Yellow coneflower (Echinacea)

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Yellow sun hat
Yellow coneflower (Echinacea paradoxa)

Yellow coneflower (Echinacea paradoxa)

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Heliantheae
Genre : Sun hats ( Echinacea )
Type : Yellow sun hat
Scientific name
Echinacea paradoxa
( Norton ) Britton

The Yellow coneflower ( Echinacea paradoxa ), also Oddly bill coneflower , yellow glow sun and Yellow Echinacea called, is a plant type from the kind of sun hats ( Echinacea ) in the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). The plant is native to central parts of the USA from Missouri to Texas , where it inhabits dry prairie locations , sunny forest clearings and limestone hills . The hardy perennial is rarely used as an ornamental plant.

description

The yellow coneflower is a deciduous perennial plant that reaches heights of 50 to 90 cm. It has a taproot . The mostly basal, simple leaves are narrow-lanceolate to obscure-eilanzettlich, with entire margins , often finely ciliate and are about 20-25 cm long. The 3-5 primary veins of the pointed to rundspitzigen, narrow and mostly bald spreading parallel forward. The lower and middle leaves have thin, long petioles, while the upper leaves are sessile to encompassing stems.

The head-shaped inflorescences with small, multi-row calyx are single and terminal on relatively long, unbranched stems. The 10–30 sterile and neutral ray-florets are up to 7 cm long, yellow or white-pink and the long, narrow, obscure-lanceolate, recessed tongues hang loosely from the flower head. The inflorescence bases are spherical to conical with 2–3.5 cm in diameter. They are covered with reddish-brown chaff leaves that protrude spiky on one side over the many yellowish to reddish, hermaphroditic and fertile tubular flowers . Flowering time is from the end of June to September, usually for a month. Then 4–5 mm long, bald, brownish and angular achenes with a small to minimal coronet form, which last until winter.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22.

ecology

The flowers of the yellow coneflower are attractive to many insects . Long-nosed bees and various butterflies such as butterflies visit the flowers at the natural site . The caterpillars of some species of tensioner and various species of grasshoppers feed on the flowers and leaves. In early autumn, the seeds of the yellow coneflower and the other Echinacea species are used as food for American goldfish and other goldfinch species .

Occurrence

The yellow coneflower is found primarily in forest clearings and short grass prairies in the Ozark regions of Missouri and Arkansas in the central United States . A pale purple variety grows in Oklahoma and Texas . The plant colonizes dry, sunny, rather poor locations on gravelly - loamy soils and occurs only in a few areas. It is on the endangered species list in Arkansas. In some areas the species forms hybrids with Echinacea atrorubens and Echinacea pallida .

use

Habit of the yellow coneflower

The yellow coneflower is suitable as an ornamental plant with wild shrub character for gravel gardens , prairie gardens and wooded edges in sunny to partially shaded locations. The plant tolerates more drought and shade than the purple coneflower, which is much more common in stores . A warm location with deep, permeable soil is always required. Soils rich in lime and bases are cheaper than acidic soils. The color of the yellow coneflower can be combined well with other North American wild perennials such as rudbeckia , beard thread , aniseed nettles and girls' eyes and harmonizes even with the pink prairie hedgehog because of the similar flower shape . In Central Europe the plant is hardy to −29 ° C ( Zone 5 ).

Systematics

Single flower

The yellow sun hat was described by John Bitting Smith Norton in 1902 and validly published under the name Brauneria paradoxa , then in 1913 by Nathaniel Lord Britton classified as Echinacea paradoxa in today's valid botanical systematics. Echinacea paradoxa is the only species in the genus Echinacea that has yellow flowers instead of the usual purple to pink flowers, as the species name paradoxa indicates. The genus name Echinacea is derived from the ancient Greek word ἐχῖνος echínos [ eˈkʰiːnos ] for sea ​​urchins (Echinoidea) and refers to the prickly chaff leaves inside the flower head . The German generic name Scheinsonnenhut was created to differentiate it from the longer known rudbeckia , which have a similar flower shape and are called in German sun hat .

Of Echinacea paradoxa (Norton) Britton (Syn .: Echinacea atrorubens var. Paradoxa . (Norton) Cronq ) two varieties are known:

  • Echinacea paradoxa var. Neglecta McGregor (Syn .: Echinacea atrorubens (Nutt.) Nutt. Var. Neglecta (McGregor) Binns et al. , English: Bush's purple coneflower ): It occurs in the US states of Oklahoma and Texas and is pale purple-red or pink to whitish ray-flowers similar to the prairie hedgehog's head .
  • Echinacea paradoxa var. Paradoxa (English: Ozark coneflower ): It occurs in the US states of Missouri and Arkansas . With mostly yellow flowers, more rarely white to orange.

literature

  • Leo Jelitto, Wilhelm Schacht , Hans Simon: The outdoor ornamental perennials, manual and lexicon of garden perennials. Volume 1: A to H , 5th, completely revised edition, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart Hohenheim 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3265-6 .
  • The Royal Horticultural Society: Perennials, The Great Encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley Verlag, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-8310-2752-1 .

Web links

Commons : Yellow Coneflower ( Echinacea paradoxa )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Harold W. Keller: The Genus Echinacea (Asteraceae): Floral, Stem, and Petiole Morhology. In: Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 8 (1), 2014, 87-126. (PDF, semanticscholar.org) , pp. 97, 107 ff.
  2. ^ A b Richard Hansen , Friedrich Stahl: The perennials and their areas of life. 6th edition, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart Hohenheim 2016, ISBN 978-3-8001-8385-2 , p. 504.
  3. ^ A b The Royal Horticultural Society: Perennials, The great encyclopedia. Dorling Kindersley Verlag, Munich 2015, ISBN 978-3-8310-2752-1 , p. 174.
  4. ↑ Entry in the Chromosome Counts Database .
  5. ^ Ozark Coneflower , Illinois Wildflowers. (illinoiswildflowers.info) .
  6. ↑ Echinacea paradoxa (JBS Norton) Britton, Bush's purple coneflower , Natural Resources Conservation Service, Unites States Department of Agriculture. (plants.usda.gov) .
  7. ↑ Shannon E. Binns, Bernard R. Baum, John Thor Arnason: A Taxonomic Revision of Echinacea (Asteraceae: Heliantheae). In: Systematic Botany. 27 (3) 2002, pp. 610-632, doi: 10.1043 / 0363-6445-27.3.610 .
  8. ^ Leo Jelitto, Wilhelm Schacht , Hans Simon: Die Freiland-Schmuckstauden, manual and lexicon of garden perennials. Volume 1: A to H , 5th, completely revised edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart Hohenheim 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3265-6 , p. 319.
  9. ↑ Echinacea paradoxa / Strange shining sun hat in the plant database of garden architecture. (galasearch.de) .
  10. ^ Nobert Kühn: New use of perennials. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2011, ISBN 978-3-8001-5970-3 , p. 272.
  11. ↑ John Bitting Smith Norton: Brauneria paradoxa. In: Transactions of the Academy of Science of St. Louis. Vol. 12, 1902. (biodiversitylibrary.org) .
  12. ↑ Nathaniel Lord Britton: Echinacea paradoxa. In: An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British possessions. 1913. (biodiversitylibrary.org) .
  13. ^ BR Schubert, G. Wagner: Botanical dictionary. Plant names and botanical terms. 12th edition, Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 978-3-8252-1476-0 , p. 194.
  14. ↑ PONS. Dictionary for school and university. Latin. Stuttgart 2016, ISBN 978-3-12-517983-7 , p. 301.
  15. ↑ Echinacea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 19, 2020.
  16. ^ A b Steven Foster: Echinacea: Nature's Immune Enhancer. Healing Arts Press, 1991, ISBN 0-89281-386-5 , p. 113.