European solstice

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European solstice
European solstice (Heliotropium europaeum)

European solstice ( Heliotropium europaeum )

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Asterids
Euasterids I
Family : Boraginaceae (Boraginaceae)
Genre : Solstices ( heliotropium )
Type : European solstice
Scientific name
Heliotropium europaeum
L.

The European solstice ( Heliotropium europaeum ) is a species of the solstice genus ( Heliotropium ) within the predatory family (Boraginaceae). It is the only species of this genus that also occurs in Central Europe.

description

illustration
Inflorescence composed of coils

Vegetative characteristics

In the European solstice is an annual , herbaceous plant (up to 35 5) centimeters reached, the stature heights of usually from 20 to 30th The plant parts are odorless. The above-ground parts of the plant are soft and hairy white. The stem -round, light green stem is usually widely branched from the base at the nodes and tightly pressed, with short hairs.

The alternate leaves are arranged in a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is 0.5 to 2.5 inches long. The simple leaf blade is elliptical to spatulate and hairy on both sides.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from June to September. The inflorescences are simple or occasionally forked coils that stretch as the fruit ripens. In contrast to many other Heliotropium species, whose flowers smell very good, the flowers of the European Solstice are almost completely odorless. The hermaphrodite flowers are 3 to 4 millimeters in length and are radially symmetrical with a diameter of 2 to 5 millimeters . The corolla is white to bluish-white, often a little yellow in the throat.

The Klaus fruit only disintegrates when ripe into egg-pear-shaped Klausen with a length of 2.25 millimeters with a coarse warty surface.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 32.

ecology

The European solstice is a therophyte .

Toxicity

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

All parts of the plant are poisonous.

The main active ingredients are heliotrin and cynoglossin .

Symptoms of poisoning: Cynoglossin increases the heart rate, dilates the pupils, paralyzes the respiratory center and can cause death from cardiac arrest in diastole .

In animals in particular, the addition of heliotropium seeds can lead to poisoning, which can also lead to death.

Habit, leaves and inflorescences

Occurrence

The original area of ​​the European solstice is likely to be in the Eastern Mediterranean and Western Asia. It needs nutrient-rich, neutral to alkaline reacting loam or loess soil, which is mostly calcareous and areas with a warm summer climate with little frost. The European solstice grows on nutrient-rich fields, vineyards, ruderal sites or as garden weeds. Since it is a very warmth-loving species, it has always been rare in Central Europe. In Germany, it occurs consistently only in Hesse, Rhineland-Palatinate and Baden-Württemberg, where it is considered to be threatened with extinction or endangered. It can be found inconsistently in Berlin, Hamburg, North Rhine-Westphalia and Bavaria.

The European solstice is a national character type of the Eragrostion Association and locally a character type of the Geranio Allietum from the Fumario Euphorbion Association.

literature

  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • Christian Heitz: School and excursion flora for Switzerland. Taking into account the border areas. Identification book for wild growing vascular plants . Founded by August Binz. 18th completely revised and expanded edition. Schwabe & Co., Basel 1986, ISBN 3-7965-0832-4 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 6th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1990, ISBN 3-8001-3454-3 .
  • Konrad von Weihe (ed.): Illustrated flora. Germany and neighboring areas. Vascular cryptogams and flowering plants . Founded by August Garcke. 23rd edition. Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1972, ISBN 3-489-68034-0 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 4 : Nightshade plants to daisy plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  • Lutz Roth, Max Daunderer, Kurt Kormann: Poison Plants - Plant Poisons. Occurrence, effect, therapy, allergic and phototoxic reactions. With a special section about poisonous animals. 6th, revised edition, special edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86820-009-6 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Heliotropium europaeum L., European solstice. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  777 .

Web links

Commons : European Solstice ( Heliotropium europaeum )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files