Grape herbs

Grape herbs
Trifoliate ragwort ( Ambrosia trifida )
Systematics
Euasterids II Order : Astern-like (Asterales) Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae) Subfamily : Asteroideae Tribe : Heliantheae Genre : Grape herbs
Scientific name
ambrosia
L.

The grape herbs or ragweed ( Ambrosia ) form a genus of plants within the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The over 40 species are predominantly distributed in the temperate, subtropical to tropical areas of the New World . Almost worldwide, three types are neophytes .

Individual species of the genus Ambrosia grow wild easily, spread very efficiently and invasively and are difficult to eradicate (hence the genus name). Some species cause a variety of damage to health, nature and the economy.

description

Illustration of the three-leaved ragwort ( Ambrosia trifida ) from Bilder ur Nordens Flora

Achenes of common ragweed, grapes herb ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia )

Vegetative characteristics

Ambrosia species are annual to perennial herbaceous plants or shrubs that reach heights of 10 to over 400 centimeters. Usually they form rhizomes . The stems are usually upright, more rarely prostrate, often they are branched. The leaves are very diverse. The alternate or opposite leaves are stalked or sessile. The leaf blades are simple to pinnate. The leaf margins are smooth to toothed.

Generative characteristics

Ambrosia species are usually single sexed ( monoecious ). In branched inflorescences there are many mostly unisexual, cup-shaped partial inflorescences . The cup bottoms are disc-shaped.

The often black achenes have no pappus .

Distribution and Invasive Species

Almost worldwide, three types are neophytes . In Europe, the mugwort ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia ), known as a highly allergenic, and, more rarely, the three-leaved ragweed ( Ambrosia trifida ) and the perennial ragweed ( Ambrosia psilostachya ) occur as neophytes. In Europe, the spread mostly takes place through contaminated bird seed, seed mixtures, grain and other seeds.

Ambrosia acanthicarpa

Ambrosia chamissonis

Ambrosia dumosa

Ambrosia dumosa

Habit of Ambrosia eriocentra

Habit, leaves and inflorescences of the perennial ragweed ( Ambrosia psilostachya )

Ambrosia pumila

Allergic effect

Among the many species of the Ambrosia plant genus, ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia ) is considered to be particularly allergenic. A flower can contain billions of pollen, which can trigger anaphylaxis , such as skin irritation or asthma, in around 10% of people with little physical contact . Not only human carelessness, but also climate change favors the spread of the plant and therefore poses a risk to the health of the population. Due to the highly allergenic effect in connection with the rapid spread of this plant species, every citizen in Switzerland, Italy and Hungary is legally required to do so obliged to report them and also to destroy them. Violations of this regulation are subject to fines.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Ambrosia was established by Carl von Linné in 1753 . The botanical genus name Ambrosia is derived from the Greek word am-brotos for immortal, compare Ambrosia - ἀμβροσία , "food of the gods". Synonyms for Ambrosia L. are: Franseria Cav. , Gaertneria Medik. , Xanthidium Delpino , Hymenoclea Torr. & A.Gray . The genus Ambrosia belongs to Subtribus Ambrosiinae from the tribe Heliantheae in the subfamily Asteroideae within the family Asteraceae .

The (30 to) over 40 ragweed species are common in the temperate, subtropical to tropical areas of the New World. 22 species occur in North America .

The genus Ambrosia includes 30 to over 40 species:

• Ambrosia acanthicarpa Hook. : It occurs in western Canada and in the western and central United States.
• Ambrosia acuminata (Brandegee) WWPayne
• Ambrosia ambrosioides (Cav.) WWPayne : It is found in Arizona , California and Mexico .
• Ambrosia arborescens Mill .: It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia and Peru.
• Mugwort-leaved ragwort ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. )
• Ambrosia artemisioides Meyen & Walp.
• Ambrosia bidentata Michx. : It occurs in the central and eastern United States.
• Ambrosia bryantii (Curran) Payne
• Ambrosia camphorata (Greene) WWPayne
• Ambrosia canescens A. Gray
• Ambrosia carduacea (Greene) WWPayne
• Ambrosia chamissonis (Less.) Greene : It occurs in Alaska, British Columbia , Oregon, Washington, California and Baja California .
• Ambrosia cheiranthifolia A.Gray : It occurs in Texas and the Mexican state of Tamaulipas .
• Ambrosia chenopodiifolia (Benth.) WWPayne : It is found in California and Baja California.
• Ambrosia confertiflora DC. : It is native to the United States and Mexico and is a neophyte in Australia.
• Ambrosia cordifolia (A.Gray) WWPayne : It is found in Arizona and in the Mexican states of Sinaloa and Sonora .
• Ambrosia crithmifolia DC.
• Ambrosia deltoidea (Torr.) WWPayne : It is found in Arizona and Mexico.
• Ambrosia dentata (Cabrera) MODillon
• Ambrosia divaricata (Brandegee) Payne
• Ambrosia diversifolia (Piper) Rydb.
• Ambrosia dumosa (A.Gray) WWPayne : It is found in the US states of California, Nevada , Arizona, Utah and Mexico.
• Ambrosia eriocentra (A.Gray) WWPayne : It thrives at altitudes of 700 to 1700 meters in the US states of Arizona, California, Nevada and Utah.
• Ambrosia flexuosa (A. Gray) WWPayne
• Ambrosia grayi (A.Nelson) Shinners : It occurs in the US states of Colorado , Kansas , Nebraska , Oklahoma, and Texas.
• Ambrosia × helenae rouleau
• Ambrosia hispida Pursh : It occurs in Florida , Mexico, the Bahamas , the Cayman Islands , Guadeloupe , the Turks and Caicos Islands , the Dominican Republic, and Belize .
• Ambrosia ilicifolia (A.Gray) WWPayne : It is found in California, Arizona, and Mexico.
• Ambrosia × intergradiens W.H. Wagner
• Ambrosia johnstoniorum Henrickson
• Ambrosia linearis (Rydb.) WWPayne : It only thrives in Colorado at altitudes of 2000 to 2100 meters.
• Ambrosia magdalenae (Brandegee) WWPayne
• Ambrosia maritima L .: It is native to southern Europe, Egypt, western Asia and Cyprus and is a neophyte on Cape Verde and in tropical Africa.
• Ambrosia microcephala DC.
• Ambrosia monogyra (Torr. & A.Gray) Strother & BGBaldwin : It occurs in Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, California and Mexico.
• Ambrosia nivea (BLRob. & Fernald) WWPayne
• Ambrosia pannosa W.W. Payne
• Ambrosia peruviana Willd. : It occurs on islands in the Caribbean, in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay and Chile.
• Ambrosia × platyspina (Seaman) Strother & BGBaldwin
• Ambrosia polystachya DC.
• Perennial ragweed ( Ambrosia psilostachya DC. , Syn .: Ambrosia coronopifolia Torr. & A. Gray ): It is widespread from Canada to the USA and Mexico. It comes as a neophyte in Europe, Africa, Australia, Brazil and New Caledonia .
• Ambrosia pumila (Nutt.) A.Gray : It occurs in California and Baja California.
• Ambrosia salsola (Torr. & A.Gray) Strother & BGBaldwin : It occurs in three varieties in the US states of California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and Mexico.
• Ambrosia scabra hook. & Arn.
• Ambrosia tacorensis Meyen
• Ambrosia tarapacana Phil.
• Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng. : It is originally found in Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina and is a neophyte in southern Europe, Turkey, southern Africa, Mauritius, Réunion and Australia.
• Ambrosia tomentosa Nutt. : It occurs in the western and central United States.
• Three-column ragweed ( Ambrosia trifida L. ): It is widespread in North America from Alaska to Canada to the USA and occurs in the Mexican state of Chihuahua . She is a neophyte in Eurasia.
• Ambrosia velutina O.E. Schulz
• Ambrosia villosissima Forssk.

literature

• John L. Strother: Ambrosia Linnaeus , p. 10 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 21 - Magnoliophyta: Asteridae (in part): Asteraceae, part 3 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006. ISBN 0-19-530565-5 (section description)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r} John L. Strother: Ambrosia Linnaeus , p. 10 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 21 - Magnoliophyta: Asteridae (in part): Asteraceae, part 3 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006. ISBN 0-19-530565-5
2. ↑ Ambrosia.de
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} Ambrosia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
4. ^ Ambrosia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed on April 29, 2014.
5. ↑ Enter the taxon in the search mask for The Global Compositae Checklist .

Web links

Commons : ragweed ( Ambrosia )  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• UVSC Herbarium: Ambrosia .