Bifidobacterium
| Bifidobacterium | ||||||||||||
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Bifidobacterium adolescentis stained |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Bifidobacterium | ||||||||||||
| Orla-Jensen 1924 |
The bifidobacteria , identical to the bacterial genus Bifidobacterium (from Latin bifidus , "split, fork-shaped"), belonging to the family Bifidobacteriaceae , are gram-positive , not actively moving, not spore-forming, predominantly anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria, often club-shaped (“ coryneform ”). They form smooth micro-colonies without filaments on agar gel culture media . Their members are similar to Corynebacteria .
The normal bacterial community of the gastrointestinal tract , appendix and vagina include: a. B. bifidum , B. adolescentis , B. breve , B. longum and B. infantis . They are not pathogenic , i.e. i.e., they are harmless to humans.
metabolism
Bifidobacteria have no aldolase and break down sugar via their own complicated energy metabolism as a special form of heterofermentative lactic acid fermentation ( Bifidobacterium fermentation ). The route leads via phosphoric acid esters of hexoses , erythrose , glyceraldehyde and pentoses , whereby acetyl phosphate is split off at two points and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is formed next to it. This is broken down into lactic acid via the Embden-Meyerhof route . The phosphate residue of the acetyl phosphate is transferred to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) with the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The sugars are broken down into acetic acid and lactic acid in a ratio of 3: 2. This metabolic pathway results in a 25% higher ATP yield (2.5 mol per mol of glucose) than homofermentative lactic acid fermentation (2 mol per mol of glucose).
Food
Bifidobacteria are used to make dairy products through fermentation, such as cheese and bifidus milk , a form of curdled milk .
Medical applications
Bifidobacteria are used as probiotics in medical applications .
Systematics
A selection of the types:
- Bifidobacterium adolescentis Reuter 1963
- Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (Meile et al. 1997) Masco et al. 2004
- Bifidobacterium bifidum (Tissier 1900) Orla-Jensen 1924 ( type species )
- Bifidobacterium breve Reuter 1963
- Bifidobacterium infantis Reuter 1963
- Bifidobacterium longum Reuter 1963
literature
- Martin Dworkin, Stanley Falkow, Eugene Rosenberg, Karl-Heinz Schleifer , Erko Stackebrandt (eds.): The Prokaryotes , 3rd edition, Vol. 3: Archaea. Bacteria: Firmicutes, Actinomycetes . Springer Verlag, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-387-25493-7 (print), ISBN 978-0-387-30743-5 (online)
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Whitaker's Words: BIFIDVS ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ↑ Austrian Food Book - IV. Edition - Codex Chapter / B32 / Milk and Dairy Products. (No longer available online.) In: verbübersundheit.gv.at. Pp. 73ff , archived from the original on February 2, 2018 ; accessed on February 2, 2018 .
- ↑ JP Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature. ( Classification: Genus Bifidobacterium ( Memento of July 14, 2007 in the Internet Archive )).
