboring countries. G. Parolly, JG Rohwer (Ed.), 97th edition, Quelle & Meyer Verlag, Wiebelsheim 2019, ISBN 978-3-494-01700-6 . Dryopteris on p. 164.