Melanthera

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Melanthera
Melanthera nivea

Melanthera nivea

Systematics
Euasterids II
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Heliantheae
Genre : Melanthera
Scientific name
Melanthera
pipe

The plant genus Melanthera belongs to the subfamily of the Asteroideae within the sunflower family (Asteraceae).

description

Flower head of Melanthera nivea

Vegetative characteristics

Melanthera species are perennial herbaceous plants to subshrubs , which means sometimes the stem axes lignify a little at the base. Depending on the species, they can reach heights of 30 to 220 centimeters. The upright, spread out to creeping stems are branched along their entire length and more or less square.

The opposite constantly distributed to the stem axis arranged leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. In some species the petiole is very short. The simple leaf blades are mostly lanceolate-elliptical, linear, inverted-lanceolate, ovate-elliptical or ovate, sometimes delta-shaped to three-lobed. The blade base is wedge-shaped to truncated, sometimes spike-shaped or with forward-facing basal leaf lobes. The leaf margins are notched or (often irregularly) serrated. The leaf surfaces are usually hairy, rough, bristly and sometimes bald. There are usually three main nerves present.

Generative characteristics

The cup-shaped inflorescences are single or in loosely branched, umbrella -clustered inflorescences .

The flower heads are disc-shaped. The envelopes (involucre) are more or less hemispherical with a diameter of 6 to 20 millimeters and contain 8 to 16 durable bracts in two or three rows . The bracts, which are almost identical in shape and size to very different in size, are mostly ovate to lanceolate with a pale base and mostly more or less spiky top herbaceous ends; green nerves may be present. The inflorescence bases are flat to convex or convex-hemispherical. The chaff leaves are inverted-lanceolate, folded lengthways, prickly, upright or spread out or curved back. The flower heads contain no or 8 to 15 ray-florets and 20 to over 100 tubular florets. The hermaphroditic, fertile tubular flowers (= disc flowers) are usually white or light to bright yellow with five corolla lobes. Your corolla tube is shorter than the narrow funnel-shaped to cylindrical throat and the five corolla lobes are more or less triangular. The dust bags are black. On the two branches of the style there are two lines with scar tissue and the appendages are triangular and papilose .

The rarely triangular or mostly square achenes are more or less brown and inverted pyramidal. The achenes, which are not or somewhat flattened, are grooved or rarely warty, glabrous. The slightly sloping pappus consists of two to twelve bearded bristles or awns and.

The basic chromosome number is x = 15.

ecology

The leaves of Melanthera species are attacked by rust fungi such as Uromyces columbianus and Uromyces martinii .

Systematics and distribution

The genus Melanthera was set up in 1792 by Julius Philip Benjamin von Rohr (1737-1793) in Skrifter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet , 2, 1, pp. 213-214. The genus name Melanthera is composed of the Greek word melan for black and the Latin word anthera for dust bag together. Synonyms for Melanthera pipe were until 2013: Wollastonia DC. ex Decne. , Wedelia sect. Woollastonia F. Muell. , Lipotriche R.Br. , Wuerschmittia Sch.Bip. ex Walp. , Wuerschmittia Sch.Bip. ex Hochst. , Amellus P. Brownne , Melananthera Michx. , Psathurochaeta DC. , Echinocephalum Gardner .

The genus Melanthera belongs to the subtribe Ecliptinae from the tribe Heliantheae in the subfamily Asteroideae within the family of Asteraceae .

In 2013 Orchard worked on the Wollastonia DC. ex Decne. / Melanthera pipe / Wedelia Jacq. Generic complex, the scope of these genera was changed significantly. Before 2013, the genus Melanthera included about 30 species, which are widespread from North America (only three species) via Mexico , Central America , on the Caribbean islands to South America and in Africa , Asia and the Pacific islands.

Since Orchard 2013 belong to the genus Melanthera s. st. only two species that only occur in the Neotropic:

  • Melanthera angustifolia A. Rich. : It occurs only from Mexico to Guatemala , on Cuba and Hispaniola .
  • Melanthera nivea (L.) Small (syn .: Calea aspera . Jacq , Melanthera aspera . (Jacq) Spreng. , Melanthera molliuscula O.E.Schulz , Melanthera brevifolia O.E.Schulz , Melanthera crenata O.E.Schulz ): It comes in the central and southeastern United States , in Mexico, on numerous islands in the Caribbean and in northern and western South America.

All species outside the Neotropic were placed in other genera in 2013:

  • Melanthera latifolia (Gardner) Cabrera → Echinocephalum latifolium Gardner : It is the only species of the genus Echinocephalum Gardner and thrives in open wet wells in Paraguay and in central, eastern and southern Brazil.
  • Melanthera abyssinica (Sch.Bip. Ex A.Rich.) Vatke → Lipotriche abyssinica (Sch.Bip. Ex Walp.) Orchard
  • Melanthera gambica Hutch. & Dalziel → Lipotriche gambica (Hutch. & Dalziel) Orchard
  • Melanthera pungens olive. & Hiern → Lipotriche pungens (Oliver & Hiern) Orchard
  • Melanthera scandens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Roberty : It occurs in tropical to southern Africa and in Madagascar . → Lipotriche scandens (Schum. & Thonn.) Orchard There are three subspecies:
    • Lipotriche scandens subsp. dregei (DC.) Orchard
    • Lipotriche scandens (Schum. & Thonn.) Orchard subsp. scandens
    • Lipotriche scandens subsp. subsimplicifolia (Wild) Orchard
  • Melanthera triternata (Klatt) Wild → Lipotriche triternata (Klatt) Orchard

swell

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g James C. Parks: In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 21 - Magnoliophyta: Asteridae (in part): Asteraceae, part 3 , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2006. ISBN 0-19-530565-5 . Melanthera , p. 123 - online with the same text as the printed work.
  2. ↑ George Baker Cummins : Rust Fungi on Legumes and Composites in North America . University of Arizona Press, Tucson 1978, ISBN 0-8165-0653-1 .
  3. ↑ Melanthera at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed September 11, 2015.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Melanthera in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  5. ↑ a b Enter taxon in search mask at The Global Compositae Checklist .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Dead Link / dixon.iplantcollaborative.org  
  6. ↑ Jose L. Panero, Robert K. Jansen, Jennifer A. Clevinger: Phylogenetic relationships of subtribe Ecliptinae (Asteraceae: Heliantheae) based on chloroplast DNA restriction site data. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 86, Issue 3, 1999, pp. 413-427. Full text PDF.
  7. ^ WL Wagner, H. Robinson: Lipochaeta and Melanthera (Asteraceae: Heliantheae subtribe Ecliptinae): establishing their natural limits and a synopsis. In: Brittonia , Volume 53, 2002, p. 550.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad Anthony E. Orchard : The Wollastonia / Melanthera / Wedelia generic complex (Asteraceae: Ecliptinae), with particular reference to Australia and Malesia. In: Nuytsia , Volume 23, 2013, pp. 337-466. Full text PDF.
  9. ^ H. Wild: The African species of the genus Melanthera Rohr. In: Kirkia , Volume 5, 1965, pp. 1-17.
  10. ↑ G. Davidse, M. Sousa-Peña, S. Knapp, F. Chiang Cabrera: Asteraceae. Volume 5 (2) 2015: ined. In G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez, S. Knapp, F. Chiang Cabrera (eds.): Flora Mesoamericana. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF
  11. ↑ JF Pruski: Asteraceae. 3, 1997, pp. 177-393. In: JA Steyermark, PE Berry, BK Holst (Ed.): Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.

Web links

Commons : Melanthera  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Historical literature

  • JC Parks: A revision of North American and Caribbean Melanthera (Compositae). In: Rhodora Volume 75, 1973, pp. 169-210.