Scaly worm fern

Scaly worm fern
	Chaff-scaly fern ( Dryopteris affinis )
Systematics
	Ferns
Class :	True ferns (Polypodiopsida)
Order :	Spotted ferns (Polypodiales)
Family :	Fern family (Dryopteridaceae)
Genre :	Common ferns ( Dryopteris )
Type :	Scaly worm fern
Scientific name
	Dryopteris affinis
	( Lowe ) Fraser-Jenk.

The scaly worm fern ( Dryopteris affinis ), also called scaly worm fern, is a fern from the genus of the worm ferns ( Dryopteris ).

description

Violet-black plumage on the left midrib

The chaff scaly fern is a perennial plant and reaches heights of 100 to 160 centimeters. The upright or ascending, short, thick rhizome is covered with soft, wide and often ciliate scales.

There are five or more vascular bundles at the base of the petiole . The fertile and sterile leaf fronds are designed approximately the same. The fronds are tufted and leathery, dark green in color, shiny on top and overwintering. They are simply pinnate with pinnate leaflets, or doubly pinnate. On each side there are 20 to 35 feathers, which are narrowed at the base. A key feature of this species is the purple-black plumage on the underside. The frond stem is three to four millimeters thick and, like the leaf spindle ( Rhachis ), is densely covered with long chaff scales.

The veils are thick and arched. The 35–60 µm long spores are formed from June to September.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 82, 123, 130 or 160.

distribution

The chaff-scaly worm fern is widespread from Europe to the adjacent parts of North Africa and West Asia. In Western Asia it occurs in northern Turkey , the Caucasus and southern Iran. Its European area is mainly in the western and southern part, it extends north to western Norway (up to 63 ° north latitude), east to the former Czechoslovakia , Poland , Romania and the Ukraine . In Central Europe it occurs in the Alps (up to altitudes of 2000 meters, in the northern Alps up to 1000 meters), in the low mountain range (eastwards to the Bavarian Forest, northwards to the Sauerland , more rarely to Lower Saxony ). You can also find it in the Palatinate Forest , in the Spessart and in the Vosges .

It occurs in the montane to subalpine altitude range in the oceanic area of the meridional to north temperate Florence zone .

The chaffy-scaly worm fern colonizes light-rich to partially shaded, more rarely also shady, fresh to moderately moist, lime-poor, weakly acidic to acidic, musty humus locations, mostly on slopes rich in debris or blocks in humid locations, mostly in areas with annual rainfall over 1000 mm. He loves fern-rich herbaceous vegetation on slopes. It grows mainly in moist, shady montane beech and fir forests. It thrives best on soils poor in lime . He is a species of character of the order Fagetalia.

Systematics

The species Dryopteris affinis is a complex of different, partly diploid , partly triploid clans that reproduce apogamously . Their morphological variability is very high and they also form hybrids with Dryopteris filix-mas .

There are several subspecies: According to Euro + Med, these are viewed as separate types.

Dryopteris affinis subsp. affinis : diploid, chromosome number 2n = 82. Leaflet sections not with parallel margins, therefore forming V-shaped spaces. The fronds overwinter. Occurrence in southwestern Europe and in western central Europe. Very rare in Styria and Tyrol .

Dryopteris affinis subsp. borreri (Newman) Fraser-Jenk. (Syn .: Dryopteris borreri (Newman) Oberh. & Tavel ): It is triploid, chromosome number 2n = 123. Plumage sections with parallel margins , truncated in front and only slightly serrated. The fronds overwinter. There are occurrences in the entire area of the species. In the Allgäu Alps, the clan on the Diedamskopf in Vorarlberg rises up to 1600 meters above sea level.

Dryopteris affinis subsp. cambrensis Fraser-Jenk. (Syn .: Dryopteris cambrensis (Fraser-Jenk.) Beitel & WR Buck ): It is triploid, chromosome number 2n = 123. Feather segments with parallel edges , rounded at the front with prominent triangular teeth. The fronds do not survive the winter. The clan avoids lime. It is found in the whole area of the species except in southern Europe. The subspecies thrives mainly in rubble heaps in the Polystichetum lonchitidis. In the Allgäu Alps, this clan also rises above the middle station at Diedamskopf in Vorarlberg up to 1,600 meters above sea level.

Dryopteris affinis subsp. pseudodisjuncta (Fraser-Jenk.) Fraser-Jenk. (Syn .: Dryopteris pseudodisjuncta (Fraser-Jenk.) Fraser-Jenk. ): Ploidy unexplained

According to Euro + Med, the following subspecies can be distinguished:

Dryopteris affinis (Lowe) Fraser-Jenk. subsp. affinis
Dryopteris affinis subsp. jessenii (Fraser-Jenk.) Fraser-Jenk. : It occurs in Romania and Serbia.
Dryopteris affinis subsp. kerryensis (Fraser-Jenk.) Fraser-Jenk. : It occurs in Ireland.
Dryopteris affinis subsp. paleaceolobata (T. Moore) Fraser-Jenk. : It occurs in Great Britain and Ireland.
Dryopteris affinis subsp. punctata Fraser-Jenk. : It occurs in France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia and Turkey.

supporting documents

Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
Christopher Roy Fraser-Jenkins : Dryopteris , In: Karl Ulrich Kramer (Hrsg.): Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 3rd, completely revised edition. Volume I. Part 1 Pteridophyta . Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1984, ISBN 3-489-50020-2 .

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 83-84 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (ed.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . 2nd, supplemented edition. tape 1 : General Part, Special Part (Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta): Lycopodiaceae to Plumbaginaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3322-9 .
^ ^A ^b Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
↑ Thomas Gaskell Tutin et al .: Flora Europaea, Vol. 1 . 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press 2000. ISBN 978-0-521-15366-9
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f M. Christenhusz & E. von Raab-Straube (2013): Polypodiopsida. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Data sheet Dryopteris In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
↑ ^a ^b Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , pp. 68-72.

Web links

Commons : Dryopteris affinis - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Scaly worm fern. In: FloraWeb.de.
Scaly worm fern . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
Distribution in Switzerland [1]
Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia )

[Oberdorfer2001-1] Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 83-84 .

[Sebald1993-2] Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (ed.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . 2nd, supplemented edition. tape 1 : General Part, Special Part (Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta): Lycopodiaceae to Plumbaginaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3322-9 .

[Fischer2008-3] A ^b Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .

[FloraEuropaea2000-4] Thomas Gaskell Tutin et al .: Flora Europaea, Vol. 1 . 2nd Edition. Cambridge University Press 2000. ISBN 978-0-521-15366-9

[Euro+Med-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f M. Christenhusz & E. von Raab-Straube (2013): Polypodiopsida. - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Data sheet Dryopteris In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

[Dörr_und_Lippert-6] Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , pp. 68-72.