Wyethia

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Wyethia
The yellow flowering Wyethia amplexicaulis and the white flowering Wyethia helianthoides

The yellow flowering Wyethia amplexicaulis and the white flowering Wyethia helianthoides

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Heliantheae
Genre : Wyethia
Scientific name
Wyethia
Nutt.

The plant genus Wyethia belongs to the subfamily of the Asteroideae within the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The eight or so species are only found in western North America . The North American indigenous peoples have made many uses of some species.

description

Habit and simple leaves of Wyethia glabra
Underside of the leaf of Wyethia mollis with details of the veins and hairs
Wyethia scabra flower head with involucrum in detail
Wyethia angustifolia flower head with ray and disc flowers
Wyethia scabra flower head with ray and tubular florets in different stages of development. The two-branched stylus are easy to see.

Appearance and leaves

Wyethia species grow as perennial herbaceous plants and reach heights of 15 to 60, rarely up to 100 centimeters. They form relatively massive tap roots . The subterranean shoot base is simple, rarely branched. The upright or, more rarely, overbending stem is usually branched from the base.

The basal and alternate leaves arranged on the stem are usually divided into a petiole and a leaf blade; sometimes the leaves are sessile. The basal leaves are larger than the stem leaves. The simple leaf blades are more or less delta-shaped, elliptical-ovate, lanceolate-elliptical, lanceolate-linear or oblong-ovate with a truncated to wedge-shaped blade base and smooth or serrate to toothed leaf margin. The leaf surfaces are hairy or glabrous, sometimes dotted with glands.

Inflorescences and flowers

In more or less umbrella -shaped total inflorescences stand one or two to five, rarely more cup-shaped partial inflorescences on upright, long inflorescence shafts . A few alternate leaves may be found on the inflorescence shafts. With a diameter of 1.2 to over 6 centimeters, the spherical to bell-shaped or top-shaped basket shells (involucre) contain in two to three rows 12 to 36, rarely up to 48 bracts . The durable bracts are the same or different, in the latter case the outer foliage-like bracts are larger than the inner ones. The basket base (recipe) is flat to convex. The durable, parchment-like chaff leaves are folded at least at their base.

The flower baskets contain 5 to over 25 ray-florets on the outside and inside many rarely 35 to over 150 tubular florets (= disc florets). The conspicuous, mostly yellow, only in Wyethia helianthoides cream-colored to white ray florets are feminine and fertile. The yellow to orange tubular flowers are hermaphroditic and fertile and their tube is shorter than the cylindrical throat; their five corolla lobes are more or less delta-shaped to lanceolate. The stylus is biramose with two little clear lines of scar tissue and more or less thread-like appendages.

fruit

The indistinct three to four-sided achenes are elongated. The surfaces of the achenes are bald or hairy. The pappus is wreath-shaped or consists of one to more than four egg-shaped to awl, irregularly serrated pappus scales, sometimes fused at their base, or there is no pappus.

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome number is x = 19.

ecology

The leaves of Wyethia species are attacked by the rust fungus Puccinia balsamorhizae .

Habitus , leaves and inflorescences of Wyethia amplexicaulis in the habitat
Habit, simple leaves and inflorescences of Wyethia helenioides
Wyethia helianthoides in habitat in Yellowstone National Park
Herbarium of Wyethia longicaulis

Systematics and distribution

The genus Wyethia was established in 1834 by Thomas Nuttall in Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia , Volume 7, 1, pp. 39-40, plate 5. The type species is Wyethia helianthoides Nutt. The generic name Wyethia honors the American inventor, discoverer and adventurer ( Mountain Men ) Nathaniel Jarvis Wyeth (1802-1856).

The genus Wyethia belongs to the subtribe Engelmanniinae (formerly Ecliptinae) from the tribe Heliantheae in the subfamily of the Asteroideae within the family of the Asteraceae . Some authors put the species of the closely related genus Balsamorhiza Hook in the genus Wyethia . ex Nutt. . Some species used to belong to the genera Agnorhiza (Jepson) WAWeber and Scabrethia W.A.Weber .

The genus Wyethia is only common in the western United States.

There are about eight species of Wyethia :

  • Wyethia amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Nutt. (Syn .: Espeletia amplexicaulis Nutt. , Wyethia amplexicaulis subsp. Major Piper , Wyethia amplexicaulis subsp. Subresinosa Piper , Wyethia lanceolata Howell ): It thrives in wet or dry, open locations in meadows, mugwort bush land, yellow pine forests in Altitudes of 400 to 3000 meters in the US states of Colorado , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , Oregon , Utah , Washington and Wyoming .
  • Wyethia angustifolia (DC.) Nutt. (Syn .: Alarconia angustifolia DC. , Wyethia angustifolia var. Foliosa (Congdon) HMHall ): It thrives in meadows, on grassy slopes, in the chaparral , in moist to dry clearings in pine and pine-oak forests at altitudes of 20 up to 2100 meters in California , Oregon and Washington.
  • Wyethia arizonica A.Gray : It thrives in meadows, in clearings in pine, oak or spruce forests at altitudes of 600 to 2200 (to 3000) meters in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and Utah.
  • Wyethia glabra A.Gray : It thrives in shady locations and dry foothills at altitudes of 10 to 800 meters in California. In the coastal mountains it mostly occurs in the fog belt.
  • Wyethia helenioides (DC.) Nutt. (Syn .: Alarconia helenioides DC. ): It thrives on grassy slopes and clearings in wooded areas at altitudes of 10 to 1600, rarely up to 2000 meters in California in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada and west of the California long valley , outside the fog belt.
  • Wyethia helianthoides Nutt. : It thrives in meadows, damp locations, in clearings in pine forests at altitudes of 40 to 2600 meters in Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon and Wyoming.
  • Wyethia longicaulis A.Gray : It is only known from the northern California coastal mountains and thrives on grassy slopes and in forest clearings at altitudes of 700 to 1500 meters.
  • Wyethia mollis A.Gray : It thrives in meadows, dry to moist, open locations, in clearings in pine forests at altitudes of 900 to 2200 (to 3000) meters in California, Nevada, Oregon in the Sierra Nevada and in the Cascade Range .

Some species of the genus Wyethia form hybrids in locations where they occur together . Natural hybrids are:

  • Wyethia × magna A.Nelson ex WAWeber (= Wyethia arizonica A.Gray × Wyethia amplexicaulis Nutt. )
  • Wyethia × cusickii Piper (= Wyethia amplexicaulis × Wyethia helianthoides ): It usually flowers later than Wyethia helianthoides and earlier than Wyethia amplexicaulis .

use

The tap roots of Wyethia helianthoides and Wyethia mollis are eaten cooked.

The seeds and young aerial parts of plants were eaten by Wyethia amplexicaulis , Wyethia angustifolia , Wyethia longicaulis and Wyethia mollis .

The medicinal effects of Wyethia amplexicaulis , Wyethia angustifolia , Wyethia longicaulis and Wyethia mollis were examined. North American indigenous peoples have used Wyethia amplexicaulis , Wyethia angustifolia , Wyethia longicaulis, and Wyethia mollis for many health problems.

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j William A. Weber: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 21 - Magnoliophyta: Asteridae (in part): Asteraceae, part 3 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, June 30, 2006, ISBN 0-19-530565-5 . Wyethia , pp. 100–102 - online with the same text as the printed work.
  2. ↑ a b c d Entries on Wyethia at Plants For A Future . Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  3. ↑ a b c d e David J. Keil, 2012: Entry at Jepson eFlora .
  4. ↑ George Baker Cummins: Rust Fungi on Legumes and Composites in North America. University of Arizona Press, Tucson 1978, ISBN 0-8165-0653-1 .
  5. ↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
  6. ↑ Wyethia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 2, 2014.
  7. ↑ Wyethia on the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved January 2, 2014.
  8. ↑ Online version of the Jepson Manual , 1993
  9. ↑ a b Abigail J. Moore & Lynn Bohs: An ITS phylogeny of Balsamorhiza and Wyethia (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) , In: American Journal of Botany , 2003, Volume 90, Issue 11, pp. 1653-1660: doi : 10.3732 / ajb .90.11.1653
  10. ↑ Wyethia at Global Compositae Checklist .
  11. ↑ Wyethia amplexicaulis at Native American Ethnobotany - A database of plants used as drugs, foods, dyes, fibers, and more, by native Peoples of North America .
  12. ↑ Wyethia angustifolia at Native American Ethnobotany - A database of plants used as drugs, foods, dyes, fibers, and more, by native Peoples of North America .
  13. ↑ Wyethia longicaulis at Native American Ethnobotany - A database of plants used as drugs, foods, dyes, fibers, and more, by native Peoples of North America .
  14. ↑ Wyethia mollis at Native American Ethnobotany - A database of plants used as drugs, foods, dyes, fibers, and more, by native Peoples of North America .

Web links

Commons : Wyethia  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Historical literature

  • Roxana Stinchfield Ferris, LeRoy Abrams: Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States: Bignonias to Sunflowers , Volume 4 - Bignonias to Sunflowers , Stanford University Press, 1960: limited preview in the Google book search