Heliantheae

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Heliantheae
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus )

Systematics
Asterids
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Heliantheae
Scientific name
Heliantheae
Cass.

The tribe Heliantheae in the subfamily Asteroideae is no longer one of the largest within the Asteraceae family with around 112 plant genera . About 95% of the species are native to the New World .

description

Illustration of Podachaenium eminens

They are mostly annual, biennial or perennial herbaceous plants , less often sub-shrubs , shrubs or trees . The often stalked leaves can have very different leaf shapes.

In the cup-shaped inflorescence there are often both ray and tubular flowers. At the edge of the flower head there is a wreath of tongue-shaped, zygomorphic ray- flowers , also called ray-flowers, which have three or fewer petal lobes; some taxa lack ray florets. There are always mostly radial symmetry or rarely more or less zygomorphic, two-lipped tubular flowers . The five petals are fused into a tube with usually five or rarely three or four corolla lobes.

In species of some genera, the flower heads consist of tubular flowers and ray flowers (examples: coneflower ( Rudbeckia ) or sunflowers ( Helianthus )) and form so-called ray flowers. Other species only have tubular flowers.

The fruits, the achenes , in this tribe never have flight parachutes (as they are found in the dandelion, for example ), the pappus is often missing or there are pappus bristles.

Systematics

Subtribe Ambrosiinae: Ambrosia artemisiifolia
Subtribus Ambrosiinae: Iva imbricata
Subtribus Ambrosiinae: Parthenium hysterophorus
Subtribe Ecliptiinae: Blainvillea acmella
Subtribe Ecliptiinae: Calyptocarpus vialis
Subtribe Ecliptiinae: Eclipta prostrata
Subtribe Ecliptiinae: Lipochaeta rockii
Subtribe Ecliptiinae: Melanthera integrifolia
Subtribus Ecliptiinae: flower head of Wollastonia fauriei
Subtribe Ecliptiinae: Podanthus ovatifolius
Subtribus Enceliinae: Encelia virginensis
Subtribe Enceliinae: Enceliopsis argophylla
Subtribus Enceliinae: Geraea canescens
Subtribus Enceliinae: Helianthella castanea
Engelmanniinae subtribe: Borrichia arborescens
Subtribus Engelmanniinae: Chrysogonum virginianum
Subtribe Helianthinae: Bahiopsis parishii
Subtribus Helianthinae: Heliomeris multiflora var. Nevadensis
Subtribe Helianthinae: Lagascea mollis
Subtribus Montanoinae: Montanoa hibiscifolia
Subtribus Rudbeckiinae: flower head with high, conical inflorescence base of Ratibida columnifera
Subtribus Spilanthinae: Jambú ( Acmella ciliata )
Subtribus Verbesininae: Podachaenium paniculatum
Subtribus Zinniinae: flower heads with conical inflorescence bases of Echinacea paradoxa
Subtribus Zinniinae: habit, opposite leaves and flower head of Zinnia peruviana

The Tribus Heliantheae was drawn up in 1819 by Alexandre Henri Gabriel de Cassini in Journal de Physique, de Chimie, d'Histoire Naturelle et des Arts , Volume 88, p. 189. The type genus is Helianthus L.

The tribe Heliantheae used to contain about 189 to 300 genera with 2500 to 3300 species. Only about 112 genera are still included in this tribe. The division into subtribes is complicated and has often been revised. In recent years many of the previous 35 subtribes have become their own tribe. After Panero 2007 the tribe Heliantheae only contains 14 sub-tribes:

  • Subtribus Ambrosiinae Lessing : Most species have their home in the New World. It contains seven genera with 70 to 90 species:
    • Grape herbs ( Ambrosia L. ): The over 40 species are mainly found in tropical to subtropical and temperate areas of the New World , with a focus on biodiversity in North America (22 species). Some species are neophytes in the Old World .
    • Dicoria Torrey & A.Gray : The only two species are distributed from western North America to northwestern Mexico.
    • Hedosyne Strother : It contains only one species:
    • Iva : Of the nine or so species, seven are naturally distributed in temperate North America; there are also species in the subtropics. Some species are neophytes in the Old World.
    • Parthenice A.Gray : It contains only one species:
    • Parthenium L .: The 16 or so species occur naturally only in the New World (7 in North America). They thrive mainly in warm temperate and tropical, some in temperate, areas. Some species are neophytes in the Old World; including:
      • Guayule ( Parthenium argentatum A.Gray ): It supplies rubber.
    • Pointed burdock ( Xanthium L. ): The two to 25 species occur naturally only in the New World. In the old world it is neophytes. They are single sexed ( monoecious ) and often annual herbaceous plants.
  • Subtribe Chromolepidinae Panero :
    • Chromolepis Benth. : It contains only one type:
  • Subtribe Dugesiinae Panero :
    • Dugesia A.Gray : It contains only one species:
      • Dugesia mexicana (A.Gray) A.Gray A.Gray (Syn .: Dugesia mexicana A.Gray ): It thrives in the dry highlands of east-central Mexico.
  • Subtribe Ecliptinae Less. : The scope of this subtribe has been discussed controversially. Since Panero 2007 it contains around 50 (previously 27 to 35) genera with around 300 species. Orchard changed the scope of some genera in 2013 and reinstaled some, he also reorganized some genera:
    • Acunniana Orchard : It was established in 2013 and contains only one species:
      • Acunniana procumbens (DC.) Orchard (Syn .: Wollastonia procumbens DC. ): This endemic appears only in the northern Australian state of Northern Territory in western to central Arnhem Land and perhaps in Temple Bay in the eastern part of the Cape York Peninsula in Queensland .
    • Apowollastonia Orchard (Syn .: Niebuhria Neck. Nom. Inval., Seruneum Kuntze nom. Illeg. Superfl., Niebuhria Britten nom. Illeg. Superfl. Non Niebuhria Scop. Nom. Illeg. Superfl. Nec Niebuhria DC. Nom. Illeg.) : It was established in 2013, before that its species were included in Wedelia . Of the eight or so species, seven occur in northern to central Australia and one species occurs in New Guinea and Indonesia.
    • Baltimora L .: The roughly two species are common in the Neotropics.
    • Blainvillea Cass. : The ten or so species have a pantropical distribution.
    • Calyptocarpus Less. : The roughly two species are distributed from the USA to Central America and Cuba.
    • Clibadium L .: The approximately 40 species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Damnxanthodium Strother : It contains only one species:
    • Delilia Spreng. : The roughly two species are common in the Neotropic and occur on the Galapagos Islands .
    • Dimerostemma Cass. : The approximately 26 species are common in South America.
    • Echinocephalum Gardner : This genus was reactivated in 2013. It contains only one type:
      • Echinocephalum latifolium Gardner (Syn .: Melanthera latifolia (Gardner) Cabrera , Echinocephalum angustifolium Gardner ): It thrives in open humid savannas in Paraguay and in central, eastern and southern Brazil.
    • Eclipta L .: The four or five species occur in the New World and Australia.
    • Elaphandra Strother : The approximately 14 species are common in Panama and South America.
    • Eleutheranthera Poit. ex Bosc. : The only two types are common in the Neotropic.
    • Exomiocarpon Lawalrée : it contains only one species:
    • Fenixia Merr. : It contains only one type:
    • Hoffmanniella Schltr. ex Lawalrée : it contains only one species:
    • Idiopappus H.Rob. & Panero : It contains only one type:
    • Indocypraea Orchard : It was set up in 2013 and contains only one species:
      • Indocypraea montana (flower) Orchard (Syn .: Verbesina montana flower , Wollastonia montana (flower) DC. , Wedelia montana (flower) Boerl. , Wedelia wallichii Less. , Wedelia urticifolia var. Wallichii (Less.) DC. , Wollastonia montana var . wallichii (Less.) H.Koyama , Wedelia urticifolia var. wightii DC. , Wollastonia horsfieldiana Miq. , Wedelia montana var. pilosa H.Koyama ): It is distributed from Indonesia to Thailand, Myanmar, India, Nepal and China.
    • Iogeton Strother : It contains only one type:
    • Jefea Strother : The five or so species are distributed from Mexico to Guatemala.
    • Kingianthus H.Rob. : The roughly two species are distributed from Ecuador to Peru.
    • Lantanopsis C. Wright ex Griseb. : The only three species occur only in Cuba.
    • Leptocarpha DC. : It contains only one type:
    • Lasianthaea DC. : The approximately twelve species are distributed from North to Central America.
    • Lipochaeta DC. (Syn .: Microchaeta Nutt. Nom. Illeg. Superflat.): The only six species with many subtaxa only occur in Hawaii.
    • Lipoblepharis Orchard : It was installed in 2013. The approximately five species are distributed from Malesia to Southeast and East Asia (Indonesia to China as well as Japan and to western India) and before Vanuatu .
    • Lipotriche R.Br. (Syn .: Psathurochaeta DC. , Wuerschmittia Sch.Bip. , Trigonotheca Sch.Bip. ): The about 14 are in Africa, mainly in tropical areas, including Zanzibar spread
    • Lundellianthus H.Rob. : The eight or so species are common in Central America.
    • Melanthera Rohr (Syn .: Amellus P.Browne nom. Rej. Non Amellus L. , Melananthera Michx. ): Since Orchard 2013 there are only two species that only occur in the Neotropic.
    • Monactis Kunth : The ten or so species are distributed from Ecuador to Peru.
    • Oblivia Strother : The three or so species are common in Panama and the tropical Andes.
    • Otopappus Benth. : The approximately 14 species are common in Central America.
    • Oyedaea DC. : The approximately 18 species are distributed from Central to South America.
    • Quadribractea Orchard : It was installed in 2013 and contains only one species:
      • Quadribractea moluccana (flower) Orchard (Syn .: Verbesina moluccana flower , Wollastonia moluccana (flower) DC. , Wedelia moluccana (flower) Borl. , Moonia moluccana (flower) Koster , Verbesina moluccana Bl. , Verbesina dichotoma Reinw. Ex Miq. , Wedelia quadribracteata Warb. , Moonia quadribracteata (Warb.) Mattf. ): It occurs in eastern Indonesia and in East Timor .
    • Pascalia Ortega : There are roughly two species that are common in South America.
    • Perymeniopsis H.Rob. : It contains only one type:
    • Pentalepis F. Muell. : The three or so species are common in Australia.
    • Perymenium Schrad. : The approximately 43 species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Plagiolophus Greenm. : It contains only one type:
    • Podanthus Lag .: There are about two species in central Chile.
    • Riencourtia Cass. : The six or so species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Rensonia S.F.Blake : It contains only one species:
    • Schizoptera Turcz. : It contains only one type:
    • Sphagneticola O. Hoffm. : The five species since 2013 are pantropically distributed. Including:
    • Steiractinia S.F. Blake : The twelve or so species are common in South America.
    • Synedrella Gaertn. : It contains only one type:
    • Synedrellopsis Hieron. & Kuntze : It only contains one type:
    • Tilesia G.Mey. : The three or so species thrive in the tropical rainforest of the Neotropics.
    • Trigonopterum Hook. f. : It contains only one type:
    • Tuberculocarpus Pruski : It contains only one species:
    • Tuxtla Villaseñor & Strother : It contains only one species:
    • Wamalchitamia Strother : The four or so species are common in Central America.
    • Wedelia Jacq. nom. cons. (Syn .: Seruneum Kuntze nom. Illeg. Superfl.): Of the approximately 100 species, around 75 species are distributed in the Neotropics from southern North and Central America as well as on the Caribbean islands to South America, and around 25 species occur in Africa and Madagascar.
    • Wollastonia DC. ex Decne (Syn .: Wedelia sect. Wollastonia (DC. ex Decne.) Benth. & Hook. f., Aphanopappus Endl. , Schizophyllum Nutt. nom. illeg. non EMFries , Lipochaeta sect. Aphanopappus (Endl.) Benth. & . Hook. f , Niebuhria . Neck .. nom inval, Niebuhria Britten .. nom illeg non Niebuhria . Scop nec Niebuhria DC. , Seruneum Kuntze nom illeg Superfl):... Of the 20 species 16 species occur only in Hawaii ' i before. The total distribution area of ​​this genus extends from the coasts of East Africa over islands of the Indian Ocean to the Indian subcontinent, Malesia, the northern to eastern Australia (two species) and north to China and Japan and on islands of the southern Pacific to Fiji. Only one type:
      • Wollastonia biflora (L.) DC. : thrives on stands widespread in the Indo-Pacific region, but is not found in Hawai'i.
    • Zexmenia La Llave & Lex .: The roughly two species are common in Central America.
    • Zyzyxia Strother : it contains only one species:
  • Subtribus Enceliinae Panero :: It contains about five genera:
    • Encelia Adans. : The approximately 15 species are distributed in the western USA, Mexico, Peru, Chile and the Galapagos Islands .
    • Enceliopsis (A.Gray) A.Nelson : The four or so species are common in the western USA.
    • Flourensia DC. : The approximately 33 species are common in the western USA.
    • Geraea Torr. & A.Gray : The roughly two species are distributed from the southwestern United States to northwestern Mexico.
    • Dwarf sunflowers ( Helianthella Torr. & A.Gray ): The nine to ten species are mainly distributed from the western USA to Mexico, one species is also found in the Canadian province of British Columbia .
  • Subtribus Engelmanniinae Steussy : It contains about nine genera:
    • Balsamorhiza Hook. ex Nutt. : The twelve or so species are common in western North America.
    • Berlandiera DC. : The eight or so species are distributed from the USA (all eight species and three hybrids) to Mexico.
    • Borrichia Adans. : The approximately three species are distributed from the USA (all three species and one hybrid) to Mexico and the Caribbean islands.
    • Chrysogonum L .: It contains only one species:
    • Engelmannia Torr. & A.Gray : It contains only one type:
    • Lindheimera A. Gray & Engelm. : It contains only one or two types:
    • Silphien ( Silphium L. ): The twelve or so species are common in North America.
    • Vigethia W.A. Weber : It contains only one species:
    • Wyethia Nutt. : The eight or so species are common in western North America.
  • Subtribe Helianthinae Cass. ex dum. : It contains 21 to 24 genera with about 350 species mainly in the Neotropic :
    • Aldama La Llave : The approximately 118 species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Alvordia Brandegee : The only four species occur only in Baja California ,Mexico.
    • Bahiopsis Kellogg : The approximately twelve species are distributed from the southwestern USA (three species) to northwestern Mexico.
    • Calanticaria (BLRob. & Greenm.) EESchill. & Panero : The five or so species are common in Mexico.
    • Davilanthus E.E. Schill. & Panero : The seven or so species are common in Mexico.
    • Dendroviguiera E.E. Schill. & Panero : This genus, spun offfrom Viguiera Kunth in2011,contains around 15 species in the Neotropic.
    • Gonzalezia E.E. Schill. & Panero : This genus, spun offfrom Viguiera Kunth in2011,contains only three species in Mexico.
    • Sunflowers ( Helianthus L. ): The approximately 52 species are all naturally common in North America and some also in Mexico. One species, the sunflower ( Helianthus annuus ), is an important useful and ornamental plant with many varieties.
    • Heliomeris Nuttall: The approximately five species are distributed from the southwestern USA (four species) to Mexico.
    • Heiseria E.E. Schill. & Panero : This genus, spun offfrom Viguiera Kunth in2011,contains only two species in Peru.
    • Hymenostephium Benth. : The approximately 26 are common in the Andes and Venezuela .
    • Iostephane Benth. : The four or so species are common in Mexico.
    • Lagascea Cav. : The eight or so species arenaturally distributedfrom Mexico to Nicaragua , only one variety also occurs in the southwestern US state of Arizona. One species, Lagascea mollis Cav. , is a neophyte in Florida, on the Caribbean islands, in South America, Asia (India, Java, Sri Lanka, Thailand), Africa and in Hawaii.
    • Pappobolus S.F.Blake : The 38 or so species are common in South America.
    • Phoebanthus S.F. Blake : Of the only two species, one occurs only in Florida and the other also in Alabama.
    • Rhysolepis S.F.Blake : The two to three species are common in Mexico.
    • Scalesia Arn. : The 10 to 15 species are only found in the Galapagos Islands. They usually grow as shrubs and three species as trees, the tallest of which is Scalesia pedunculata at 20 meters.
    • Sclerocarpus Jacq. : The approximately twelve species are distributed from the southern USA (only one species) over Mexico to Central America. One species occurs in the Paleotropic.
    • Simsia Pers. : The approximately twelve species are distributed from the southwestern USA (only two species) via Mexico, Central America and Jamaica to South America.
    • Stuessya B.L. Turner : The only three species occur in the Pacific in south-central Mexico.
    • Sidneya E.E. Schill. & Panero : This genus, spun offfrom Viguiera Kunth in2011,contains only two species in Mexico.
    • Syncretocarpus S.F.Blake : The only two species occur in Peru.
    • Tithonia Desf. ex Juss. : The eleven or so species are distributed from the southwestern USA (three species) via Mexico to Central America. One species is a neophyte in the southeastern United States, Caribbean islands, South America, and the Old World.
    • Viguiera Kunth : The approximately 150 species are distributed from the southwestern USA (three species) via Mexico and Central America to South America.
  • Subtribe Montanoinae Cerv. : It contains only one genus:
    • Montanoa Cerv. : The 25 to 33 species are distributed from Mexico through Central America to northern South America.
  • Subtribus Rojasianthinae Panero :
    • Rojasianthe Standl. & Steyerm. : It contains only one type:
  • Subtribus Rudbeckiinae H.Rob. : It contains only two genera and about 30 species:
    • Ratibida Raf. : The approximately seven kinds are distributed from North America (four kinds) to Mexico.
    • Rudbeckia ( Rudbeckia L. ): The approximately 23 species are common in North America. At least one species in Europe is a neophyte.
  • Subtribus Spilanthinae Panero : It contains about five genera:
    • Acmella Rich. ex pers. : The approximately 30 species are distributed from the southern USA (only two species) via Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean Islands to South America.
    • Oxycarpha S.F.Blake : it contains only one type:
    • Salmea DC. : The ten or so species are common in the Neotropic.
    • Spilanthes Jacq. : The six or so species are common in the New World.
    • Tetranthus Sw. : The two to four species occur on Caribbean islands.
  • Subtribus Verbesininae Benth. : It contains about four genera:
    • Podachaenium Benth. : The roughly six species are distributed from Mexico to Central America and Colombia.
    • Squamopappus R.K. Jansen, NAHarriman & Urbatsch : It contains only one species:
    • Tetrachyron Schltr. : The eight or so species are distributed from Mexico to Guatemala.
    • Verbesina L .: The approximately 300 species are common in the New World.
  • Subtribus Zaluzaniinae H.Rob. : It contains only two to three genera with 11 to 13 species from the southwestern USA to Mexico:
    • Hybridella Cass. : It contains only one type:
    • Zaluzania Pers. : The ten or so species are distributed from the southwestern USA (only one species) to Mexico.
  • Subtribus Zinniinae Benth. : It contains about seven genera:
    • Coneflower ( Echinacea Moench ): The nine or so species are common in eastern and central North America.
    • Sun eyes ( Heliopsis pers. ): Of the approximately 18 species, most are native to Mexico. The total distribution area ranges from North America (three species) over Central America to Bolivia.
    • Philactis Schrad. : The approximately four species are distributed from Mexico to Guatemala.
    • Hussar buttons ( Sanvitalia Lam. ): The five to seven species are distributed from the southwestern USA to Mexico and Central to South America.
    • Tehuana Panero & Villaseñor : It contains only one species:
    • Trichocoryne S.F.Blake : it contains only one species:
    • Zinnias ( Zinnia L. ): The approximately 17 kinds are distributed from the USA (five kinds) over Mexico to Central America; only one species extends to South America (only Argentina and Bolivia).
  • Genus that is not classified in a subtribe:

swell

  • Jose L. Panero: Tribe Heliantheae , pp. 440-477, in JW Kadereit & C. Jeffrey: Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Volume VIII, Flowering Plants, Eudicots, Asterales: Compositae . Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2007.
  • Jose L. Panero: Entry in the Tree of Life project, 2008.
  • Theodore M. Barkley, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 21 - Magnoliophyta: Asteridae (in part): Asteraceae, part 3 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530565-5 . Tribe Heliantheae - online with the same text as the printed work. (Section description, still in the old scope)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Heliantheae at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 8, 2014.
  2. ↑ Heliantheae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 8, 2014.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Theodore M. Barkley, Luc Brouillet, John L. Strother: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 21 - Magnoliophyta: Asteridae (in part): Asteraceae, part 3 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006, ISBN 0-19 -530565-5 . Tribe Heliantheae - online with the same text as the printed work.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Jose L. Panero: New combinations and infrafamilial taxa in the Asteraceae. In: Phytologia , Volume 87, Issue 1, 2005, p. 6. Full text PDF.
  5. ↑ Jose L. Panero, Robert K. Jansen, Jennifer A. Clevinger: Phylogenetic relationships of subtribe Ecliptinae (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) based on chloroplast DNA restriction site data. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 86, 1999, pp. 413-427. Full text online.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Anthony E. Orchard : The Wollastonia / Melanthera / Wedelia generic complex (Asteraceae: Ecliptinae), with particular reference to Australia and Malesia. In: Nuytsia , Volume 23, 2013, pp. 337-466. Full text PDF.
  7. ^ Anthony E. Orchard: A new species of Sphagneticola (Asteraceae: Ecliptinae) from Indonesia. In: Blumea , Volume 58, 2013, pp. 49-52. doi : 10.3767 / 000651913X671290
  8. ↑ a b c d e Edward E. Schilling, Jose L. Panero: A revised classification of subtribe Helianthinae (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) II. Derived lineages. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 167, 2011, pp. 311-331. PDF.
  9. ^ Edward E. Schilling, Jose L. Panero, Uno H. Eliasson: Evidence from Chloroplast DNA Restriction Site Analysis on the Relationships of Scalesia (Asteraceae: Heliantheae). In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 81, Issue 2, 1994, pp. 248-254.

Supplementary literature for the tribes in the old scope

  • Bruce G. Baldwin, Bridget L. Wessa, Jose L. Panero: Nuclear rDNA Evidence for Major Lineages of Helenioid Heliantheae (Compositae). In: Systematic Botany , Volume 27, Issue 1, 2002, pp. 161-198.
  • Edward E. Schilling, Jose L. Panero: A revised classification of subtribe Helianthinae (Asteraceae: Heliantheae). I. Basal lineages. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 140, Issue 1, 2002, pp. 65-76.
  • HE Robinson: Compositae-Heliantheae, Part I: Introduction, genera AL. in Flora of Ecuador , Volume 77, Issue 1, 2006, pp. 1-232.
  • HE Robinson: Compositae-Heliantheae, Part II: Introduction, genera MZ. in Flora of Ecuador , Volume 77, Issue 2, 2006, pp. 1-235.
  • Vicki A. Funk, HE Robinson: 5.7. Daisies and sunflowers: Family Asteraceae. , Pp. 102-104 In: G. Krupnick, WJ Kress: Plant conservation: A natural history approach , University of Chicago Press, 2005.

Supplementary literature for the tribes in a new scope

  • Anthony E. Orchard: A revision of the Australian endemic genus Pentalepis (Asteraceae: Ecliptinae). In: Nuytsia , Volume 22, 2012, pp. 371-392.
  • Anthony E. Orchard: The Australian species of Blainvillea Cass. (Asteraceae: Ecliptinae). In: Austrobaileya , Volume 8, Issue 4, 2012, pp. 653-669.
  • Bruce G. Baldwin, Heliantheae alliance. , Pp. 689-711. In: Vicki A. Funk, A. Susanna, Tod F. Stuessy, RJ Bayer (Eds.) Systematics evolution and biogeography of Compositae. International Association for Plant Taxonomy, Vienna, 2009.
  • M. Alves, N. Roque: Flora da Bahia : Asteraceae - Tribo Heliantheae. In: Sitientibus , Série Ciências Biológicas , Volume 16, 2016, pp. 1–63.
  • Arun K. Pandey, Tod F. Stuessy, Roshni R. Mathur: Phytomelanin and Systematics of the Heliantheae Alliance (Compositae). In: Plant Diversity and Evolution Volume , Volume 131, Issue 3, 2014, pp. 145-165. doi : 10.1127 / 1869-6155 / 2014 / 0131-0077
  • António Pereira Coutinho, Mariana Valente, Rita FrançaNatacha Catarina Perpétuo, Myriam Kanoun-Boulé, Márcia Gouveia, Margarida Soares, Joana Borges, Lara Currais: A contribution to the knowledge of the exine, with special reference to the ultrastructure, in subtribe Ecliptinae (Heliantheae , Asteraceae). In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 302, Issue 9, November 2016, pp. 1207-1216. doi : 10.1007 / s00606-016-1326-2
  • Maria Alves, Nádia Roque: A new synonym in Pantropical Aspilia (Ecliptinae, Heliantheae, Asteraceae). In: Phytotaxa , Volume 375, Issue 4, November 14, 2018, pp. 297-300. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.375.4.6

Web links

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