Indian costume root

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Indian costume root
Indian costus root (Saussurea costus)

Indian costus root ( Saussurea costus )

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Carduoideae
Tribe : Cardueae
Genre : Alpenscharten ( Saussurea )
Type : Indian costume root
Scientific name
Saussurea costus
( Falc. ) Lipsch.

The Costus ( Saussurea costus ), also King root , Kostus , Costus called, is a species of the genus saussurea ( Saussurea ) within the family of Compositae (Asteraceae).

description

Habit, leaves and inflorescences

Vegetative characteristics

Saussurea costus grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 1.2 to 3 meters. The leaves are arranged alternately. The basal leaves are 0.6 to 1.2 inches long with a lobed winged petiole. The stem leaves are smaller and can be stalked or sessile. The leaf margin is serrated irregularly.

Generative characteristics

In a total inflorescence are two to five basket-shaped inflorescences together. The flower heads are 2.5 to 3.8 centimeters in diameter and contain only tubular flowers. There are many rows of spiny bracts . The hermaphrodite tubular flowers are about 2 centimeters long. The color of the petals ranges from blue to purple to almost black. The free stamens are bare. The anthers have tail-like appendages that are fringed at their base. The two scar branches are linear.

The bald, curved, cup-shaped achenes are up to 8 millimeters long. The feathery, brown cardboard hairs are about 1.7 centimeters long.

use

Indian costume root is grown in northern India and some Chinese provinces, but is also collected from the wild. The drug "Radix Saussureae" (also "Saussureae radix", "Aucklandiae radix", "Radix Aucklandiae lappae" or "Radix Costus") is extracted from the underground parts of the plant. It contains an essential oil (Costus root oil), which is best is obtained by steam distillation. It is used for liquid extracts, oils, powders, decoctions and other medicines and is also used in Ayurveda .

In Chinese medicine , Aucklandiae radix ( Muxiang木香) v. a. Used to move, regulate and supplement the Qi , to disperse "cold" (algor, han寒) and to relieve pain.

Already in ancient times the Kostwurz was brought to Europe on the Silk Road, where it was traded in the Mediterranean area as κόστος . A plant called costus is also mentioned in the Capitulare de villis of Charlemagne. However, the costus root imported from India was replaced as a drug in the European Middle Ages by the lady mint , also grown in Europe , for which the name costus was adopted. That is why today it is mostly assumed that costus in the capitular means the lady mint.

Occurrence and endangerment

Saussurea costus is widespread in northern India and Pakistan from Kashmir via Himachal Pradesh to Garhwal and thrives at altitudes of 2500 to 3200 meters.

Saussurea costus is listed in Appendix I of the Washington Convention on the Protection of Species (abbr. WA, English CITES). In India, Jammu and Kashmir this species is considered critically endangered, in Pakistan it is critically endangered. The wild collection for the extraction of the drug is the main reason for the endangerment of this species. Therefore it is in Appendix I of the CITES and in Appendix A of the Regulation (EC) No. 338/97 on the protection of specimens of wild fauna and flora by monitoring the Trade (EG-ArtenschutzVO) added. The import of parts of or products made from specimens of this type into the EU and any marketing activity in the EU is therefore prohibited without the approval of the competent authority. For example, the purchase of medicinal products containing Indian Kostus root by consumers in the EU, e.g. via the Internet in Switzerland, or private imports into the EU. This is a criminal offense in Germany.

Taxonomy

The first description was in 1841 under the name ( Basionym ) Aucklandia costus by Hugh Falconer in Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. Volume 6, page 475. The new combination to Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. was founded in 1964 by Sergei Juljewitsch Lipschitz in Botanicheskii Zhurnal. Published Moscow & Leningrad , Volume 49, page 131. Other synonyms for Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. are: Aplotaxis lappa Decne. , Saussurea lappa (Decne.) CBClarke , Theodorea costus (Falc.) Kuntze . These botanical names are also partly reflected in the names of the pharmaceutical drug.

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Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Peter Rau: Costus root oil In: Lexicon of the essential oils. ( Memento from May 7, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  2. ↑ Madan Mohan Pandey, Subha Rastogi, Ajay Kumar Singh Rawat: Saussurea costus: Botanical, chemical and pharmacological review of an ayurvedic medicinal plant. In: Journal of Ethnopharmacology . Volume 110, No. 3, 2007, pp. 379-390. doi : 10.1016 / j.jep.2006.12.033
  3. ^ Carl-Hermann Hempen, Toni Fischer: Guide to Chinese Phytotherapy (2nd edition). Munich: Elsevier, 2007, p. 488.
  4. ↑ Heinrich Marzell: On the history of the women's sheet (Crysanthemum balsamita L.) In: Centaurus. International Magazine of the History of Science and Medicine. 1, number 3, 1951, pages 235-241 ( doi : 10.1111 / j.1600-0498.1951.tb00510.x ).
  5. ↑ WWF : Saussurea costus (English, PDF).
  6. ↑ Import Article 4 Paragraph 1 and Marketing Article 8 Paragraph 1 Regulation (EC) No. 338/97
  7. ↑ Indian costume root is according to § 7 para. 2 no. 14a) Federal Nature Conservation Act strictly protected; Offense according to §§71 Abs. 1 Ziff. 3, 69 para. 4 No. 1 (import) and 71 para. 2 (marketing) BNatSchG
  8. ^ Saussurea costus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 9, 2020.

Web links

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