Mugwort-leaved ragwort
| Mugwort-leaved ragwort | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mugwort-leaved ragwort ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia ) |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Ambrosia artemisiifolia | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The mugwort-leaved ragweed ( Ambrosia artemisiifolia ), also mugwort-ragweed , ambrosia , mugwort-ragweed , ragweed , upright ragweed , wild hemp or with its English name ragweed ([ 'rægwi: d ] "ragweed") is a type of plant from the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). It germinates in spring to summer and is an annual so - called weed . The pollen of the ragweed, but also the skin contact with the inflorescence can cause severe allergies in humans.
description
Vegetative characteristics
The sagebrush ragweed grows as an annual herbaceous plant and usually reaches heights of 20 to 150 centimeters (in Central Europe a maximum of 180 centimeters). It has a fibrous root system. The hairy stem is richly branched. The foliage leaves, which are arranged opposite at the bottom and alternate at the top, are usually double pinnate.
Generative characteristics
The flowering period extends from July to October. The mugwort is single-sexed ( monoecious ), which means that both female and male flowers are formed in separate cup-shaped inflorescences on one plant specimen . Several dozen male flower heads stand in dense, leafless, about 20 centimeters long, racemose total inflorescences at the end of the stem and the side branches. The flower heads contain about 5 to 15 yellowish tubular flowers .
The male flower heads have a bald or slightly hairy shell. The male tubular flowers contain five free stamens . A plant can produce up to a billion pollen grains with its male flowers .
The female flower heads are usually located in clusters in leaf axils below the male inflorescences. The mostly only female flower with its subordinate, double ovary is half-enclosed by the hairy four- to seven-toothed cup shell. The greatly reduced flower petals of the female flower can not be seen without a magnifying glass. Her stylus bears two scars.
When ripe, the cups fall off as a whole, so that the achenes in the lower part remain enclosed by the bottom of the basket and the four to seven cup husks, which often have barbs at the tip. The 3 to 4 millimeters long and 2 to 3 millimeters wide achenes are beaten 1 millimeter long.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 36.
Similar species
In contrast to common mugwort , the leaf underside of the double to triple pinnate and long-stalked leaves is green (mugwort has gray-white tomentose hair) and the plant is annual (mugwort forms a dense root system as a perennial plant). In addition, the ragweed's richly branched stems are slightly hairy and the inflorescences are more compact.
ecology
The sagebrush is an annual, summer annual, aromatic plant. It is a short-day plant with wind pollination . The pollen grains, which are only 0.02 millimeters wide, are released early in the morning. One plant can release up to a billion pollen grains. The self-pollination is successful.
The barbed cup cover promotes spreading through adhesion. The main spread occurs through humans through contaminated bird food and with dragged earth. Between 3,000 and 60,000 fruits per plant can be produced each year. Fruit ripening starts in October, but the seeds do not ripen immediately because of the late flowering time in Central Europe. However, as heat germs, they remain viable for up to 40 years. A previous strong frost still promotes the germination rate.
Originally, the seeds in Central Europe could not reach fruit ripeness because the seeds could not tolerate frost. Around the year 2000 there was a genetic mutation , according to which the seeds also tolerated frost.
Occurrence
The sagebrush rag is a neophyte that is widespread in North America and was inadvertently brought to Europe from there. As a ruderal plant , it grows particularly on disturbed soils, for example on roadsides, in gravel pits, on railway embankments, on construction sites and rubble dumps. The most common places to grow, however, are gardens, especially under bird feeding places, because bird feed contaminated with ambrosia seeds is the main route of entry. In a study of consumer magazine Ökotest from 2007, only three of 18 bird food products free of Ambrosia - seeds . According to results from Bavaria and Austria, cargo losses in the transport of agricultural products from Eastern Europe could represent a major distribution route . In addition to roadsides, earth dumps and rubble sites, where construction site material is temporarily stored, could become very important in the future.
Your first record in Germany comes from the year 1860 from a potato field near Hamburg near Escheburg . For a long time the annual species was a relatively rare and inconsistent weed in heavily anthropogenic locations. Only since the beginning of the 1990s have increasing stocks been observed in southern Germany, some of which were able to multiply on their own. Find reports have also increased from other parts of Germany in recent years. Today there are larger stocks especially in the southwest ( Upper Rhine Rift Valley ) and east ( Lausitz ), in Hesse and in some cities such as Berlin . The currently preferred habitats are gardens, ruderal areas, fields and cut flower fields, as well as agricultural set-aside areas, construction sites and roadsides and roadsides.
In Austria, mugwort is considered naturalized in climatically warm locations, especially in the Pannonian region . Otherwise it occurs only inconsistently, but is in the process of further naturalization. It occurs in moderately dry ruderal places, under bird feeders and in fields in the colline to submontane altitude range, sometimes in large numbers. The occurrences extend to the federal states of Vienna , Lower Austria , Burgenland , Styria and Carinthia as well as inconsistently to Upper Austria , Salzburg , Tyrol and Vorarlberg .
In Switzerland the way in came the First World War the first time. It is now widespread in Southeastern Europe (for example in Ukraine , Bulgaria and Hungary ). In other countries ( Italy : Po Valley, France : Lower Rhône region) it is already common in individual areas.
Warm summers favor the spread of the sagebrush ragweed. It is expected that the plant will spread its range under the future climatic conditions further to the north and northeast of Europe.
Systematics
It was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . Synonyms for Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. are: Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. Elatior (L.) Descourtilz , Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. Paniculata (Michaux) Blankinship , Ambrosia elatior L. , Ambrosia glandulosa Scheele and Ambrosia monophylla (Walter) Rydberg .
Allergy trigger
The pollen of ragweed is one of the strongest allergy triggers. Sensitive people react allergically from 6 pollen per cubic meter of air, from 11 pollen per cubic meter we speak of heavy pollution (for comparison: with grass pollen, a concentration of more than 50 pollen per cubic meter is referred to as heavy pollution). The untreated allergy can trigger allergic reactions of the eyes and the respiratory tract and in the worst case also lead to asthma . The late flowering time of ambrosia from July to October means an additional burden for pollen allergy sufferers by extending the pollen season when grass pollen is only available in small quantities.
Scientists at the Helmholtz Center in Munich have found that the allergic reactions of the ragweed ragweed increase when they come into contact with nitrogen dioxide . This increases the number of allergens and makes them even more aggressive.
A cross allergy with goldenrod , sunflower , chamomile , arnica and other representatives of the sunflower plant family (Asteraceae or Compositae) is possible.
A research report in the journal Allergy from June 2015 illuminates the mechanism of action.
It is expected that global warming will greatly increase both the number of people affected and the severity of symptoms. According to a study published in Environmental Health Perspectives in 2016, the number of people who are allergic to ragweed pollen has risen from 33 million to around 77 million, with the greatest increases occurring in countries such as Germany, Poland and France become. The pollen season also extends in large parts of Europe to September and October.
Measures against the spread
At the individual level, it is advised to pay attention to ambrosia-free products when buying birdseed. Ambrosia plants should ideally be torn up or dug up together with their roots before they bloom, and disposed of in a plastic bag with the residual waste. Incineration, composting or disposal via organic waste is not recommended in order to avoid further spread.
Any occurrence on public land should be reported to the municipal green space or plant protection office. Since the seeds can survive for several years, areas with earlier occurrences should be checked over several years.
Sniffer dogs specially trained for the plant can help track down occurrences .
European Union
Since June 2011 an EU regulation has banned the import of feed containing ambrosia . This is intended to interrupt a main route of distribution.
SMARTER is a European interdisciplinary network of experts for the control of Ambrosia , are involved in the health care professionals, aerobiologists, ecologists, economists and atmospheric and agricultural modelers.
It was found that Ophraella communa , an invasive species of beetle, infested the sagebrush ragweed in southern Switzerland and northern Italy , causing partial destruction.
Germany
In several federal states there are reporting points that register and map ambrosia finds and inform those responsible about the need for removal. An extensive program of action to contain the ragweed ragweed has been running in Bavaria since 2007, which has led to numerous new discoveries and new findings. The balance is mixed, so occurrences have been successfully pushed back, but the species is still spreading. In North Rhine-Westphalia between 2007 and 2012, around 400 locations were reported to the state-wide Ambrosia reporting office. In cooperation with LANUV and local authorities, the deposits were combated, which partially led to the extinction of the stocks.
Austria
In July 2017 , the Lower Austrian provincial government , the Burgenland provincial government and the Medical University of Vienna introduced ragweedfinder.at (see web links ), an online reporting point for occurrences of mugwort ragweed throughout Austria. The initiators hope to improve the data situation in order to better coordinate the control and handling of the plant.
Finds can also be reported in the nature calendar ZAMG app. In addition to predicting pollen, the plant also serves as a pointer plant in phenology for research into climate changes.
Switzerland
The plant was added to the black list of invasive neophytes in Switzerland and subject to the release ordinance. Ambrosia artemisiifolia has been required to report and control since July 2006 . Compensation is provided for farmers who suffer damage as a result.
Hungary
Since July 2017 there has been an obligation to remove ragweed. Violations against this are punished as an administrative offense with a fine of currently (July 2017) 15,000 - 5 million forints. The control obligation extends to almost every piece of property, including agricultural and publicly used areas of all kinds. An internet portal was set up to report ragweed stocks.
Web links
- Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., ragweed. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Mugwort-leaved ragwort . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
- Allergy portal of the BMELV, aktionsplan-allergien.de: Information on ambrosia and the entry of ambrosia through bird food
- ambrosia.ch: Swiss expert website with information on ambrosia including primary literature
- Free University of Berlin , ambrosia.met.fu-berlin.de: Action program against ambrosia
- Thomas Meyer, blumeninschwaben.de: ragweed data sheet with identification key and photos
- ragweedfinder.at: Registration office for Austria
swell
- John L. Strother: Ambrosia artemisiifolia. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 21: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 8: Asteraceae, part 3 (Heliantheae, Eupatorieae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530565-5 , pp. 15 (English, online ).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 924 .
- ↑ a b Carla Michels: On the status of combating mugwort ragweed in North Rhine-Westphalia. In: Nature in NRW. Vol. 38, No. 1, 2013, pp. 42–44, ( PDF file ( Memento of the original from December 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and Archive link according to instructions and then remove this note. ).
- ^ A b c Stefan Nawrath, Beate Alberternst: Action program to combat ambrosia in Bavaria: Results from six years of monitoring. In: ANLiegen Natur . Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 44-58 (PDF file; 1.1 MB) .
- ↑ Hans-Helmut Poppendieck: The genera Ambrosia and Iva (Compositae) in Hamburg, with a reference to the problem of Ambrosia control. In: Reports of the Botanical Association of Hamburg. Vol. 23, 2007, ISSN 1619-0726 , pp. 53–70 (PDF file) ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ Distribution in Germany.
- ↑ Sarah Koldehoff: Threat in Hesse: Green danger on the roadside. In: FAZ , September 29, 2019, accessed on the same day.
- ↑ Christelle Otto, Beate Alberternst, Frank Klingenstein, Stefan Nawrath: Distribution of the mugwort-leaved ambrosia in Germany. Problems and options for action from a nature conservation perspective. In: BfN scripts. Vol. 235, 2008 (PDF file) .
- ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
- ↑ Umweltbüro Grabher: Leaflet Beifussblättrige Ambrosie. Office of the Vorarlberg State Government, Department IVe - Environmental Protection, Bregenz 2014 (PDF file; 1.9 MB) ( Memento of the original from May 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung (Ed.): Models show the spread of mugwort ambrosia in Europe due to climate change. Frankfurt am Main 2013.
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Vol. 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 988, digitized
- ↑ Focus Heft 35/15, from August 22, 2015, p. 82
- ↑ M. Wimmer et al .: Pollen-derived adenosine is a necessary cofactor for ragweed allergy. In: Allergy. Vol. 70, No. 8, 2015, pp. 944-954, DOI: 10.1111 / all.12642 .
- ^ Iain R. Lake et al .: Climate Change and Future Pollen Allergy in Europe . In: Environmental Health Perspectives . 2016, doi : 10.1289 / EHP173 .
- ↑ a b How can you get rid of ambrosia? In: pollenstiftung.de. Retrieved October 3, 2018 .
- ↑ Ragweed Finder. In: ragweedfinder.at. Retrieved October 3, 2018 .
- ↑ Ambrosia Sniffer Dog: Animal Weed Killer · Dlf Nova. In: deutschlandfunknova.de. Retrieved October 3, 2018 .
- ↑ REGULATION (EU) No. 574/2011 OF THE COMMISSION of June 16, 2011 amending Annex I of Directive 2002/32 / EC of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to the maximum levels for nitrite, melamine, Ambrosia spp. and the carryover of certain coccidiostats and histomonostats as well as the consolidation of Appendices I and II of the same (PDF)
- ↑ See www.ragweed.eu ( Memento of the original from June 11, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . The project runs from 2013 to 2017 within the framework of the EU program COST . More than 120 participants from 33 countries took part in 2013.
- ↑ H. Müller-Schärer, STE Lommen, M. Rossinelli, M. Bonini, M. Boriani, G. Bosio, U. Schaffner: Ophraella communa, the ragweed leaf beetle, has successfully landed in Europe: fortunate coincidence or threat? In: Weed Research. Vol. 54, No. 2, 2014, pp. 109–119, DOI: 10.1111 / wre.12072 .
- ↑ Deutschlandfunk , Environment and Consumers , August 8, 2013, Solveig Bader: dradio.de: The horror of allergy sufferers (August 8, 2013)
- ↑ First ragweed finder presented in Austria - Office of the Provincial Government of Lower Austria, July 5th, 2017. In: ots.at. Retrieved July 5, 2017 .
- ↑ Ragweed - Nature Calendar ZAMG. Retrieved on May 25, 2019 (German).
- ^ Federal Office for the Environment FOEN: Invasive Alien Species . ( admin.ch [accessed on August 6, 2019]).
- ↑ S. Buholzer, M. Nobis, N. Schoenenberger, S. Rometsch: List of the alien invasive plants of Switzerland . Ed .: Infoflora. ( infoflora.ch [accessed on August 6, 2019]).
- ↑ a b Swiss Federal Office for the Environment FOEN (ed.): Caution Ambrosia. ( Memento from July 18, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
