Balsam roots

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Balsam roots
Balsamorhiza sagittata

Balsamorhiza sagittata

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Heliantheae
Genre : Balsam roots
Scientific name
Balsamorhiza
Hook. ex Nutt.

The plant genus Balsamwurzeln ( Balsamorhiza ) belongs to the subfamily Asteroideae within the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The twelve or so species are only found in western North America . The North American indigenous peoples have made many uses of some species.

description

Illustration of Balsamorhiza sagittata
Underside of the leaf of Balsamorhiza sagittata with details of the veins and hairs.
Balsamorhiza sagittata flower head with ray and disc flowers.
Balsamorhiza sagittata flower head with involucrum in detail.
Detail of a flower head of Balsamorhiza deltoidea with tubular flowers in different stages of development, the two-branched styles are clearly visible.
Angular achenes from Balsamorhiza sagittata .

Appearance and leaves

Balsamorphic species grow as perennial herbaceous plants and reach heights of 10 to 45, rarely up to 100 centimeters. They form thin to thick tap roots with thin to thick bark. The subterranean sprout base is simple to branched. The upright stem is usually branched from the base.

The mostly basal leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The petioles often remain as fibers at the base of the stem for a long time. In the subgenus Balsamorhiza subg. Artorhiza are the simple leaf blades rounded-delta-shaped or triangular-delta-shaped with arrow-shaped or heart-shaped to truncated blade base and smooth or notched leaf margin. In the subgenus Balsamorhiza subg. Balsamorhiza are the elliptical, egg-shaped, lanceolate to lanceolate-egg-shaped leaf blades single or one to twice pinnate or lobed with a truncated or wedge-shaped blade base is usually and the leaf margins are (if they are not lobed) usually notched, serrated or serrated but rarely smooth . There is usually pinnate nerve, sometimes three or five major nerves. The leaf surfaces are hairy very differently or rarely bare.

Inflorescences and flowers

In zymous total inflorescences there are usually one or rarely two to more than three cup-shaped partial inflorescences on upright, long inflorescence shafts . On the inflorescence shafts there may be a few alternate or opposite leaves in the middle to upper area. With a diameter of 1.1 to over 3 centimeters, the hemispherical, circular to bell-shaped basket shells (involucre) contain 8 to over 20 bracts in two to three rows . The durable bracts are the same or different, in the latter case the outer ones protrude beyond the inner ones. The basket base (recipe) is flat to convex. The durable, parchment-like chaff leaves are folded around the ovary and fruit at least at their base.

The flower baskets contain 5 to over 21 ray-florets on the outside and inside many rarely 15 to mostly 50 to over 150 tubular florets (= disc florets). The conspicuous, yellow to orange -colored ray- flowers , which only turn brick-red in Balsamorhiza rosea , are feminine and fertile. The yellow to orange tubular flowers are hermaphrodite and fertile and have a short tube, a cylindrical to narrow-bell-shaped throat and five corolla lobes. The style is two-branched with two unclear lines of scar tissue and thread-like appendages.

fruit

The clearly triangular to square achenes are elongated. The surfaces of the achenes are mostly bare, only sometimes with balsamorhiza careyana and balsamorhiza rosea hairy. There is no pappus .

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome number is x = 19. The hybrids often have a high degree of polyploidy .

ecology

The leaves of Balsamorhiza species are attacked by the rust fungus Puccinia balsamorhizae .

Subgenus Artorhiza : habit, pinnately split leaves and faded inflorescences of Balsamorhiza hispidula
Subgenus Artorhiza : habit, pinnately split leaves and inflorescences of Balsamorhiza hookeri
Subgenus Balsamorhiza : Simple leaves in Balsamorhiza careyana
Subgenus Balsamorhiza : Habitus of Balsamorhiza deltoidea in the habitat
Herbarium of Balsamorhiza × terebinthacea

Systematics and distribution

The genus Balsamorhiza was established in 1840 by William Jackson Hooker in Thomas Nuttall : Transactions of the American Philosophical Society , New Series 7, pp. 349-351. The generic name Balsamorhiza is derived from the Greek language and means balsam root, this refers to the balsamic, sticky juice of the tap roots.

The genus Balsamorhiza belongs to the subtribe Engelmanniinae (formerly Ecliptinae) from the tribe Heliantheae in the subfamily of the Asteroideae within the family of the Asteraceae . Some authors place the Balsamorhiza species in the closely related genus Wyethia Nutt.

There are about twelve species of Balsamorhiza that are only found in western North America. The genus Balsamorhiza is divided into two sub-genera:

  • Balsamorhiza subgen. Artorhiza (Nutt.) WMSharp : It contains nine species:
    • Balsamorhiza hispidula W.M. Sharp ( Balsamorhiza hookeri var. Hispidula (WMSharp) Cronquist ): It thrives on basalt wastelands and in desert steppes, in the juniper and mugwort bush land at altitudes of 1,800 to 2,500 meters in the US states of Arizona , Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , Oregon, Utah, and Wyoming . In the southern area of ​​its distribution, the area is very discontinuous.
    • Balsamorhiza hookeri (Hook.) Nutt. (Syn .: Heliopsis Balsamorhiza Hook. , Balsamorhiza Balsamorhiza (Hook.) A.Heller , Balsamorhiza hirsuta Nutt. , Balsamorhiza hirsuta var. Lagocephala W.M.Sharp , Balsamorhiza hookeri var. Lagocephala (Sharp) Cronquist , Balsamorhiza hookeri (Hook.) Nutt. var. hookeri , Balsamorhiza hirsuta var. neglecta W.M.Sharp , Balsamorhiza hookeri var. neglecta (WMSharp) Cronquist , Balsamorhiza macrolepis var. platylepis (WMSharp) Ferris , Balsamorhiza platylepis W.M.Sharp ): It grows on rocky outcrops in dry meadows, in the sagebrush shrublands , in the north in basalt wastelands and in the south in dry, open forests at altitudes of mostly 1000 to 1500 (300 to 2900) meters in the US states of California, Nevada, Oregon and Washington.
    • Balsamorhiza incana Nutt. : It thrives in meadows, arid, rocky locations and clearings in pine forests at altitudes of 1200 to 2800 meters in the US states of Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming.
    • Balsamorhiza lanata (Sharp) WAWeber (Syn .: Balsamorhiza hookeri var. Lanata W.M. Sharp ): This rare species thrives on roadsides and grassy hills at altitudes of 700 to 1500 meters in the US states of California and Oregon.
    • Balsamorhiza macrolepis Sharp : This rare species thrives on open, dry or humid, grassy or rocky slopes and in valleys at altitudes of 90 to 1400 meters only in California in the western foothills of the central Sierra Nevada and in the eastern San Francisco Bay .
    • Balsamorhiza macrophylla Nutt. (Syn .: Balsamorhiza hookeri var. Idahoensis (WMSharp) Cronquist , Balsamorhiza macrophylla var. Idahoensis W.M. Sharp ): It thrives on deep soils, rocky meadows, mugwort scrubland and pine forests at altitudes of 1000 to 2400 meters in the US states of Idaho , Utah and Wyoming.
    • Balsamorhiza rosea A.Nelson & JFMacbr. (Syn .: Balsamorhiza hookeri var. Rosea (A.Nelson & JFMacbride) WMSharp ): It thrives on dry hills at altitudes of 300 to 400 meters in the US states of Oregon and Washington.
    • Balsamorhiza sericea W.A. Weber : It thrives on serpentine outcrops, between rocks, in crevices, on slopes and between scree in dry rivers at altitudes of 400 to 1,800 meters in the US states of California and Oregon.
    • Balsamorhiza serrata A. Nelson & JFMacbr. It thrives on basaltic Scablands , sagebrush bushes, forest clearings and meadow edges at altitudes of (1000 to) 1400 to 1500 meters in the US states of California, Nevada, Oregon and Washington.
  • Balsamorhiza Nutt. subgen. Balsamorhiza : it contains three types:
    • Balsamorhiza careyana A.Gray (Syn .: Balsamorhiza careyana var. Intermedia Cronquist ): It thrives in dry channeled scablands , semi-deserts and open pine forests at altitudes of 500 to 1000 meters in the US states of Oregon and Washington .
    • Balsamorhiza deltoidea Nutt. (Syn .: Balsamorhiza glabrescens Benth. ): It thrives on open slopes and clearings in the chaparral or in forests at altitudes from 60 to 1800, rarely up to 2400 meters in the Canadian state of British Columbia and in the US states of California , Oregon and Washington .
    • Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. (Syn .: Buphthalmum sagittatum Pursh , Espeletia helianthoides Nutt. , Espeletia sagittata (Pursh) Nuttall , Balsamorhiza helianthoides (Nutt.) Nutt. ): It thrives in clearings, plains, meadows, ridges, mugwort bushes and pine forests at high altitudes 900 to 2500 (100 to 3000) meters in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and British Columbia and in the US states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington and Wyoming.
  • The species of the subgenus Balsamorhiza subgen. Balsamorhiza form hybrids at locations where they occur together . Natural hybrids are:
    • Balsamorhiza × bonseri H.St. John (= Balsamorhiza sagittata × Balsamorhiza rosea )
    • Balsamorhiza × terebinthacea (Hook.) Nutt. (= Balsamorhiza hookeri × Balsamorhiza deltoidea )
    • Balsamorhiza × tomentosa Rydb.

use

The tap roots of Balsamorhiza deltoidea , Balsamorhiza hookeri , Balsamorhiza incana and Balsamorhiza sagittata are eaten raw or cooked and have a sweet taste when cooked.

From Balsamorhiza deltoidea the young above-ground parts of the plant are eaten raw and those from Balsamorhiza sagittata are also cooked.

The seeds of Balsamorhiza deltoidea , Balsamorhiza hookeri , Balsamorhiza incana and Balsamorhiza sagittata are eaten raw or cooked; they can be ground into flour and used to bake bread and make cakes. The roasted tap roots of Balsamorhiza deltoidea and Balsamorhiza sagittata serve as a coffee substitute.

The juice of the woody taproot of Balsamorhiza sagittata tastes like balsam. The large leaves and petioles of Balsamorhiza sagittata are eaten cooked, but in large quantities they act like sleeping pills. The young stems of Balsamorhiza sagittata are peeled and eaten like celery . The North American indigenous peoples have extracted an edible oil from the seeds of Balsamorhiza sagittata .

The medicinal effects of Balsamorhiza deltoidea , Balsamorhiza hookeri , Balsamorhiza incana and Balsamorhiza sagittata were examined.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w William A. Weber: Balsamorhiza , pp. 93-96 - same text online as printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 21 - Magnoliophyta: Asteridae (in part): Asteraceae, part 3 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, June 30, 2006. ISBN 0-19-530565 -5
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Entries on Balsamorhiza at Plants For A Future . Retrieved January 1, 2014.
  3. ↑ a b c d e David J. Keil, 2012: Entry at Jepson eFlora .
  4. ↑ George Baker Cummins: Rust Fungi on Legumes and Composites in North America. University of Arizona Press, Tucson 1978, ISBN 0-8165-0653-1 .
  5. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  6. ↑ Balsamorhiza at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed December 31, 2013.
  7. ^ Balsamorhiza in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
  8. ↑ Online version of the Jepson Manual , 1993
  9. ↑ a b Abigail J. Moore & Lynn Bohs: An ITS phylogeny of Balsamorhiza and Wyethia (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) , In: American Journal of Botany , 2003, Volume 90, Issue 11, pp. 1653-1660: doi : 10.3732 / ajb .90.11.1653
  10. ↑ Balsamorhiza at Global Compositae Checklist .

Web links

Commons : Balsam Roots ( Balsamorhiza )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files