Jerusalem artichoke

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Jerusalem artichoke
Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus)

Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus )

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Heliantheae
Genre : Sunflowers ( helianthus )
Type : Jerusalem artichoke
Scientific name
Helianthus tuberosus
L.

Jerusalem artichoke [ ˌtopinamˈbuɐ ] ( Helianthus tuberosus ) is a plant and botanically belongs to the sunflower family (Asteraceae) and to the same genus as the sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ). It is related to the Yacon ( Smallanthus sanchifolius ) and, like this, forms edible sprouts; Both belong to the root vegetable and are useful plants whose tuber is primarily used for nutrition.

Origin and variants of the name

The name is derived from the name of the indigenous people of the Tupinambá and in German can be both male ( the Jerusalem artichoke) and the female gender ( the Jerusalem artichoke).

In some places in Baden, Jerusalem artichoke is called a potato . Other names are earth pear (in southern Baden also Ross potatoes , because they were fed to horses) or Jerusalem artichoke , borel, earth artichoke , earth shock, earth sunflower, earth truffle, eternity potato, Indian tuber, small sunflower, tuber sunflower, horse potato, sweet potato and sweet potato . In the Rhineland, southern Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the potato is also referred to as a Erdbirne or Erdapfel .

The brandy made from the inulin-rich bulbs of this plant is also known as Jerusalem artichoke or Rossler .

description

Single shoot in flower
Jerusalem artichoke plant

The perennial herbaceous plant grows up to 3 m high. The shoot is annual and dies in autumn. From a tuber , several upright and, after prolonged single-shoot growth, later branched stems are formed , on which there are stalked, ovate, lanceolate and pointed to pointed leaves, sometimes with entire margins, sawed to the edge or notched. These are 7 to 10 cm wide and between 10 and 25 cm long. Stems and leaves are rough and hairy. The 2–8 cm long petiole is often slightly winged. The nerve is threefold.

From a botanical point of view, what is commonly referred to as a "flower" is a pseudo- flower head . It is cup-shaped and is formed by the sterile tongue-like flowers on the outside and the inner, hermaphrodite tubular flowers , here also leaves of chaff are present. It is a hermaphrodite inflorescence, which is underlaid by a hairy, multi-row calyx . The fruits are botanically called achenes . The inflorescences are 4 to 8 cm in diameter and sit in the axils of the upper leaves. The outer ray-florets have strong yellow, ribbed tongues about 2.5-4 centimeters long. Jerusalem artichoke blooms between August and November. As a short-day plant, however, it only flowers when the length of the day falls below a certain level. Therefore it does not bloom before October in northern France, but from August in central Europe .

The plant overwinters with rhizomes in which the special sugar inulin is stored. The pear-, apple- and spindle-shaped tubers arise at the base of the shoot , the tuber skin is colored from beige to yellow to pink and the “flesh” of the tuber is white. The tubers are about the size of potatoes and they have several "eyes". In contrast to potatoes, the skin of the tuber is fine and thin. The tubers can withstand frost down to −30 ° C, whereas the above-ground shoot can only withstand −5 ° C.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 102.

Classification as a neophyte

The plant proliferates, and the enormous vigor means that even fragments of the rhizome tubers are enough to sprout again and also appear as "volunteers" in subsequent crops.

In Central Europe, Jerusalem artichoke is often wild and can - like other neobiota or neophytes  - cause problems because it displaces native plants, but has only a few predators apart from voles and wild boars. In July and August, the plant forms elongated, spindle-shaped tubers on the underground runners (creep shoots, rhizomes), which serve as carbohydrate stores . They will sprout new sprouts next spring. The plant is therefore able to penetrate an existing plant community and to displace it due to its rapid height growth in spring, when the other plants are very heavily shaded. However, the vigor is very dependent on the location. In your own garden, root barriers (rhizome barriers) should be used to prevent Jerusalem artichoke from becoming overgrown. It occurs in Central Europe in societies of the order Convolvuletalia, but also penetrates into Artemisietea societies.

Origin and history

Jerusalem artichoke comes from North and Central America , its original range is believed to be in Mexico. Today the species is widespread in central and eastern North America as well as in Central America and is considered a cultivated plant of the indigenous peoples from pre-Columbian times.

In 1610, survivors of a famine among French emigrants in Canada / North America sent some of the unknown tubers that had saved their lives to Europe . So it came to Paris and the Vatican in 1612 as a meeting place for miracles of all kinds. In France, the "Indian potato" was named after an indigenous people of Brazil , the Tupinambá , whose representatives happened to be visiting; hence Jerusalem artichoke (o) ur . At the same time, papal gardeners agreed on girasole articiocco (sunflower artichoke). By folk etymology , girasole became the name Jerusalem artichoke in the English-speaking world .

At first the Jerusalem artichoke was grown as a food . In the 19th century, the tubers were an important food and feed . It was particularly popular in France after its introduction in the early 17th century. In Europe, the sweet-tasting tuber was largely replaced by the more productive potato from 1750 onwards.

Today Jerusalem artichoke is grown on almost every continent, with the main growing areas in North America, Russia , Australia and Asia. It is also grown in southern France and the Netherlands, with only minor economic importance. In Switzerland, it has been grown again commercially in the Seeland since 1978. In Germany there are only small growing areas in Lower Saxony , Brandenburg and Baden. In 1990 about 200 hectares were still cultivated in Baden in the Rastatt district , in Denmark it was 15 to 20 hectares in 1990. Around 2000, Jerusalem artichoke tubers were almost exclusively sold in organic shops or at weekly markets. In Switzerland and Austria it is also marketed through the retail chains.

cultivation

Cultivation and harvest

Some washed Jerusalem artichoke rhizome tubers
Tubers, very early wild-growing variety, Ingelheim am Rhein
Tubers, very late red variety

Jerusalem artichoke is cultivated annually in commercial cultivation. It is undemanding and does not place any great demands on its location, whereby nutrient-poor soils can also be used. Locations with pH values ​​between 6.0 and 7.5 are ideal. In the crop sequence, it follows crops that leave loose soil very well and it grows mainly on loose, slightly sandy soil; Waterlogging is avoided. Climatically, the plant can thrive in cool areas such as North America and Europe far to the south, and it is also suitable for the tropics during the "cooler" season. Locations in full sun are particularly valued, but Jerusalem artichoke also feels at home in partial shade .

The replanting takes place in early spring (February – April). During the very early planting period, the culture can be covered with fleece to speed it up. The plant spacing in the row is 30 to 40 cm and the row spacing 60 to 80 cm. The tubers are deposited to a depth of 10 to 12 cm. The same growing technique can be used as for potatoes. For this purpose, the rows are piled up in order to premature the growth of the tubers and to make it easier to pick up the tubers, since they are elevated. Depending on the size of the tuber, 1.2 to 2 tons of tubers are required for one hectare. This corresponds to 0.2 kg / m² (20 kg / a). The optimal stand density is 3 to 5 tubers / m².

Jerusalem artichoke needs care through weed control, especially at the beginning of cultivation. Then the plant overgrows and displaces the weeds so that they no longer play a role in reducing the yield. If the flowers are also removed, the yield can be increased by 10 to 12%, with the bulbs increasing from 3.8 g to 4.4 g on average. In contrast, if the entire plant is cut back, the yield will be reduced.

Although the plant can grow in nutrient-poor soils, the yield is higher with additional fertilization. Earlier experiments from France and Germany (before 1949) show a high need for potassium. Jerusalem artichoke required for volunteers (in kg / ha pure nutrient ) 100 nitrogen, 50 P 2 O 5 , 150 K 2 O. When present, the plant takes up to 150 kg / ha nitrogen, but without great additional yield. English studies only give 50 kg / ha of nitrogen. Above all, the growth of the above-ground parts of the plant increases sharply. The nutrient content (= nutrient removal by tuber harvest) per decitonne tuber is 0.26 kg N, 0.14 kg P 2 O 5 , 0.62 kg K 2 O and 0.02 kg MgO .

The main growth of the tubers takes place from July to October, harvesting takes place from November to March / April before the new tubers sprout. After the leaves fall off (collapse), the stems are shortened for easier harvest. The yields are approx. 60 t / ha of tubers, with good cultivation up to 80 t / ha can be achieved and in the home garden yields of 2 to 3 kg / m² are common. More powerful machines are necessary for harvesting because the tubers are more firmly attached to the plant than potatoes. In contrast to potatoes, the Jerusalem artichoke tuber can tolerate frost as long as it is in the ground. In order to be able to harvest in frost, the earth can be covered with straw or leaves. After the harvest, some of the smaller tubers usually remain in the soil, which is used for next year's crop. Jerusalem artichoke stays in the same location for a few years and is harvested annually. If there is a change of culture, it is best to sow meadows that are mowed several times a year. This brings the Jerusalem artichoke to a standstill and it disappears from the cultivated area.

sorts

  • Topstar (very early, bulbs elongated-oval)
  • Henriette (early, tubers cylindrical to pear-shaped)
  • Gigant (early, tubers cylindrical to pear-shaped)
  • Bianca (early, tubers cylindrical to pear-shaped, growth height 2.5 m)
  • Patate (tubers rounded, slightly reddish in color)
  • Sakhalinski rouge
  • Good yellow (medium late, tuber round to oval and smooth)
  • Wood spindle (medium late, spindle-shaped tubers)
  • Völkenroder spindle (medium late, tubers spindle-shaped to pointed oval)
  • Lola (medium late, tubers round to pear-shaped)
  • Medius (medium late, tubers round to pear-shaped)
  • Topianka (medium late, tubers pear-shaped to roundish)
  • Fuseau 60 (medium late, round to pear-shaped with daughter bulbs)
  • Local variety red (late, bulbs round to pear-shaped)
  • Local variety white (late, bulbs round to pear-shaped)
  • Dornburger (late, bulbs oval to rounded)
  • Violet de Rennes (late, bulbs violet and similar to pine cones, height 2 m)
  • Red zone sphere (late, tubers round-oval to spindle-shaped)

Multiplication

Jerusalem artichoke is usually propagated vegetatively via tubers.

Propagation via seeds was attempted in 1904 by Vilmorin in Corsica . The result was a yellow variety that had a finer taste but less yield. Because of the late flowering time, the seeds in Central Europe usually do not mature, so that the plants are completely dependent on vegetative reproduction via the tuber. It is also possible to multiply by means of meristem culture from the cells obtained from leaves for breeding purposes. In Guadeloupe there is a variety ( Navet de Jérusalem ) that forms tubers particularly quickly within 90 days under the local climate.

Diseases and pests

Overall, Jerusalem artichoke is attacked by only a few diseases and pests that rarely reduce the yield. Powdery mildew and Alternaria can be found almost every year , but not worth fighting. In addition to powdery mildew, rust is also occasionally found. When growing on a large scale, disease and pest pressures can increase. Under tropical conditions the plant is very sensitive to the cup fungus species Sclerotium rolfsii . Sclerotinia leads to premature wilting of the plant and rotting of the tuber. Precultures that are sensitive to sclerotinia, such as French beans or cabbage species, should therefore be avoided. Under European conditions, wild boars and voles can also be found damaging. If the fertilizer is too high (especially nitrogen), the roots rot more easily.

use

nutrition

The taste of Jerusalem artichoke tubers is sweet, the consistency is watery and it is reminiscent of artichoke bottoms , sweet potatoes and yacon . The tuber can be eaten raw in salads or cooked in salt water. They are also suitable for eating fried like potatoes. A juice can also be prepared as a drink. In an acidic environment, this can be thickened and results in a 90% fructose syrup . The golden yellow to brown Jerusalem artichoke syrup is sold as an alternative sweetener.

Particularly noteworthy is the ingredient inulin, an indigestible polysaccharide . As a water-soluble fiber , inulin is an important prebiotic . The inulin content is highest at the time of harvest and falls off during storage. The total sugar content (based on mass) remains constant.

100 g Jerusalem artichoke generally contain:
Calorific value water protein fat carbohydrates Fiber
130 kJ (31 kcal ) 78.465 g 2.44 g 0.41 g 4 g 12.5 g
100 g Jerusalem artichoke generally contain:
Bread units Linolenic acid Linoleic acid Minerals sodium potassium Calcium magnesium phosphorus iron zinc copper
0.33 BE 44 mg 0.165 g 1.74 g 3 mg 478 mg 10 mg 20 mg 78 mg 3.7 mg 60 µg 0.150 mg
100 g Jerusalem artichoke contain the vitamins:
A. B1 B2 B3 B5 B6 B7 B9 B12 C. D. E. K
2 µg 200 µg 60 µg 1.3 mg 60 µg 90 µg 1.7 µg 31 µg 0 mg 4 mg 0 mg 1.3-2 mg 0.023 mg

Since the tubers only have a thin skin, they dry out easily and wilt. Unlike potatoes, they can only be stored openly for a few weeks. This is best done in the refrigerator after purchase. After harvesting, the tubers must be stored frost-free because they are then no longer frost-hardy. The air humidity should be around 90% for storage, the temperature preferably close to 1 to 2 ° C. Wrapped in soil, they can be kept for a few months. Up to six months of storage are possible in underground heaps . Thanks to a new “infrared drying process”, kitchen-ready Jerusalem artichokes can be made available all year round for the first time.

distillery

Jerusalem artichoke was already used for distilling distillates at the end of the 19th century. In Baden the Jerusalem artichoke tubers are processed into a digestive schnapps that is sold under the names “ Jerusalem artichoke brandy ”, “ Jerusalem artichoke ”, “ Topi ”, “ Erdäpfler ”, “ Rossler ” (derived from Ross potatoes) or “ Borbel ” .

Jerusalem artichoke brandy smells fruity and has a slightly nutty-sweet aroma. The intense, but pleasantly earthy taste, which is vaguely reminiscent of gentian, is characteristic. Before burning, the Jerusalem artichoke tubers must be washed thoroughly in order to remove any build-up of soil. In the case of insufficient cleaning, the brandy gets an unpleasant taste, in the worst case it can lead to incorrect fermentation.

Jerusalem artichoke brandy is occasionally refined into " Red Rossler ". It is made with the roots of the bloodroot , whereby plant substances are extracted from the roots, which give the " Red Rossler " a slightly bitter and astringent taste and, last but not least, the red color. The “ Rote Rossler ” is indicated as a home remedy for stomach upset, diarrhea or abdominal pain, but is also eagerly tasted without physical discomfort, for example to aid digestion after a long meal. In addition to bloodroot, other ingredients, such as currants , are also used in the production of “ Rotem Rossler ”. Like pure Jerusalem artichoke schnapps, “ Roter Rossler ” is sold with 40–45% alcohol by volume.

Over 90% of the Jerusalem artichoke tubers cleared in Germany are currently processed into spirits in fruit distilleries. During fermentation and subsequent distillation to form spirits, the length of the inulin molecules is of little importance as it cannot be fermented. According to the spirits monopoly law, Jerusalem artichoke is one of the fruit substances.

Sugar production

To a lesser extent, Jerusalem artichoke was also important as a raw material for the production of fruit sugar. Fructose is interesting because it is sweeter than sugar (sucrose) or dextrose (glucose). However, sugar production was quite difficult and expensive and was no longer pursued around the Second World War . Today there are techniques that make it easier to produce fructose from Jerusalem artichoke by using the fact that a high percentage of fructose is already present in the tuber after hydrolysis of the polysaccharide inulin.

Fodder plant

In the past, Jerusalem artichokes were also fed to domestic animals (cattle, horses, pigs). The closely related species Helianthus maximiliani is also used as a fodder plant in the USA. Today products are again available as supplementary feed for horses, dogs and small animals. It is said to be very good feed for sheep and pigs. Jerusalem artichoke is also grown as a game field in the hunt and as game feed . Hares, red deer and wild boar scratch the tubers out of the ground, and the stalks provide good cover for birds and small animals. The young shoots of the game are mainly accepted for grazing . However, fully grown plants are seldom accepted by the game, as the leaves are obviously too rough. The corms are exposed by the animals, especially in the middle of winter. The Jerusalem artichoke Wildacker helps to minimize browsing and damage to the fields in the adjacent forest. In addition to wild boars , muskrat , brown rat , water vole and wild rabbit also eat the tubers. Since Jerusalem artichoke is a neophyte and sometimes spreads invasively, planting should not take place near running waters. The digging activities can cause major damage to the bank reinforcement. The burrowing activity of the rodents also contributes to the spread of the plants. Tubers and fragments of tubers exposed by rodents are often washed away by rivers and then repopulate other habitats . Even if Jerusalem artichoke can be viewed as an invasive plant today, cultivation is very possible and useful under regulated conditions.

Bioenergy

Due to the good cultivation properties and the high biomass production, Jerusalem artichoke can also be used as an energy plant and accordingly plays a potential role as a renewable raw material . Both the vegetative parts and the tubers can be fermented into biogas and bioethanol or dried and processed into fuel. In order to be used for bioethanol production, the tubers should have gotten a frost so that the inulin they contain can be converted into fermentable sugar by the activated inulase .

A perennial culture is possible for the use of biogas. The dry matter yield (herb and tubers) can be up to 30 tons per hectare. With approx. 8140 cubic meters of biogas per hectare, around 10% less biogas can be obtained from the herb yield than with silage maize cultivation . If you also harvest the tubers, an additional yield of around 2150 cubic meters of biogas per hectare is possible. However, there has only been experience in cultivating Jerusalem artichoke for energy use for a few years. When refining into ethanol, the inulin yield and thus also the shape of the inulin molecules have hardly any influence. Jerusalem artichoke is only beaten through the sugar beet in bioethanol production .

Jerusalem artichoke can also be dried and used as fuel in the form of pellets . They can be used in wood chip or pellet heating systems without any modifications . An average of 3.1 kg of Jerusalem artichoke pellets correspond to a heating output of 1 kg of heating oil . Or: 20 t / ha Jerusalem artichoke corresponds to approx. 6400 l heating oil.

Medical importance

The tubers are popular with diabetics because they consist of 16% carbohydrates in the form of the polysaccharide inulin . Jerusalem artichoke has been on the menu since 1922 to accompany the treatment of diabetes. Inulin, the long-chain sugar substance, cannot be digested because the necessary enzymes are not available and therefore acts as dietary fiber in the intestine. Fermentation only occurs in the large intestine, but this can also lead to flatulence. If inulin is regularly consumed with food, it lowers blood lipid levels and promotes the presence of bifidobacteria . Corresponding experiments were used with weaners as a substitute for performance enhancers and encouraged lactoflora formation.

In homeopathy , Jerusalem artichoke is used as a means of weight reduction - by inhibiting the feeling of hunger. In health food stores Jerusalem artichoke is sold as a chewable tablet or drink in order to reduce the feeling of hunger in connection with water by swelling in the stomach when taken before the actual meal. The tuber contains betaine , choline and saponins , which are thought to be cancer inhibitors . Jerusalem artichoke also contains so-called polyphenols , which have a strong antioxidant effect. They protect the plant from predators and harmful environmental influences. They have a similar effect in the human body, which is why they are very valuable for health. The tubers contain the phenolic acids salicylic acid (has an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect) , chlorogenic acid (cancer-preventing effect) and gentisic acid (bacteriostatic effects).

Web links

Commons : Jerusalem artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Jerusalem artichoke  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c G. Wahrig (Hrsg.): German dictionary . 8th edition. Bertelsmann, Gütersloh / Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-577-10241-4 .
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n G. Vogel: Manual of special vegetable cultivation - Jerusalem artichoke. 1996, ISBN 3-8001-5285-1 . Pp. 152-159.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g G. Vogel: Vegetable biographies (8) - Jerusalem artichoke. In: Gartenbau Magazin. 1993, pp. 53-54.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i F. Keller, J. Lüthi and K. Röthlisberger: Topinambur. In: 100 vegetables. Verlag LMZ, Zollikofen, 1986, p. 440, ISBN 3-906679-01-2 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m H. L. Vilmorin: Topinambour. In: Les Plantes Potagères; Descroption et culture des Proncipaux Légumes des climats tempéré. Troisième Édition, 1904, pp. 681–682.
  6. ↑ a b c A. Lugeon: Jerusalem artichoke. In: La Culture des Legumes. Librairie Payot, Lausanne, 1945, pp. 187–188.
  7. ↑ a b c d L. Müller: XII. Jerusalem artichoke, earth pear. In: Vegetable growing - A handbook and textbook for horticultural practice. Printing: Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Heinrich Rillinger, Nordhausen am Harz, 1937 ?, p. 440.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h H. C. Thompsen: Jerusalem Artichoke. In: Vegetable Crops. Fourth Edition, McBraw-Hill Book Company Inc., London 1949, pp. 210-211.
  9. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 927 .
  10. ↑ a b Jerusalem artichoke. In: Martin Kaltschmitt, Hans Hartmann, Hermann Hofbauer (Hrsg.): Energy from biomass. Basics, techniques and procedures. Springer Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg 2009, pp. 664–665. ISBN 978-3-540-85094-6 .
  11. ↑ Arvicola terrestris, Wühler (Cricetidae). Water voles, earth rats at bio-gaertner.de, accessed on March 9, 2014.
  12. ↑ Topinambur (Helianthus tuberosus) in the Flower Lexicon ( Memento from April 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive ).
  13. ↑ Topinambur on topinambur.cc - Plants, Cultivation and Harvesting, accessed on December 17, 2015.
  14. ↑ a b c d K. Stolzenburg: Jerusalem artichoke - healthy tuber, rediscovered winter vegetables. In: vegetables. No. 11, 2003, pp. 24-26.
  15. ↑ a b c C.-M. Messiaen: Le Topinambour ou "Navet de Jérusalem" , In: Le potager tropical. 3ème edition refondu, Edition CILF, Paris, 1998, pp. 479-480.
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g h C. van Wijk: Aardpeer: een zoete verrassing. In: Groenten & Fruit Week. 34, 2006, pp. 40-41.
  17. ^ LC Westley: The effect of Inflorescence Bud Removal on Tuber Production in Helianthus tuberosus L. (Asteraceae). In: Ecology. No. 7, Vol. 74, 1993, pp. 2136-2144, doi: 10.2307 / 1940858 .
  18. ^ S. Klug-Andresen: Jerusalem Artichocke: A Vegetabel Crop Growth Regulation and Cultivars. In: Acta Horticulturae. No. 318, 1992, pp. 145-152, doi: 10.17660 / ActaHortic.1992.318.18 .
  19. ↑ a b c d C. Wonneberger et al .: Topinambur. In: Vegetable growing. Verlag Ulmer, 2004, ISBN 3-8001-3985-5 , pp. 192-193.
  20. ^ Bavarian State Institute for Agriculture
  21. ↑ Varieties on kraizschouschteschgaart.info, accessed on March 9, 2014.
  22. ↑ Varieties and Yields (PDF) ( Memento of the original from March 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. from Landwirtschaft-bw.info, accessed on March 9, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.landwirtschaft-bw.info
  23. ↑ LE Görner: The ingredients of Jerusalem artichoke. In: vegetables. No. 7, 1996, pp. 455-456.
  24. ↑ a b C.ARMEN e. V .: Jerusalem artichoke - energy plant for biogas plants. In: Newsletter “nawaros” 11/2007 ( Memento from February 5, 2012 in the Internet Archive ), Straubing.
  25. ↑ a b c d e f g h i K. Stolzenburg: Quality and market at Jerusalem artichoke - 3rd Jerusalem artichoke symposium at the LAP Forchheim. In: vegetables. No. 7. 2005, pp. 31-32.
  26. ↑ JC Gotthard : Handbook of practical technology or manufacture, factory and handicrafts - Third chapter: The sugar boiler. Printing: Hamburg and Mainz from Gottfried Vollmer, Basel 1805, pp. 89–208
  27. ↑ CFH Wimmer : Flora von Schlesien: Handbook for the determination and knowledge of the phanerogamic plants of this province, together with a concise introduction to botany. Print: A. Rücker, 1832, p. 387.
  28. ↑ Jerusalem artichoke for game fields and hunting. In: topinambur-manufaktur.de. Retrieved November 6, 2018 .
  29. ↑ Michael Pankratius: Jerusalem artichoke. Lexicon of renewable raw materials.
  30. ↑ Topinambur nutritional values, calories and ingredients on topinambur.cc ( Memento from June 21, 2017 in the Internet Archive ).