Theodor Mayer (historian)

Theodor Mayer (born August 24, 1883 in Neukirchen an der Enknach ( Upper Austria ), Austria-Hungary , † November 26, 1972 in Salzburg ) was an Austrian historian and science organizer.

Mayer's thoughts and actions was large German dominated. After working as an archivist from 1906 to 1923, he taught as a full professor of medieval history at the universities of Prague (1927–1930), Gießen (1930–1934), Freiburg (1934–1938) and Marburg (1938–1942).

In his early years he emerged with work on economic and settlement history. He wanted to scientifically prove the supposed cultural superiority of the Germans. With the management of the Alemannic Institute , the Baden Historical Commission and the West German Research Association , he played an influential role in the South West German scientific organization for a short time in the 1930s. Above all, the “German achievements” towards France should be emphasized.

Mayer resolutely turned to National Socialism . As a prominent representative of medieval studies , he wanted to contribute to intellectual mobilization and prove the relevance of historical research for the newly created Europe. Mayer's goal was to develop a European view of history, which is primarily determined by German historical studies. This was intended to give the National Socialist reorganization plans historical legitimation. Mayer sought to found a German historical institute in occupied Paris in order to historically underpin the superiority of German history in Europe. As head of the so-called " war effort of the humanities " with the medieval historians, Mayer organized regular conferences until the end of the war. As rector in Marburg from 1939 to 1942, he was concerned with closely intertwining science and war. From 1942 he was President of the Reich Institute for Older German History (the former Monumenta Germaniae Historica ) and thus held the highest office in German-language medieval studies. At the same time he was head of the Prussian Historical Institute in Rome . Mayer's timely evacuation of the Monumenta Library from Berlin to Pommersfelden in Bavaria during World War II created the basis for the Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH) to re-establish itself in Munich.

For Mayer, the collapse of the Nazi regime in 1945 meant the end of his university career and the loss of the MGH presidency. In the post-war period he fought in vain for his reinstatement as president. However, he remained influential as a science organizer. In Constance, he founded the Constance Working Group for Medieval History (1951–1958 Municipal Institute for Historical Research in the Lake Constance Region ), a non-university research facility that is important for medieval studies to the present day. The group of top-class scientists gathered around Mayer in Konstanz was guided by the conviction that a "crisis-proof history" was being developed.

Mayer's concept of the early medieval association of persons was groundbreaking for the development of the constitution . For decades, his view of freedom from clearing or kings exerted a significant influence on the West German discussion about the development of the constitution in the High Middle Ages.

Life

Origin and youth

Theodor Mayer was born on August 24, 1883 in Neukirchen an der Enknach in Upper Austria in the Braunau am Inn district. Throughout his life he emphasized his origins as "Innviertel". His parents were the doctor Johann Nepomuk Mayer and his wife Maria, née Wittib. After primary school in Neukirchen, he attended grammar school in Linz from 1893 to 1895 . In 1895 the family moved to Innsbruck, their hometown, at the request of their mother. At the grammar school there he made friends with Heinrich Ficker , the second oldest son of the historian Julius Ficker , with whom he attended the same class. As a result, Mayer, who felt drawn to mathematics as a high school student, also came into contact with Alfons Dopsch , who was a regular guest at the Fickers' house in the summer of 1899. These encounters had a lasting influence and caused Mayer to decide to study history. In 1901 he passed the Matura in Innsbruck .

Mayer has been very close to nature since his youth. Like his friend Heinrich Ficker, who later became a meteorologist and climatologist, he became a member of the Academic Alpine Club as a high school student and undertook numerous mountain tours. According to his own statement, he was "always in the lead". The intensive experience of nature later shaped Mayer's approach to science, especially to the history of the country.

Years of study in Florence and Vienna

At the Istituto di Studi Superiori , which later became the university, he studied history in Florence from 1901 , but according to his own statement, he mainly devoted himself to the language and culture of Italy. A year later he moved to the University of Vienna . From 1903 to 1905 he completed the 25th training course at the traditional Institute for Austrian Historical Research . Well-known fellow students were August Ritter von Loehr , Vinzenz Samanek , Otto Stolz and Josef Kallbrunner . His most important academic teachers were Emil von Ottenthal , Oswald Redlich and, above all, the economic and social historian Alfons Dopsch. His state work at the Institute for Austrian Historical Research was devoted to the medieval castle constitution in Austria. At Dopsch he received his doctorate at the end of November 1905 with a thesis on trade relations between Upper German cities and Austria in the 15th century. The treatise appeared as Volume 6 of the series of researches on the inner history of Austria founded by Dopsch in 1903 .

Archive time

After completing his studies, Mayer was initially an intern at the State Archives in Innsbruck from 1906 to 1907. During his time as archivist, he married Johanna Stradal, who was almost ten years his junior. His wife came from a wealthy upper-class family and was the daughter of a lawyer from Teplitz-Schönau in Bohemia. The evaluation of private documents shows that the marriage entered into in 1911 was harmonious and characterized by mutual respect. Baptized Catholic, Mayer became Protestant through his marriage. The marriage gave birth to their son Theodor in 1913 and two daughters in 1914 and 1920.

In September 1912, at the age of 29, Mayer was appointed director of the archives for Lower Austria. In March 1914 he completed his habilitation at the University of Vienna with a thesis on administrative reform in Hungary after the Turkish era. Mayer volunteered that same year and was assigned to a heavy artillery regiment. Until 1918 he completed assignments in South Tyrol , Galicia , the Isonzo and the Piavefront and rose to the rank of first lieutenant. After his return from the war, he continued his work in the archive service. In 1921 he became an unofficial professor at the University of Vienna. At midday in Vienna he published several articles on economic topics. The magazine advocated the unification of Germany and Austria.

Weimar Republic

Teaching in Prague (1922–1930)

With Emil Werunsky's resignation from 1920, the chair for medieval history and historical auxiliary sciences at the German University in Prague was vacant. After the preferred candidate of the appointment committee, Otto Stolz , did not want to leave Tyrol, Mayer and Hermann Aubin were proposed at the top of the appointment list. Up to this point Mayer had only dealt with topics from Austrian history and could not show any special achievements in the field of historical auxiliary sciences. A few years earlier, Prague had been part of the Danube Monarchy, and the German-speaking Prague professors still felt connected to Austria after 1918. With his main focus on medieval administrative and economic history, Mayer corresponded to the ideas of the appointment committee, which wanted greater consideration of the history of the late Middle Ages and economic history. In his college friend Hans Hirsch , the sole representative of the subject of medieval history and historical auxiliary sciences, he found an advocate for his vocation. In December 1922 Theodor Mayer was appointed associate professor at the German University in Prague.

He began teaching in the winter semester of 1923/24. He mainly offered lectures and exercises on economic history, including a regular three-hour economic history lecture from the summer semester of 1926 onwards. In 1927, at the age of 44, he received his first full professorship in Prague. His interests shifted at the end of the twenties, which was reflected in the lectures and publications. Since 1928, questions of the history of the settlement have come to the fore over economic history. Mayer had cadastral maps photographed and aerial photographs made. The Association for the History of Germans in Bohemia , in which Mayer was involved, was intended for research into the history of the Bohemian settlement . As an academic teacher, he supervised 21 doctoral theses during his seven years of teaching in Prague, including nine on economic and settlement history topics.

Professorship in Giessen (1930–1934)

In 1930 Mayer succeeded Hermann Aubin as professor of medieval history in Giessen. The imperial, constitutional and, above all, national history were the focus from then on. Similar to his predecessor Aubin, he took up questions of German colonization in the east and thus continued topics from his time in Prague. In the winter semester of 1933/34, he gave a lecture on the history of German colonization in the East .

In Giessen he also met Heinrich Büttner , whom he won for the Middle Ages. A lifelong friendship developed between Mayer and Büttner. Mayer also maintained his relations with German circles abroad in Gießen. Shortly after his move, he was chairman of the local branch of the Association for Germanness Abroad . He also headed the Gießen local group of the fighting ring of the German-Austrians in the Reich. The members represented a large German idea and the connection idea. When he, together with Walter Platzhoff and Karl Brandi, was given the task of reorganizing the General Committee of German Historians, he wanted to take greater account of “Germans abroad and their wishes”.

Gießen was a comparatively insignificant university, but Mayer felt very comfortable there. So he went on extensive excursions to explore the Lahn valley and the area around Giessen. Nonetheless, in 1931, he wrote a letter that he wished to leave if a better offer came.

Role in National Socialism (1933–1945)

Relationship to the Nazi regime

Mayer's wife was one of the supporters of the National Socialist movement before her husband. She is said to have voted National Socialist in the summer of 1932. His son Theodor Mayer-Edenhäuser was also an admirer of Adolf Hitler and joined the NSDAP in the spring of 1932 and the SA in the autumn of the same year .

In the final phase of the Weimar Republic , Mayer supported a right-wing authoritarian turn. The DNVP was but under its chairman him Alfred Hugenberg to "Prussian" on the NSDAP he complained in the spring of 1931 inability to positive policy. “They don't seem to get beyond mass demagogy”, he criticized. In the run-up to the Hessian state elections on November 15, 1931, he attended two NSDAP events in Giessen. In July 1932 he continued to express himself skeptical about the National Socialists' ability to govern. According to his biographer Reto Heinzel, Mayer developed sympathy for the political ideas of National Socialism by autumn 1932 at the latest. He was less enthusiastic about the political movement than about the tight, authoritarian government under Adolf Hitler's leadership.

According to Reto Heinzel, Mayer did not change his political stance suddenly during the first months of the National Socialist government, but rather continuously, not for reasons of career, but out of inner conviction. After the March elections in 1933 , after Anne Christine Nagel , he was enthusiastic about the National Socialists; he wrote that it was now "a real pleasure to be German". In history, Mayer has been a staunch National Socialist at least since he took over the Freiburg Chair for Medieval History in 1934.

In a professionally secure position as a professor at the age of 50, in a letter to Wilhelm Bauer in April 1933, he made derogatory comments about the mass accession of hundreds of thousands of people to the NSDAP after the Reichstag elections in March 1933 (so-called March fallen ). He did not join the party until May 1, 1937, following a ban on membership . His political reliability was beyond dispute even without membership in the NSDAP. In August 1933 he joined the National Socialist teachers' association . He was also a member of the National Socialist People's Welfare , in the Reich Air Protection Association and in the Nazi Lecturer Association . In this milieu, Mayer emphasized his common geographic origin with Adolf Hitler. From the point of view of the National Socialist rulers, Mayer was ideologically “impeccable” and politically “fundamentally authentic”. He was involved in the Festschrift published on Adolf Hitler's 50th birthday; there he published a research balance sheet of the "economic and social history" since 1933. The Gauleitung Kassel came in 1941 in a "political assessment" to the conclusion that he had "proven himself as a staunch National Socialist".

At the end of March 1933, in a letter to his friend Wilhelm Bauer, he called for a differentiation in the treatment of the Jewish population by pleading for a distinction between "Eastern Jews and long-established Jews whose families have lived here for 500 years and more". Five years later that was no longer the case. Mayer, who was oriented towards Greater Germany, commented on the long-awaited “ Anschluss of Austria ” in a letter of March 14, 1938 to Wilhelm Bauer with a mixture of joy and malice towards the fate of the Jewish teachers at the University of Vienna. Only an unresponsive comment has come down to us about the Reichspogromnacht in November 1938.

Freiburg professorship (1934–1938)

In Freiburg im Breisgau , Mayer became Hermann Heimpel's successor on October 1, 1934, at Georg von Below's traditional chair for medieval history. Taking over this chair at a significantly larger university was a noticeable rise for him. The environment was now noticeably more political than in Gießen. As a so-called “borderland university”, Freiburg was located in close proximity to Switzerland and France, the hereditary enemy . Mayer's inaugural lecture in Freiburg on May 23, 1935 dealt with the state of the Zähringers . It was released that same year. For this lecture, the passionate cyclist cycled the old Zähringerstraße and the founding of towns in his study area. For him, exploring the landscape was an essential part of the scientific discovery process. In 1936/37 he was Vice Dean of the Philosophical Faculty in Freiburg . Martin Wellmer was one of his academic students there .

The Karlsruhe cultural bureaucracy appointed Mayer not only because of his reputation as a scientist, but also because of his political reliability at the end of May 1935 as chairman of the Baden Historical Commission, which was dissolved in 1933 and re-established in 1935 according to the Führer principle . On the occasion of the re-establishment in Karlsruhe, on December 4, 1935, he gave a celebratory speech with thanks to "our (s) Führer Adolf Hitler" and a commitment to the "National Socialist (n) German (n) view of history and view" which he founded. With this speech, in the presence of the Gauleiter and Reich Governor, he made a clear commitment to National Socialism.

In 1935 Mayer took over the management of the West German Research Association from Franz Steinbach . In the spring of 1935 he was appointed head of the Alemannic Institute by the National Socialist Lord Mayor of Freiburg, Franz Kerber . The institute was maintained by the city of Freiburg. Mayer, on the other hand, wanted to connect it closely to the university. He also strove to collaborate with Swiss and Alsatian scholars. Therefore, against the will of the mayor, the institute was renamed the Upper Rhine Institute for Historical Regional Studies . It then came to a falling out with Kerber. Tensions also arose with Friedrich Metz , who also refused to rename the institute. Mayer also had personal differences at the historical seminar with Gerhard Ritter , who was small-German oriented. Mayer was only able to avoid impeachment by accepting his appointment to Marburg in 1938.

Teaching and rectorate in Marburg (1938–1942)

Edmund Ernst Stengel became President of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica in 1937 , which since the institutional reorganization in 1935 has been called the Reich Institute for Older German History . As the successor to Stengel's Marburg Chair for Medieval History, Mayer was the preferred candidate of the departing scholar. In October 1938 he succeeded Stengel at the small-town and Protestant Philipps University of Marburg . The institute for historical regional studies in Hesse and Nassau was connected to the chair . However, Mayer was by no means enthusiastic about his new academic workplace. He had no intention of "being absorbed in Hessian history". In addition to mediaeval studies, Mayer also dealt with historical topics of current political relevance. In the summer semester of 1939 he gave a lecture on the history of the Germans in the Alpine and Sudeten countries . The occasion was the break-up of Czechoslovakia and the " Anschluss of Austria ". Months before September 1, 1939, the fifty-six year old volunteered for armed forces. He took note of the age-related rejection with regret.

After less than a year, Mayer was selected by a majority of professors as a candidate for the politically exposed position of rector . On November 2, 1939, he was appointed by the Reich Minister of Science Bernhard Rust . He held the rector's office from late autumn 1939 to December 1942. At the height of the National Socialist development of power, he made himself available for a position that not only had to organize the scientific community, but also to fulfill political functions. From 1938 to 1942 he was also head of the historical commission for Hesse and Waldeck .

Mayer repeatedly made himself available as a scientific advisor to the “ Ahnenerbe ” of the SS and party circles. From 1940 he was head of the Middle Ages department of the " Use of the humanities in war ". It was a major project of the humanities scholars organized by Kiel Rector Paul Ritterbusch on behalf of the Reich Ministry for Science, Education and National Education , the aim of which was a European view of history shaped by German historians. According to Mayer's opinion expressed in 1941, spiritual leadership in Europe was unthinkable without fulfilling this task. There were good contacts to the “Ahnenerbe” of the SS. Mayer suggested to the curator of this institution, Walther Wüst , the creation of a “Germanic prosopography” as a research project. The plan was to record around 15,000 people from the time of Charlemagne to the year 1200. According to Mayer, the “general Germanic prosopography” should determine “to what extent the awareness of the blood-like togetherness of the European nobility and thus a common Germanic feeling persists and what part the Germanic peoples have not only through their number but through the position of the leading personalities in the construction of the European peoples, states and cultures ”. Work started during the war.

President of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica (1942–1945)

From April 1942 Mayer was initially acting head of the Reich Institute for Older German History, as the Monumenta Germaniae Historica (MGH) had been called since 1935. On October 1st, he became the first Austrian to become its president, a fact that he repeatedly emphasized with pride. In order to give up his chair in Marburg and the rectorate, he should not only get the presidency from the ministry, but also an ordinariate at the Berlin university, but the ministry's efforts met with fierce opposition in the Berlin faculty. The incumbent dean Hermann Grapow made it clear in a letter to the Reich Minister of Education on September 28, 1942, “that the faculty of Dr. Theodor Mayer does not wish ”. Grapow went on to say that he saw the harmony in the area of ​​middle and modern history endangered by Mayer. This stands in the "reputation of a restless, domineering, yes squeaky man". An honorary professorship was then set up for Mayer .

In 1942 Mayer suffered a personal stroke of fate: his 29-year-old son died on May 29, 1942 as a result of two wounds he suffered in the Battle of Kharkov . Mayer's tone worsened after the loss of his only son. In his speech of July 11, 1942 on the occasion of the university foundation ceremony, he spoke of the "total war". The war is "a conflict between two world views, it is a struggle for the right to life of the individual peoples and their culture, for a better world order with the aim of stopping the decomposition and destruction that threatens us from abroad".

As President, Mayer headed an institution that is primarily dedicated to the edition of medieval sources. However, Mayer was not interested in editorial work. Rather, he thought of reorganizing the traditional tasks of the MGH under the umbrella of the Reich Institute for the History of the New Germany . In the last years of the Total War , he was unable to develop any sustainable design options at MGH. The MGH were evacuated from Berlin to Pommersfelden Castle near Bamberg in 1944 due to the increasing number of bombing raids . The proposal probably went back to Carl Erdmann , who was well known to Count Erwein von Schönborn-Wiesentheid.

post war period

Dismissal as MGH President

Mayer experienced the end of the war with a few MGH employees in Pommersfelden , Franconia , which was occupied by the Americans on April 14, 1945. At the beginning of September 1945 he was arrested by the American military authorities and interned in the Hammelburg camp until June 1946 . In June 1946 he was released to Pommersfelden. During this time, Mayer was primarily concerned with the future of MGH. In a letter to the regional president for Upper and Middle Franconia, he emphasized that “German science” had achieved a “leading position” in the 20th century. In terms of cultural policy, this asset is "of the utmost importance". With the right effort, one can "carry out the most effective and inexpensive propaganda". Mayer was assured by Walter Goetz in the summer of 1946 that there was no doubt about his reinstatement in the presidency.

Mayer succeeded in submitting numerous exonerating reports from well-known colleagues. For his loyal pupil Heinrich Büttner he wrote an expert opinion himself, and Büttner in turn agreed to appear for Mayer as an exonerating witness in the court proceedings. On September 22, 1947, Mayer was classified as a “fellow traveler” in Level IV by the Chamber of Arbitration in Höchstadt an der Aisch and sentenced to a payment of 500 Reichsmarks. In the verdict of the Spruchkammer it was said that he had "only nominally participated in National Socialism". Mayer saw the mild judgment typical of the time as a “brilliant justification for my strictly objective, scientific attitude during the entire time of the nat. social rule ”.

At the end of September 1946, the central management, the scientific advisory board of Monumenta Germaniae Historica, which existed until 1935, was restored. At their first meeting, the members of the central management agreed that Mayer should "be reinstated into his office without further ado" in the event of an acquittal. However, the central management did not wait for the verdict of the ruling chamber. It decided to elect a new president for December 1947. From it emerged the Berlin medievalist Friedrich Baethgen as the new president with effect from January 1, 1948. The following years of Mayer's life were not shaped by a confrontation with his own past, but by the struggle to redress the injustice that he believed had been done to him. Mayer took the point of view that as a Reichsbeamter he was never dismissed and was therefore still in office. In 1948, in contrast to other dismissed historians, he addressed a broader public at home and abroad with two open letters. In it he declared himself the rightful president and denied the legitimacy of the election made by the central management. Mayer ruthlessly settled accounts with the people by whom he felt betrayed or betrayed. He accused Baethgen of his own National Socialist entanglements, and described Walter Goetz as a “senile idiot”. Some of the colleagues on his side held back. Mayer's student Heinrich Büttner did not want to endanger his appointment negotiations. Anne Christine Nagel believes that after 1945 Mayer “did not actually stumble over his commitment to National Socialism”, but “was rather sidelined by his colleagues because of considerable deficits in personal interaction”.

Mayer's financial situation in the first few years after the war was bad. A return to the university service made difficult not only his political burden, but also his advanced age. He and his wife lived on the income from the Marburg house and the donations from their daughters Hanna, who was a teacher in Salzburg, and Emma. Mayer's wife received a small fee through the publication of smaller articles in the Schweinfurter Zeitung. Now he devoted himself again to academic work, in particular to medieval constitutional history. As a result of this activity, the work Princes and State was published by Böhlau Verlag in Weimar in 1950 . Studies on the constitutional history of the German Middle Ages . In 15 essays, he took a position on the church bailiwick , protection of kings , immunity and jurisdiction as well as on the problems of empire and territory. In this work he also presented a differentiation between imperial and royal monasteries, which has not been questioned by constitutional research for a long time.

Mayer only expressed himself critically in private conversations and in letters about Konrad Adenauer's domestic and foreign policy , about “football nationalism” and the danger of black dominance over white.

New fields of activity: Konstanz working group and Collegium Carolinum

Mayer's former academic student Otto Feger had been pursuing the plan since the beginning of 1946 to found an institute for the history and cultural history of the Lake Constance area in Constance with municipal support. For Feger, Mayer was the only one for the line. On April 20, 1948, the city council passed a statute of the "Municipal Institute for Landscape Science of the Lake Constance Area". Mayer, who had lived with his wife in Schönborn Castle near Pommersfelden until 1951 , moved to Constance. He felt good there. The comments about his life in Konstanz are largely positive. Mayer received his full pension benefits in accordance with Article 131 of the Basic Law.

The Municipal Institute for Landscape Science of the Lake Constance area was opened on October 30, 1951 with a keynote lecture by Heinrich Büttner . The first multi-day events followed from autumn 1952. In spring and autumn, meetings were initially held in different places. From 1957 the conferences took place almost exclusively on the Reichenau. The Constance Working Group for Medieval History was formally founded in 1960. As chairman, Mayer was able to manage an annual budget of 40,000 to 50,000 DM. The sum covered the participants' travel and accommodation costs.

In April 1956 Mayer was elected chairman of the Collegium Carolinum . According to Christoph Cornelißen , there were no conceptual or methodological differences between the projects there and the projects of the years before 1945. The research work was intended to investigate the “share of Germans in the cultural, social and legal development of the Bohemian countries”. An “overall analysis of displacement ” was also planned .

Last years of life

At the age of 85, Mayer withdrew from Konstanz and went to Salzburg, where the two daughters lived. He gave up the chairmanship of the Collegium Carolinum only two years before his death. He died on November 26, 1972 in Salzburg. Until the end of his life, Mayer could not cope with the humiliating dismissal as MGH president. In April 1968, shortly before he left Konstanz, he wrote to Walter Schlesinger : “There are trends to connect the working group with the MGH. Please stop this while I'm alive. If I die, I will be burned to death, then I don't need or can turn around in my grave. ”Reto Heinzel attests to Mayer's pronounced tendency towards self-righteousness. He had practically never uttered any self-critical tones, rather he was convinced until the end of his life that he had survived the “Third Reich” morally unscathed.

At the end of his life, Mayer was a highly honored scholar. From 1927 to 1945 he was a member of the German Society of Sciences and Arts for the Czechoslovak Republic . In 1942 he became a corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences and the Bavarian Academy of Sciences in Munich. Also in 1942 he was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Erlangen . Two years later, Mayer became a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences . In 1950 he was accepted into the Historical Commission of the Sudetenland . From 1954 to 1968 Mayer was a full member of the commission for historical regional studies in Baden-Württemberg , in 1968 he was made an honorary member. A festschrift was dedicated to him for his 70th birthday in 1954. The community of Neukirchen an der Enknach awarded him the honorary citizenship diploma in 1958. In 1963 he was granted honorary citizenship of the Reichenau community . On his 80th birthday, Mayer received the Federal Cross of Merit .

Personality and dealing with colleagues

Because of his professional success and with a view to Adolf Hitler, who was born just a few years after him and who had also spent the first years of his life in the Innviertel , the people from his homeland had a specific ability to assert themselves. That is why he liked to refer to himself as “Innviertler”. In the 1950s, the Austrian homeland researcher Eduard Kriechbaum described his long-time friend as a “typical Innviertler” who in certain cases has a thick head and does not like to put up with anything. Mayer was not very popular in the professional world. In personal dealings, he was considered gruff, pronounced argumentative and high-handed. After leaving Freiburg for Marburg, Willy Andreas wrote to Friedrich Baethgen in April 1939 : “We are all happy that we are rid of him on the Upper Rhine.” In Marburg, Wilhelm Mommsen spoke out against him on the Appeals Committee because of Mayer's pronounced intolerance. The curator of the University of Marburg, Ernst von Hülsen , said about Mayer: “Professor Mayer is a personality who continues to disrupt the peace and work of the university through attacks and unjustified interference, as well as the way he treats people. [...] Rector Mayer suffers from an exaggerated need for recognition and striving for power and an unrestrained sense of power. "

Joseph Lemberg took up and developed Anne Christine Nagel's thesis that Mayer was sidelined after 1945 because of his deficits in personal contact. After Lemberg, it was the habitus of the social climber that made it difficult for Mayer to access the networks of the scientific community . His German historian colleagues came predominantly from the Protestant, educated middle class; Mayer with his angular demeanor remained alien to them. Mayer tried to compensate for this through political alliances. While Friedrich Baethgen or Albert Brackmann could pass off their non-membership in the NSDAP as a system opposition, this narrative pattern was not available to the former party member Mayer.

plant

Mayer coined the concepts of the early medieval association of persons, the institutional land state and the freedom of clearing or king. His research on settlement conditions in Bohemia, which he carried out from the late twenties, was intended as part of a “folk science” in the southwest German “border region”. Mayer was convinced that the Germans had always moved through history as bearers of culture. With his inaugural lecture in Freiburg on the state of the Zähringers and a few other works, his focus of work shifted to constitutional and imperial history, a traditional research area of ​​medieval studies. During the Second World War, he emerged primarily with investigations into the medieval history of the empire and the constitution. According to Michael Matheus, there are no racial biological arguments in his publications . As President of the MGH, he earned lasting merit by evacuating the MGH library to Pommersfelden near Bamberg in good time. During his presidency, he was primarily concerned with the dissemination of a pan-European perspective based on regional history and ethnology. In the post-war period he made a name for himself as a science organizer, above all as the founder of the Konstanz working group.

Activity as a science organizer

Southwest German science organization

The majority of the funds for the Upper Rhine Institute went into the implementation of regional history projects. The money was to be used to finance the long-term work on an “Alemannic Atlas” and research into the Zähringer in Burgundy. Mayer wanted to achieve the envisaged goal of a “new foundation of Alemannic history” through “comprehensive research in all areas”. Mayer's activities for the institute were assessed differently by colleagues. According to Franz Quarthal , Mayer intended “to give the institute the character of a medieval university institute based on regional history”. After Michael Fahlbusch , he played a major role in the “ synchronization ” of the institute.

In 1935 Mayer became head of the Southwest German Research Association. Its tasks were the organization and management of scientific conferences. From the point of view of ethnology, the entire western border areas were treated. The minutes of the conference were not published in book form, but were given to the individual conference participants as working paper with the note "strictly confidential". The aim was not to make the results of the meetings known to a wider public or to make them available for international research for review.

As chairman of the Baden Historical Commission, Mayer was able to exert considerable influence on the publications. For the journal for the history of the Upper Rhine , he advocated the publication of “works with a people-like content”. As many articles as possible should deal with Switzerland and Alsace. Mayer assessed scientific life in Alsace as “too weak”. The German influence on science in the neighboring French region should be maintained. Mayer repeatedly declined contributions for political or anti-Semitic reasons. When he found out that the author of an essay on the Thanner Steinmetzordnung was the former Social Democratic Labor Minister Rudolf Wissell , "the amateurish way of handling the material and the immensely wide scope now seemed clear and understandable". The article was still able to appear after Mayer left in 1942. Mayer tried to prevent the publication of a treatise by Käthe Spiegel on the "peace project of a Fürstenberger". He wrote to the editor, Manfred Krebs , that the essay could not be printed, “because Miss Spiegel is not Aryan, but 100% Jewish. I know her from Prague ”.

Marburg Rectorate

Historical photo documents on Theodor Mayer in Marburg

• Hessian State Office for Historical Regional Studies

As rector, Mayer wanted to emphasize the importance of the university as an integral part of the people and the state not only for the outcome of the war, but also for the time of peace. In autumn 1939, the University of Marburg was also affected by the closure of some universities due to the war. Mayer's initial efforts focused on reopening. In a letter dated November 29, 1939, he asked Gauleiter Karl Weinrich to work with Hermann Göring to ensure the reopening soon. In the period that followed, Mayer maintained a close and amicable collaboration with Weinrich. His decision to give Gauleiter Karl Weinrich and Governor Wilhelm Traupel honorary senatorship was due to political reasons . This should "on the one hand express the ties between the university and the intellectual life of our people and the unconditional attitude towards the goals and tasks of the NSDAP as well as on the other hand the roots in the cultural life of the Hessian country". The award was made in the summer of 1940, at a time when the military successes meant that the regime was also gaining increasing acceptance among academics. Weinrich refused the honor, citing an order from the party chancellery, but Mayer was able to enjoy his favor during his entire rectorate.

On January 30, 1940, Mayer gave a speech on Germany and Europe in the auditorium of the University of Marburg on the occasion of the celebration of the founding of the Reich and the takeover of power . In doing so, he tried to place the National Socialists' living space policy in the east in the tradition of medieval imperial policy. During this time he also worked on a "military science lecture series", the intent of which was "anchoring the German war aims, instruction and education [and] spiritual stimulation". The target group was the "common soldier". Above all, "the resistance of the troops" should be promoted.

Coordination of the "war effort of the humanities"

Between 1940 and 1945 Mayer headed the Middle Ages department in the "War Deployment of the Humanities" funded by the DFG . According to an article that Mayer wrote in Völkischer Beobachter in 1942 , the historians “had to deal with the questions of the current war [...], with the struggle for a new political order, with its historical foundation, with the forces that supported it and with those who fought against them in the past and present, and even destroyed them ”. As part of this function, he organized several conferences at historically significant locations in the German Empire until the end of the war. A total of eight conferences took place: in June 1940 in Berlin, in February 1941 in Nuremberg, in November 1941 and May 1942 in Weimar, in November 1942 in Magdeburg, in April 1944 in Erlangen, in October 1944 in Pretzsch near Wittenberg and in January 1945 in Braunau am Inn. Only in 1943 the conference was canceled due to a nationwide conference ban. Frank-Rutger Hausmann concludes "that this science was contextualized and explicitly served ideological purposes". The results of the meetings were partially published.

The first conference organized by Mayer in June 1940 was supposed to be a “discussion about the use of German historical science in the intellectual debate with the Western powers”. In view of the current war situation, historians should deal with "the relationship between England and the European continent". Mayer was enthusiastic about the military successes of the Wehrmacht in May and June 1940. Even during the first conference, he therefore thought about expanding the “overall program”. In view of the changed war situation, the dispute with England was soon replaced by investigations into the role of the empire in Europe. The “War Mission” conference in Nuremberg in February 1941 dealt with the subject of “Reich and Europe”. In the same year the conference proceedings edited by Mayer and Walter Platzhoff appeared under the title "Das Reich und Europa". Mayer and Platzhoff emphasized in the foreword that they wanted to make a contribution "to the great dispute [...] which is not only a military and political but also an intellectual one". The assembled historians were "aware of their duty to provide the historical tools for the central problem of the current war and the imminent reorganization of Europe and to consider and interpret the development of the past from the standpoint of the present." The idea of ​​a role intended for the Reich The “European orderly power” was widespread among historians in these years and became one of the “key concepts of the interpretation of history”. Mayer gave lectures at the German Scientific Institute in Bucharest in 1942. The key point was "the historical necessity of integrating Romania into a European order led by Germany".

In the autumn of 1941 in Weimar, “Questions of German royalty, the high nobility and peasantry and their significance for the formation of the state from different angles” were discussed. From this emerged the volume published by Mayer Adel and Peasants in the German State of the Middle Ages . For January 1945, Mayer invited to a “scientific working meeting on basic questions of an all-Bavarian view of history in Braunau a. I. “a. In his letter of invitation he avoided the term “conference”, because since a “quick letter” about the “holding of congresses and meetings of all kinds” from the Reich Minister for Science, Education and Public Education Bernhard Rust on April 14, 1942, there were only “local events and such meetings "allowed," which are seen as so important to the war effort that they have to take place despite the tense transport situation ". The event in Braunau am Inn, the birthplace of Adolf Hitler, was probably the last conference in the framework of the 'community work'. Mayer's commitment was benevolently registered by the Nazi regime. He was awarded the War Merit Cross for his work in the context of the “war mission of the humanities” .

Acting as President of the Reich Institute and Director of the German Historical Institute in Rome

Mayer not only took over the management of the Reich Institute, but also the editor of the German Archive for Research into the Middle Ages , the most important historical journal for research into the Middle Ages. As president, he wanted the MGH to be more closely involved in historical research beyond its source studies tasks and to transform it into a far-reaching institute for the history of the Middle Ages. In the two and a half years until the end of the war he was hardly able to implement any of this. A provisional edition of the documents of the Hohenstaufen rulers Friedrich I. and Heinrich VI. and a revision of Volume IX of the Scriptores series is planned.

Mayer served as president of the National Institute in personal union also director of the German Historical Institute in Rome . In this function he was responsible for the academic staff who remained in Rome and had to look after the future of the valuable library. In 1942 he initiated a work project with the aim of "researching imperial rule in Italy, especially the imperial property". In a memorandum of April 1, 1944 (piano Mayer), Mayer saw the removal of all holdings from the central Italian archives as impracticable. He was also negative about the transfer of individual archives to Germany. Instead, he requested that important archive material be photographed. According to Jürgen Klöckler , Mayer prevented extensive archival theft, that is, the large-scale transport of documents, documents and files with German concerns into the Reich. Thanks to this decision, he was able to institutionalize young historians in Rome in an expanded art protection department of the military administration, thus saving them from being drafted into the Wehrmacht.

Mayer moved the extensive Berlin library holdings from Berlin to Bavaria out of fear of air raids. He had this measure carried out in January 1944 without prior approval from the Ministry. The two employees Margarete Kühn and Ursula Brumm and some of the furniture remained in Berlin . After Margarete Kühn, Mayer resolutely defended his National Socialist position right up to the end and tried to influence the employees accordingly.

Mayer's plans for a German Historical Institute in Paris

The military successes of the Wehrmacht in France prompted Mayer to propose the establishment of a German historical institute in Paris in a memorandum dated February 10, 1941. It says that German historiography has the task of assuming a "leadership role in the European area corresponding to its political position" and "shaping or at least decisively shaping the European image of history". Mayer understood a “European” image of history to be a “Germanic history of Europe”, a consideration of the history of Europe “in the Germanic sense”. This project is "only possible through the strictest scientific work on the broadest basis and with the best efforts and methods, but also the clearest objective".

He pursued this concern for around two years. In March 1942, Mayer suggested Büttner as scientific director for a newly founded German historical institute in Paris. In April 1942 he made reflections on the present and future of historical studies in the Völkischer Beobachter. One of the “current tasks” of German historical studies is to deal with “the questions of the current war, with the struggle for a European order, with its historical foundation”. In addition, historical science must “help build the future of the people” and represent the “leading position of the German people”, namely in a “history of the Germanic-German world since the earliest times”. “The community of European peoples and states” must plan in the sense of an “all-Germanic view of history”. As an institutional basis, “research facilities outside the German Reich” would have to be created. Mayer again proposed a historical institute in Paris. The course of the war meant that he had to repeatedly revise his institute plan. In the end, even a job for a historian could not be realized. The reasons for this were the shortage of financial resources in the further course of the war and disputes over competence between the ministries involved. In November 1957 Mayer took in view of the forthcoming opening of the Center de Recherche Historique Allemand towards Eugen Ewig , a major player in the establishment of the entity, claims to be the spiritual father of this institution. Mayer's conceptions, however, were not exemplary in the time of the Franco-German rapprochement and therefore remained unmentioned in the discussions and correspondence.

The Constance working group and the development of a "crisis-proof history"

Mayer made several statements in the 1950s on the question of a new image of history. Stefan Weinfurter states that the demand for a "new picture of history [...] runs like a red thread through Theodor Mayer's written and oral statements". In a memorandum from 1952 on the establishment of the Konstanz Institute, Mayer demanded that history “be lifted out of the controversy of contemporary political life” and “the foundation for a 'crisis-proof' story to be laid”. He had "with a shudder" perceived "how German history has been rewritten with every political change". As the most important task for the "Municipal Institute for Landscape History of the Lake Constance Area" founded under his leadership, Mayer named in 1955 "to work out a new picture of the past of the German people and empire that is crisis-proof and does not have to be rewritten with every change of political mood" . This goal was to be achieved through the “promotion of state scientific research in Germany, especially in the Lake Constance area”. According to his statements made in 1953, the historical state research should form the basis for this, because it is "particularly capable of building bridges because it does not start from state-oriented concepts". This approach makes it possible "to demonstrate forces of which we cannot properly imagine based on the normal written sources". In 1961, Mayer wanted "a historical image [...] that is not endangered, that does not have to be turned inside out or turned into its opposite again and again during the next change, which may be political or otherwise [...]". However, he did not specify his general considerations on the basis of a research program. Bernd Weisbrod sees this project as an example of the "rhetorical strategies of self-denazification in the style of thought of the Mandarins ". Peter Moraw considers it a "form of self-deception". For Reto Heinzel, Mayer was an unteachable man who remained “in search of a new Middle Ages based on folk culture”.

In terms of content, questions of constitutional history were dealt with at the meetings of the 1950s. Historians were invited who enjoyed the personal appreciation of the organizer, Mayer. In addition to Mayer, the founding members included the medievalists Karl Bosl , Walter Schlesinger , Helmut Beumann , Heinrich Büttner, Eugen Ewig , Otto Feger and Franz Steinbach as well as the Munich Byzantinist Hans-Georg Beck . Friends and befriended colleagues such as Hektor Ammann , Heinrich Dannenbauer , Eugen Ewig, Wilhelm Ebel , Ernst Klebel , Walther Mitzka , Walter Schlesinger, Helmut Beumann, Heinrich Büttner, Karl Siegfried Bader , Otto Brunner and Joachim Werner gave lectures . According to Nagel, the working group was a “collecting basin for politically polluted people”. The interdisciplinary handling of the conference topic by historians, archaeologists and philologists was typical of the Konstanz working group. For Mayer, not only was teamwork central to scientific progress, personal relationships were also important. Mayer repeatedly emphasized that the Konstanzer Kreis is not only a working group, but also a “circle of friends”. Bosl, Büttner, Ewig, Schlesinger and Steinbach were all professors at well-known universities and at the same time established connections with the next generation of scientists. Many of the young speakers were later given a professorship themselves, so that the working group soon developed a corresponding reputation in Medieval Studies.

There was continuity in terms of personnel from the “war mission” conferences to the Reichenau conferences. Medievalists Walter Schlesinger and Karl Bosl also played a leading role in the Constance Working Group for Medieval History. Traute Endemann pointed out that the personal environment and the conceptual origins of the early Konstanz working group go back to the early thirties. Frank-Rutger Hausmann emphasizes that the scientific collaborative research was continued after the war with the Konstanz working group.

Research work

Economic history beginnings and turn to national science

Mayer's early work from the 1920s dealt with administrative and economic-historical problems. His dissertation was oriented towards economic history. The focus of the work was the trade on the Danube, "on which the main trade in goods in Austria took place". He published other important studies on the Passau toll books (1908) and on the Vienna stacking law . One of the most important works from his time in Prague is German Economic History , published in 1928 , which received high national and international recognition. Marc Bloch has described them as “modèle de clarté et de bon sens” (“pattern of clarity and insight”). Its importance lies in the fact that not only classic economic-historical problems, but also social and cultural-historical issues are taken into account, including urbanism and colonization in the Middle Ages, the importance of religion for the emergence of early capitalism or the emergence of the “ social question ”. Mayer was the first German-speaking historian to deal extensively with the concept of capitalism . At the same time, he removed this term from its hitherto exclusive use by economics and sociology and made it open to discussion for historical studies.

Mayer was confronted with the problems of Sudeten Germans because of his wife's Bohemian origins . After the disintegration of the Danube Monarchy and the establishment of Czechoslovakia, many Germans saw themselves in a minority and imagined they were in an existential " national struggle", with the aim of the continued existence of the German settlement of the Sudetes . Between 1926 and 1929, Mayer took part in six conferences of the Leipzig Foundation for German Folk and Cultural Soil Research . The conference held in Neisse in October 1926 was devoted to the subject of Silesia. Mayer lectured on the history of the Sudeten industry . This conference was designed to be interdisciplinary. Many of the contributions were based on a "ethnic" unity of the Sudeten Silesian regions. The emphasis on Germanic elements in settlement, culture and language played a central role. Even after the end of the Leipzig Foundation, Mayer campaigned for financial donations to Sudeten German institutions active in cultural policy.

An essay by Mayer published in 1928 is influenced by the Sudeten German "Volkstumskampf". There he tried to work out the "great achievements" of German immigrants since the Middle Ages. He neglected the Czech development. He dealt repeatedly with the history of the Sudetenland, but during his seven years in Prague he did not learn any Czech and did not deal with the Czech literature. He quoted the few Czech authors whose work he took note of in translations made for him by Josef Pfitzner's assistant at the historical seminar . His work was based primarily on the results of German researchers, who mostly collaborated with the Leipzig Foundation. For Mayer it was unquestionably clear that the German achievements far exceeded the Czech ones. He described the Germans as capable and creative people, the Czechs as passive and not very innovative. Mayer represented a German superiority not only in legal development, but also in the field of new technical achievements, where he led the "German plow". He saw the city as a “cultural feat” of the Germans, but he gave the Slavic settlements a very limited development opportunity. The entire cultural and economic development of Bohemia is due to the Germans.

In Freiburg, Mayer emphasized the “German achievements” for Alsace and the entire Upper Rhine region, especially with France. He started from the idea that in the Upper Rhine area there was a "uniform nationality". With this he continued the approaches of Friedrich Metz . In 1920, Metz described the entire Upper Rhine Valley as a "cultural and economic unit". In the first edition of the central organ of German folk researchers, the German Archives for Regional and Folk Research , Mayer found that as a “German interior”, Alsace was “one of the most culturally flourishing landscapes in Germany”. The "annexation" to France caused a "standstill in one's own cultural development".

Modern German constitutional history

Alongside Otto Brunner, Adolf Waas and Walter Schlesinger, Theodor Mayer was one of the most important representatives of the so-called “modern German constitutional history”. This describes the approaches that arose in the 1930s and 1940s, which, in the opinion of those involved, differed from the older constitutional history. They criticized the prevailing doctrine, which is too caught up in liberal-constitutional worlds of imagination and sees medieval statehood as a separation of state and society. The previous concepts were replaced by “Empire and People”, “Leader and Followers”, “Aristocracy” and the Germanic character of the Middle Ages. However, Mayer never presented an overall picture, but only published essays and individual studies.

Mayer first formulated his thesis of the change from the early medieval "people association state" to the early modern "institutional land state" in his Gießen speech in January 1933 in the auditorium of the Hessian State University and elaborated it further in his inaugural lecture in Freiburg. He was concerned not only with the example of the Zähringers, but also with the "emergence of the medieval state" in general. Initially, Mayer focused on aspects of the space "in which the Zähringers unfolded their historical activities". Early on the Zähringer established by the clearing activities of them bevogteten monasteries St. Georgen , St. Peter and St. Blaise , as well as cities such as Freiburg and Villingen, which they founded on the major roads, a territory. Mayer praised the “new state” of the Zähringer as an important achievement. However, this has neglected "the basis of the person association state, the community of persons, the national basis of the state". He was therefore frozen in "routine for a princely end in itself". Mayer therefore did not assume a progressive development, but rather drew up a contrast between the “people union state”, the “state that is based only or almost entirely on the community of people and cannot exist without a great leader” and the “institutional land state ", For whom there is always the risk of" becoming frozen in the bureaucratic administrative routine of becoming an authoritarian state, which is an end in itself. "

Mayer's considerations at the time were shaped by the political hopes of the time. In the final passage he praised the Third Reich as a synthesis of the old Germanic allegiance state , the national community and the institutional land-based state: "State and people have become one." have given the state and the people that moral basis and responsibility without which they cannot exist in the long term ”. According to Mayer's remarks, the Germanic state is characterized “by a community of people who are held together by personal ties, especially loyalty”. "The people member State corresponding to an outline and allocation of public rights and functions in accordance with the following and the feudal system ." Loyalty, allegiance and feudal system brought Mayer in a more powerful connection, he pointed them out as elements of the Germanic state. In a meeting, the Nazi newspaper Volksgemeinschaft praised Mayer's statements: "With reference to our time, it is very instructive that a modern state is essentially expanding its sphere of influence through reclamation, reclamation and settlement."

Freedom from clearing and king

The term “freedom from clearing” originally comes from Karl Weller , who represented the thesis of a royal Hohenstaufen freedom from clearing. According to this thesis, the free peasants of the high Middle Ages in southwest Germany were not in the public domain, but new settlers who were settled by the Hohenstaufen rulers. Mayer established the concept of “no clearing” in research and embedded his observations in a larger context. The conquest and establishment of an empire by the Franks appear in a new light. The conquest of Gaul by the Merovingian kings was not carried out by free warrior farmers, but by unfree army men who only acquired freedom through military service and settlement on the royal land. According to this, freedom was not inherited, but granted by royalty for military service, clearing and settlement. With Heinrich Dannenbauer , Mayer developed the doctrine of the royalty free. He stated in 1955: "[...] we came to the conclusion that the so-called public free of the Carolingian era were people of the king who were obliged to do military service and tax payments and who were endowed by the king with real estate, thus often new settlers". Freedom in the Middle Ages was derived from the king or acquired through clearing. The doctrine of the freedom of the king was given great importance for the state structure of the Frankish period. This laid "the foundations for a new overall picture of the early medieval state".

Research controversy with the Swiss historian Karl Meyer

There was a research dispute between Theodor Mayer and the Swiss historian Karl Meyer about the establishment of the Swiss Confederation . As a Swiss patriot, Karl Meyer was an advocate of “ intellectual national defense ”. He dealt repeatedly with the creation of the Swiss Confederation. He considered the founding of Switzerland to be “a unique exception in the history of the Middle Ages and Western peasantry”. In 1941, on the occasion of the 650th anniversary of the foundation of the Swiss Confederation, he published a comprehensive account of this topic.

Theodor Mayer clearly criticized Meyer's theses. He said that Switzerland had neither geographical nor ethnic prerequisites for a uniform state formation. In addition, it does not represent a unit in linguistic or denominational terms. Theodor Mayer criticized the Swiss historian's point of view as being “ teleological ”, i.e. always oriented towards the later territory. He opposed this view with his approach of a “modern” national history, which did not choose a Bavarian or Baden history as a topic, but “German history in a certain area, the formation of a territorial state within a larger area, for example the formation of a territorial state in south-east Germany, south-west or Northwest Germany, on the Obermain or Upper Rhine ”. By starting from “spaces”, Theodor Mayer assigned a larger overall “space” to German history. For him, Swiss history was German history and the emergence of the Swiss Confederation was a German problem, because "Switzerland now belongs to the German empire in the 13th century". According to Peter Stadler , Karl Meyer saw Mayer's criticism in the German Archives as the “scientific prelude to a planned incorporation of Switzerland”. He wanted to defend himself against this; In 1943 he made a "clarification" under the title On the Federal Wills for Freedom . In this controversy, however, Theodor Mayer received many approval, for example from Hermann Rennefahrt , Albert Brackmann, Hans Fehr and Hektor Ammann . On the other hand, Meyer's student Marcel Beck was critical . He countered Theodor Mayer that his approach was "just as teleological as that of Swiss research: namely with regard to the history of the very late consolidation of the German Empire, which as a romantic idea moved people for centuries".

Reception in posterity

Scientific aftermath

The so-called recent German constitutional history was further developed by Karl Bosl, Walter Schlesinger and Helmut Beumann. It remained the leading direction in medieval research until at least the 1970s. In 1986, František Graus worked out how the so-called “new constitutional history” was bound by time. Their results have been revised in the last few decades, when the “mechanisms” of the practice of rule and of political handling such as the representation of rule, rituals or conflict settlement came into focus. According to Gerd Althoff , there were three findings that contributed significantly to a new perspective on high medieval kingship. They concern social ties, the so-called "rules of the game" of conflict management and conflict resolution as well as the importance of counseling. It turned out that social ties of a kinship and friendship-cooperative nature among the great were not subordinate to the duties towards the king. For older research, the king still held a special position in the ruling association. The image drawn by Theodor Mayer of an association state based on loyalty and a notion of allegiance to a leader is therefore considered outdated. When examining conflicts within the rulers' association, the descriptions of many individual cases showed that norms that were not fixed in writing and the institution of mediators formed a counterweight to the king's power. Mediators were not bound by royal instructions in disputes.

The knowledge of the meaning of personal ties on which the teaching of the person association state is based has been expanded in recent research, for example in Verena Epp's studies on " amicitia " or by Gerd Althoff on "group ties" between "relatives, friends and loyal followers". A research gap, however, remains an adequate description of statehood in the High Middle Ages in a European context. One of the problematic aspects of Mayer's formula of the “person association state” today is the determination of the concrete starting point of the development. In addition, it is questionable whether one can actually speak of a temporal succession of two fundamentally different states. Mayer's dictum was criticized by Andreas Rutz in a study published in 2018. Instead, Rutz speaks of a "duality of person-related and area-based rule" known to both the Middle Ages and the early modern era. A radical change from one form of rule to the other cannot be established.

The doctrine of freedom from clearing and kings established itself in constitutional and social history research, dominated for a long time and also found its way into regional historical research. In a study published in 1974, Hans K. Schulze in particular made critical comments on the freedom from clearing . He pointed out that the assumption of a special form of legal freedom acquired through clearing, settlement, military service or royal service found no support in the sources. According to Schulze's results, both free and unfree were involved in the clearing operations. Clearance and settlement activities did not change the personal legal status of those involved. They merely offered a prospect of economic gain and better ownership. According to Wilfried Hartmann , the error of older research is based on the fact that far-reaching conclusions on the history of the constitution were derived from isolated information in a sparse source tradition.

When researching the Zähringer, Mayer's constitutional access, taking into account regional historical findings, provided the following historians Hans-Walter Klewitz and Heinrich Büttner in the second half of the 20th century with some suggestions. From the 1960s onwards, Berent Schwineköper , Walter Heinemeyer and Hagen Keller gave Zähringer research new impetus. The great Zähringer exhibition in 1986 in particular changed the understanding of the ducal dynasty due to new issues.

Discussion about Mayer's role in National Socialism

In the commemorative publications and obituaries for Theodor Mayer, problematic aspects of his work under National Socialism were ignored or euphemized. In thanks to Theodor Mayer for his 85th birthday, Josef Fleckenstein rated two volumes that were created as part of the so-called “war mission” as “evidence of clean and strict science”, as “an astonishing achievement in the midst of the turmoil of war”. The volumes are proof that "the editor has succeeded in keeping himself and his science free from all party propaganda". German historiography only dealt very late with the role of some prominent historians in the Nazi era. Mayer's Nazi past was discussed by only a few historians until the 1980s. However, the GDR historian Gottfried Koch stated in 1962 that Mayer, like other historians, wrote articles during the Second World War with the aim of "pseudo-historically supporting Hitler's plans for aggression".

The critical examination of Mayer's past began in 1991 with the 40th anniversary of the Konstanz working group. Johannes Fried , the first chairman at the time, spoke about the brown past of the association and its founder for the first time. Fried explained that Mayer had evaded the urgent questions, "both that of the political failure and of historical studies in the" Third Reich ", which he himself had represented in an excellent position, and that of the culpability of institutionalized research in general". The fact that history was very late in dealing with the role of leading historians under National Socialism sparked heated debates at the Frankfurt Historians' Day in 1998 . The section “German Historians under National Socialism” received the greatest attention in a discussion on September 10, 1998, which was chaired by Otto Gerhard Oexle and Winfried Schulze . Dealing with this topic subsequently led to a large number of publications. To mark the fiftieth anniversary of the German Historical Institute in Paris , a colloquium examined its origins with a personal history approach. The focus was on the biographies of the institute's founders and their relationship to National Socialism. Theodor Mayer was raised to the group of "founding fathers". In November 2019, the Monumenta Germaniae Historica and the German Historical Institute in Rome organized the symposium The Reich Institute for Older German History 1935 to 1945 - a "War Contribution of the Humanities"? . In the lectures, Anne Christine Nagel (“Alone among colleagues” - Theodor Mayer and the MGH in the war) and Folker Reichert (master and servant - Theodor Mayer and Carl Erdmann ) examined various aspects of Theodor Mayer.

A clear distinction between Mayer's scientific and propagandistic publications remained predominant in recent research. A monograph on Theodor Mayer was a research gap for a long time. In 2016, this was closed by the portrayal of Reto Heinzel. Heinzel evaluated holdings in 33 archives and above all Mayer's own estate as well as those of his correspondents. The aim of his work is to look at "the work and actions of Theodor Mayer [...] in their full breadth" in order to "break through the common division between the scientist and the politically thinking person [...]". Heinzel was able to prove with numerous examples that Mayer regularly and consciously crossed the line between science and political propaganda.

Fonts (selection)

A list of publications, which only includes publications up to 1959, appeared in: Theodor Mayer: Mittelalterliche Studien. Collected Essays. Thorbecke, Lindau 1959, pp. 505-507 (2nd, unchanged reprint. Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1972).

Collection of articles

• Theodor Mayer: Medieval Studies. Collected Essays. Thorbecke, Lindau 1959.

Monographs

• Prince and State. Studies on the constitutional history of the German Middle Ages. Böhlau, Weimar 1950.
• The state of the dukes of Zähringen (= Freiburg University Speeches. Vol. 20). Wagner, Freiburg im Breisgau 1935. Reprinted with abbreviations in: Ders .: Medieval Studies. Collected Essays. Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1959, pp. 350-364.
• German economic history of modern times (= science and education. Vol. 249). Quelle & Meyer, Leipzig 1928.
• German economic history of the Middle Ages (= science and education. Vol. 248). Quelle & Meyer, Leipzig 1928.
• The administrative organizations of Maximilian I. Their origin and importance. Wagner, Innsbruck 1920.
• The foreign trade of the Duchy of Austria in the Middle Ages (= research on the internal history of Austria. Vol. 6). Wagner, Innsbruck 1909.

Editorships

• The Treaty of Verdun 843. 9 essays on the foundation of the European world of peoples and states. Koehler & Amelang, Leipzig 1943.
• Nobility and farmers in the German state of the Middle Ages. (= The Reich and Europe. Vol. 6). Koehler & Amelang, Leipzig 1943.

sources

• Anne Christine Nagel , Ulrich Sieg (arr.): The Philipps University of Marburg under National Socialism. Documents on their history (= Pallas Athene. Vol. 1 = Academia Marburgensis. Vol. 7). Steiner, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 978-3-515-07653-1 , pp. 373-452.

literature

• Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Schöningh, Paderborn 2016, ISBN 3-506-78264-9 .
• Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. In: Michael Fahlbusch , Ingo Haar , Alexander Pinwinkler (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Völkischen Wissenschaften. Actors, networks, research programs. With the assistance of David Hamann. 2nd completely revised and expanded edition. Vol. 1, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-11-042989-3 , pp. 485-488.
• Helmut Maurer: Theodor Mayer (1883–1972). His work mainly during the time of National Socialism. In: Karel Hruza (Ed.): Austrian Historians 1900–1945. CVs and careers in Austria, Germany and Czechoslovakia in portraits of the history of science. Böhlau, Vienna et al. 2008, ISBN 978-3-205-77813-4 , pp. 493-530.
• Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945-1970 (= forms of memory. Vol. 24). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-525-35583-1 , pp. 156-187.

Web links

• Literature by and about Theodor Mayer in the catalog of the German National Library
• Mayer, Theodor. Hessian biography. (As of September 24, 2020). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
• Publications by Theodor Mayer in the Opac der Regesta Imperii

Remarks

1. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 26.
2. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 81.
3. ↑ Alphons Lhotsky: History of the Institute for Austrian Historical Research 1854–1954. Vienna 1954, pp. 342–346.
4. ↑ On Mayer's relationship with his teacher Dopsch, cf. Theodor Mayer: Alfons Dopsch. In: Historische Zeitschrift 179, 1955, pp. 213-216.
5. ↑ Theodor Mayer: The foreign trade of the Duchy of Austria in the Middle Ages. Innsbruck 1909.
6. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1970. Göttingen 2005, p. 160.
7. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 89, note 67.
8. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 41.
9. ↑ Reto Heinzel: From folk studies to the Constance working group. Theodor Mayer and the interdisciplinary German community research. In: Stefan Albrecht, Jiří Malíř, Ralph Melville (eds.): The "Sudeten German Historiography" 1918–1960. On the prehistory and establishment of the Historical Commission of the Sudetenland. Munich 2008, pp. 43–59, here: p. 48 ( online ).
10. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 43 f.
11. ^ Pavel Kolář: History in Central Europe. The universities of Prague, Vienna and Berlin around 1900. Half-vol. 1. Leipzig 2008, p. 218.
12. ^ Friedrich Lenger: Hermann Aubin and Theodor Mayer. Regional history - folk history - political history. In: Panorama. 400 years of the University of Giessen. Actors, locations, culture of remembrance. Frankfurt am Main 2007, pp. 114–119.
13. ↑ Helmut Maurer: Theodor Mayer (1883–1972). His work mainly during the time of National Socialism. In: Karel Hruza (Ed.): Austrian Historians 1900–1945. CVs and careers in Austria, Germany and Czechoslovakia in portraits of the history of science. Vienna et al. 2008, pp. 493-530, here: p. 502.
14. ^ Friedrich Lenger: Hermann Aubin and Theodor Mayer. Regional history - folk history - political history. In: Panorama. 400 years of the University of Giessen. Actors, locations, culture of remembrance. Frankfurt am Main 2007, pp. 114–119, here: p. 117.
15. ^ Wolfgang Freund: Heinrich Büttner: Between niche strategy and university career. In: Ulrich Pfeil (Ed.): The German Historical Institute Paris and its founding fathers. A personal history approach. Munich 2007, pp. 274–292, here: p. 274 ( online ).
16. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 78.
17. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 80.
18. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 93.
19. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1970. Göttingen 2005, p. 164.
20. ↑ Quoted from Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 90.
21. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 91.
22. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1970. Göttingen 2005, p. 163.
23. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 93.
24. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 97.
25. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 101.
26. ↑ Quoted from Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1970. Göttingen 2005, p. 164.
27. ↑ Helmut Maurer: Theodor Mayer (1883–1972). His work mainly during the time of National Socialism. In: Karel Hruza (Ed.): Austrian Historians 1900–1945. CVs and careers in Austria, Germany and Czechoslovakia in portraits of the history of science. Vienna et al. 2008, pp. 493-530, here: p. 495; Anne Christine Nagel: Introduction. In: Dies., Ulrich Sieg (arr.): The Philipps University of Marburg under National Socialism. Documents related to their history. Stuttgart 2000, pp. 1–72, here: p. 31.
28. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 101, note 126.
29. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 24.
30. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, pp. 112, 124.
31. ^ Theodor Mayer: Economic and settlement history. In: German Science. Work and task. Leipzig 1939, pp. 26-28.
32. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: Between leadership and self-administration. Theodor Mayer as rector of the University of Marburg 1939–1942. In: Winfried Speitkamp (Ed.): State, Society, Science. Contributions to modern Hessian history. Marburg 1994, pp. 343-364, here: p. 349.
33. ↑ Quoted from Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1970. Göttingen 2005, p. 161.
34. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1970. Göttingen 2005, p. 162.
35. ^ Thomas Zotz: From Badischer Hausgeschichte to the New German Constitutional History. Approaches to Zähringer research from the 18th to the 20th century. In: Jürgen Dendorfer, Heinz Krieg, R. Johanna Regnath (ed.): The Zähringer. Rank and rule around 1200. Ostfildern 2018, pp. 53–66, here: pp. 61–64.
36. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 81 f.
37. ^ Matthias Werner : Between political limitation and methodological openness. Paths and stations of German regional historical research in the 20th century. In: Peter Moraw , Rudolf Schieffer (ed.): The German-speaking Medieval Studies in the 20th Century. Ostfildern 2005, pp. 251–364, here: p. 315 ( online ).
38. ↑ Helmut Maurer: Theodor Mayer (1883–1972). His work mainly during the time of National Socialism. In: Karel Hruza (Ed.): Austrian Historians 1900–1945. CVs and careers in Austria, Germany and Czechoslovakia in portraits of the history of science. Vienna et al. 2008, pp. 493-530, here: p. 506.
39. ↑ See in detail: Michael Fahlbusch: Science in the Service of National Socialist Politics? The “Volksdeutsche Research Associations” 1931–1945. Baden-Baden 1999, p. 357 ff.
40. ↑ Helmut Maurer: Theodor Mayer (1883–1972). His work mainly during the time of National Socialism. In: Karel Hruza (Ed.): Austrian Historians 1900–1945. CVs and careers in Austria, Germany and Czechoslovakia in portraits of the history of science. Vienna et al. 2008, pp. 493-530, here: p. 507.
41. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 154, note 234.
42. ↑ Quoted from Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 161.
43. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 162 f.
44. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: Between leadership and self-administration. Theodor Mayer as rector of the University of Marburg 1939–1942. In: Winfried Speitkamp (Ed.): State, Society, Science. Contributions to modern Hessian history. Marburg 1994, pp. 343-364.
45. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: Between leadership and self-administration. Theodor Mayer as rector of the University of Marburg 1939–1942. In: Winfried Speitkamp (Ed.): State, Society, Science. Contributions to modern Hessian history. Marburg 1994, pp. 343-364, here: p. 345.
46. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: Gerd Tellenbach. Science and Politics in the 20th Century. In: Ulrich Pfeil (Ed.): The German Historical Institute Paris and its founding fathers. A personal history approach. Munich 2007, pp. 79-99, here: p. 89 ( online ).
47. ↑ Quoted from Anne Christine Nagel: Introduction. In: Anne Christine Nagel, Ulrich Sieg (arr.): The Philipps University of Marburg under National Socialism. Documents related to their history. Stuttgart 2000, pp. 1–72, here: p. 34.
48. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1970. Göttingen 2005, p. 163.
49. ↑ Quoted from Joseph Lemberg: The historian without properties. A history of problems by the medievalist Friedrich Baethgen. Frankfurt am Main 2015, p. 343.
50. ↑ Franz Beyerle: Dieter Pleimes, Theodor Mayer Edenhauser. In: Journal of the Savigny Foundation for Legal History: German Department. 63 (1943), pp. 518-527, here: p. 523.
51. ↑ Quoted from Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 171.
52. ↑ Enno Bünz: The Monumenta Germaniae Historica 1819-2019. A historical summary. In: Making the Middle Ages legible: Festschrift 200 years of Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Basics, research, the Middle Ages. Published by the Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Wiesbaden 2019, pp. 15–36, here: p. 24.
53. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 226.
54. ^ Wolfgang Freund: Heinrich Büttner: Between niche strategy and university career. In: Ulrich Pfeil (Ed.): The German Historical Institute Paris and its founding fathers. A personal history approach. Munich 2007, pp. 274–292, here: p. 290. ( online ).
55. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 230.
56. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1970. Göttingen 2005, p. 167.
57. ↑ Nikola Becker: The re-establishment of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica in Bavaria from 1944 in the area of ​​tension between Theodor Mayer, Otto Meyer, Walter Goetz and Friedrich Baethgen. In: Journal for Bavarian State History 77 (2014), pp. 43–68, here: p. 65.
58. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 233 f.
59. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1970. Göttingen 2005, p. 170.
60. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1970. Göttingen 2005, p. 171.
61. ↑ Manfred Stoy: From the correspondence of Wilhelm Bauer, Part II. In: Mitteilungen des Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung 109 (2001), pp. 425–446, here: pp. 440 f.
62. ↑ Thomas Vogtherr: The imperial abbeys of the Benedictines and the monarchy in the high Middle Ages. (900-1125). Stuttgart 2000, p. 12 ( online ).
63. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1970. Göttingen 2005, p. 164.
64. ↑ Manfred Stoy: From the correspondence of Wilhelm Bauer, Part II. In: Mitteilungen des Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung 109 (2001), pp. 425–446, here: p. 444.
65. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1970. Göttingen 2005, p. 176.
66. ↑ Traute Endemann: History of the Constance Working Group. Development and structures 1951–2001. Stuttgart 2001, pp. 126-129 ( full text online ).
67. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: "Summit of Medievalists". The Constance Working Group for Medieval History. In: Ulrich Pfeil (Hrsg.): The return of German history to the “ecumenism of historians.” An approach to the history of science. Munich 2008, pp. 73–89, here: p. 78 ( online ).
68. ↑ Christoph Cornelißen: Only "strict scientific approach". The Collegium Carolinum in the founding decade (1955–1965). In: Peter Haslinger, Christoph Boyer (ed.): Historiography of the Bohemian countries in the 20th century. Munich 2006, pp. 345–365, here: p. 361.
69. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 269.
70. ↑ The most important obituaries: Erich Zöllner : Theodor Mayer. In: Almanach of the Austrian Academy of Sciences 123 (1973) 1974, pp. 390–394; Horst Fuhrmann : Theodor Mayer. In: German Archive for Research into the Middle Ages 29 (1973), pp. 343-344 ( online ); Heinrich Appelt : Theodor Mayer †. In: Mitteilungen des Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung 81 (1973), pp. 529-530; Karl Lechner : Univ.-Prof. Dr. Theodor Mayer †. In: Our home 44 (1973). Pp. 71-73 ( online ); Adam Wandruszka : Theodor Mayer †. In: Österreichische Hochschulzeitung 25 (1973) 2, p. 3; Helmut Beumann : Theodor Mayer. In: Historische Zeitschrift 218 (1974), pp. 778-881; Heinz Dopsch : Theodor Mayer (1883–1972). In: Südostforschungen 32 (1973), pp. 322–327; Hans Patze : Theodor Mayer in memory. In: Blätter für deutsche Landesgeschichte 109 (1973), pp. 350–353 ( online ); Karl Bosl: Theodor Mayer 8/24/1883 - 11/26/1972. In: Yearbook of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences 1973, pp. 210–214 ( online ).
71. ↑ Quoted from Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 258.
72. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 234 f.
73. ^ From constitutional and regional history. Festschrift for Theodor Mayer's 70th birthday, presented by his friends and students. Vol. 1: On the general and constitutional history. Lindau 1954; Vol. 2: Historical regional research, economic history, auxiliary sciences. Lindau 1955.
74. ^ Theodor Mayer. In: Jörg Schwarz: The Constance Working Group for Medieval History 1951-2001. The members and their work. A bio-bibliographical documentation, edited by Jürgen Petersohn . Stuttgart 2001, pp. 271-282, here: pp. 275 f. ( online ).
75. ↑ Helmut Maurer: Theodor Mayer (1883–1972). His work mainly during the time of National Socialism. In: Karel Hruza (Ed.): Austrian Historians 1900–1945. CVs and careers in Austria, Germany and Czechoslovakia in portraits of the history of science. Vienna et al. 2008, pp. 493-530, here: p. 528.
76. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1970. Göttingen 2005, p. 159.
77. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 23.
78. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1970. Göttingen 2005, p. 169.
79. ↑ Quoted from Joseph Lemberg: The historian without properties. A history of problems by the medievalist Friedrich Baethgen. Frankfurt am Main 2015, p. 344.
80. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: Introduction. In: Anne Christine Nagel, Ulrich Sieg (arr.): The Philipps University of Marburg under National Socialism. Documents related to their history. Stuttgart 2000, pp. 1–72, here: p. 29.
81. ↑ Quoted from Anne Christine Nagel: Between leadership and self-administration. Theodor Mayer as rector of the University of Marburg 1939–1942. In: Winfried Speitkamp (Ed.): State, Society, Science. Contributions to modern Hessian history. Marburg 1994, pp. 343-364, here: p. 357.
82. ^ Joseph Lemberg: The historian without characteristics. A history of problems by the medievalist Friedrich Baethgen. Frankfurt am Main 2015, p. 447.
83. ↑ Michael Matheus: Diversity of disciplines under one roof. A contribution to the history of science from the perspective of the German Historical Institute in Rome (DHI). In: Sabine Ehrmann-Herfort, Michael Matheus (ed.): From secrecy to international and interdisciplinary research. The music history department of the German Historical Institute in Rome 1960–2010. Berlin et al. 2010, pp. 1–82, here: p. 42.
84. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 206.
85. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 132.
86. ^ Franz Quarthal: The Alemannic Institute from its foundation to the end of the Second World War. In: The Alemannic Institute. 75 years of cross-border communication and research (1931–2006). Edited by the Alemannic Institute in Freiburg im Breisgau. Freiburg and Munich 2007, pp. 9–40, here: p. 17 ( online ).
87. ↑ Michael Fahlbusch: Science in the Service of National Socialist Politics? The “Volksdeutsche Research Associations” 1931–1945. Baden-Baden 1999, p. 370.
88. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 140.
89. ↑ Quoted from Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 147.
90. ↑ Quoted from Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 147 f.
91. ↑ Quoted from Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 149.
92. ↑ Rudolf Wissell: The oldest order of the great smelting union of stone masons from 1459. In: Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins 94 (1942), pp. 51-133.
93. ↑ Quoted from Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 150.
94. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: Between leadership and self-administration. Theodor Mayer as rector of the University of Marburg 1939–1942. In: Winfried Speitkamp (Ed.): State, Society, Science. Contributions to modern Hessian history. Marburg 1994, pp. 343-364, here: p. 352.
95. ^ Anne Christine Nagel, Ulrich Sieg (arr.): The Philipps University of Marburg in National Socialism. Documents related to their history. Stuttgart 2000, pp. 373-452, here: p. 373.
96. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: Between leadership and self-administration. Theodor Mayer as rector of the University of Marburg 1939–1942. In: Winfried Speitkamp (Ed.): State, Society, Science. Contributions to modern Hessian history. Marburg 1994, pp. 343-364, here: p. 353.
97. ↑ Quoted from Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 164; Anne Christine Nagel: Between leadership and self-administration. Theodor Mayer as rector of the University of Marburg 1939–1942. In: Winfried Speitkamp (Ed.): State, Society, Science. Contributions to modern Hessian history. Marburg 1994, pp. 343-364, here: p. 354.
98. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: Between leadership and self-administration. Theodor Mayer as rector of the University of Marburg 1939–1942. In: Winfried Speitkamp (Ed.): State, Society, Science. Contributions to modern Hessian history. Marburg 1994, pp. 343-364, here: p. 354.
99. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: Between leadership and self-administration. Theodor Mayer as rector of the University of Marburg 1939–1942. In: Winfried Speitkamp (Ed.): State, Society, Science. Contributions to modern Hessian history. Marburg 1994, pp. 343-364, here: pp. 354 f.
100. ^ Theodor Mayer: Germany and Europe. Marburg 1940.
101. ^ Stefan Weinfurter: Locations of Medieval Studies. The Konstanz working group as reflected in its meetings. In: Peter Moraw, Rudolf Schieffer (ed.): The German-speaking Medieval Studies in the 20th Century. Ostfildern 2005, pp. 9–38, here: p. 14 ( online ).
102. ↑ Quoted from Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 166.
103. ↑ Quoted from Johannes Fried (ed.): Forty Years Konstanz Working Group for Medieval History. Sigmaringen 1991, supplement 1 pp. 28-30, here: p. 30 ( online ).
104. ^ Frank-Rutger Hausmann: "German Spiritual Science" in the Second World War. The "Ritterbusch Action" (1940–1945). 3rd expanded edition. Heidelberg 2007, pp. 154-198.
105. ^ Frank-Rutger Hausmann: "German Spiritual Science" in the Second World War. The "Ritterbusch Action" (1940–1945). 3rd, expanded edition. Heidelberg 2007, p. 197.
106. ↑ Cf. for example: Theodor Mayer (Ed.): The Treaty of Verdun 843. Nine essays on the foundation of the European world of peoples and states. Leipzig 1943; That. (Ed.): Nobility and farmers in the German state of the Middle Ages. Leipzig 1943.
107. ↑ Quoted from Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 209.
108. ↑ Quoted from Frank-Rutger Hausmann: "Deutsche Geisteswissenschaft" in the Second World War. The "Ritterbusch Action" (1940–1945). 3rd, expanded edition. Heidelberg 2007, p. 157.
109. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 209.
110. ↑ Quoted from Steffen Kaudelka: Reception in the Age of Confrontation. French history and history in Germany 1920–1940. Göttingen 2003, p. 94.
111. ↑ Otto Gerhard Oexle: "Cooperation with Baal" About the mentalities of German humanities scholars 1933 - and after 1945. In: Historische Anthropologie 8, 2000, pp. 1–27, here: p. 10.
112. ^ Karen Schönwälder: Historians and Politics. History in National Socialism. Frankfurt am Main et al. 1992, p. 208.
113. ↑ Quoted from Stefan Weinfurter: Locations of Medieval Studies. The Konstanz working group as reflected in its meetings. In: Peter Moraw, Rudolf Schieffer (ed.): The German-speaking Medieval Studies in the 20th Century. Ostfildern 2005, pp. 9–38, here: p. 13 ( online ).
114. ↑ Hans-Henning Kortüm: Otto Brunner on Otto the Great. From the last days of Imperial German Medieval Studies. In: Historische Zeitschrift 299 (2014), pp. 297–333, here: p. 307.
115. ^ Frank-Rutger Hausmann: "German Spiritual Science" in the Second World War. The "Ritterbusch Action" (1940–1945). 3rd, expanded edition. Heidelberg 2007, p. 193.
116. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 222.
117. ↑ Helmut Maurer: Theodor Mayer (1883–1972). His work mainly during the time of National Socialism. In: Karel Hruza (Ed.): Austrian Historians 1900–1945. CVs and careers in Austria, Germany and Czechoslovakia in portraits of the history of science. Vienna et al. 2008, pp. 493-530, here: p. 521; Horst Fuhrmann: "Everything was just human". Scholarly life in the 19th and 20th centuries. Shown using the example of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica and its staff. Munich 1996, pp. 62-64.
118. ^ Theodor Mayer: Annual Report 1942. In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries XXXIII, 1944, pp. V – VI, here: p. VI. See also Helmut Maurer: Theodor Mayer (1883–1972). His work mainly during the time of National Socialism. In: Karel Hruza (Ed.): Austrian Historians 1900–1945. CVs and careers in Austria, Germany and Czechoslovakia in portraits of the history of science. Vienna et al. 2008, pp. 493-530, here: p. 521.
119. ^ Jürgen Klöckler: Prevented archival theft in Italy. Theodor Mayer and the “Archive Protection” department at the military administration in Verona 1943–1945. In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries 86 (2006), pp. 491–537, here: p. 508 f. and 521 ( online ).
120. ↑ Helmut Maurer: Theodor Mayer (1883–1972). His work mainly during the time of National Socialism. In: Karel Hruza (Ed.): Austrian Historians 1900–1945. CVs and careers in Austria, Germany and Czechoslovakia in portraits of the history of science. Vienna et al. 2008, pp. 493-530, here: p. 522.
121. ^ Eckhard Müller-Mertens : Emperor, Empire and Region. Studies and texts from the work on the Constitutiones of the 14th century and on the history of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica. In: Matthias Lawo, Michael Lindner, Eckhard Müller-Mertens, Olaf B. Rader (eds.): Kaiser, Reich and Region. Studies and texts from the work on the Constitutiones of the 14th century and on the history of the Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Berlin 1997, pp. 1–59, here: p. 48, note 182 ( online ).
122. ^ First reprint of Theodor Mayer's memorandum on the establishment of a historical institute in: Conrad Grau : Planning for a German historical institute in Paris during the Second World War. In: Francia 19/3 (1992), pp. 109-128, here: pp. 119-122 ( online ). Quotes from Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 182; Steffen Kaudelka: Reception in the Age of Confrontation. French history and history in Germany 1920–1940. Göttingen 2003, p. 24.
123. ^ Wolfgang Freund: Heinrich Büttner: Between niche strategy and university career. In: Ulrich Pfeil (Ed.): The German Historical Institute Paris and its founding fathers. A personal history approach. Munich 2007, pp. 274–292, here: p. 270 ( online ).
124. ^ Otto Gerhard Oexle: From national history to modern social history. In: Heinz Duchhardt, Gerhard May (Hrsg.): Geschichtswwissenschaft um 1950. Mainz, pp. 1–36, here: p. 31.
125. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer - A science organizer with great possibilities. In: Ulrich Pfeil (Ed.): The German Historical Institute Paris and its founding fathers. Munich 2007, pp. 60–77, here: p. 61 ( online ).
126. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 187.
127. ↑ Stefan Martens: Foreword. In: Ulrich Pfeil (Ed.): The German Historical Institute Paris and its founding fathers. Munich 2007, pp. 9–13, here: p. 10 ( online ).
128. ↑ See Theodor Mayer: The change in our image of the Middle Ages. Status and tasks of medieval historical research. In: Blätter für deutsche Landesgeschichte 94 (1958), pp. 1–37 ( online ).
129. ^ Stefan Weinfurter: Locations of Medieval Studies. The Konstanz working group as reflected in its meetings. In: Peter Moraw, Rudolf Schieffer (ed.): The German-speaking Medieval Studies in the 20th Century. Ostfildern 2005, pp. 9–38, here: p. 11 ( online ); see. also Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 252; Traute Endemann: History of the Constance Working Group. Development and structures 1951–2001. Stuttgart 2001, p. 88 ( full text online ).
130. ↑ Quoted from: Otto Gerhard Oexle : 'State' - 'Culture' - 'People'. German medieval historians in search of historical reality 1918–1945. In: Peter Moraw, Rudolf Schieffer (ed.): The German-speaking Medieval Studies in the 20th Century. Ostfildern 2005, pp. 63-101, here: p. 100 ( online ).
131. ^ Matthias Werner : Between political limitation and methodological openness. Paths and stations of German regional historical research in the 20th century. In: Peter Moraw, Rudolf Schieffer (ed.): The German-speaking Medieval Studies in the 20th Century. Ostfildern 2005, pp. 251–364, here: p. 251 ( online ).
132. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 253.
133. ↑ Reto Heinzel: From folk studies to the Constance working group. Theodor Mayer and the interdisciplinary German community research. In: Stefan Albrecht, Jiří Malíř, Ralph Melville (eds.): The "Sudeten German Historiography" 1918–1960. On the prehistory and establishment of the Historical Commission of the Sudetenland. Munich 2008, pp. 43–59, here: p. 44 ( online ).
134. ↑ Bernd Weisbord: The moratorium of the mandarin. For the self denazification of the sciences in the post-war period. In: Hartmut Lehmann, Otto Gerhard Oexle (Hrsg.): National Socialism in the Cultural Studies. Vol. 2: Subjects, milieus, careers. Göttingen 2004, pp. 259–279, here: p. 273.
135. ↑ Peter Moraw: Continuity and later change: Comments on German and German-speaking Medieval Studies 1945–1970 / 75. In: Peter Moraw, Rudolf Schieffer (ed.): The German-speaking Medieval Studies in the 20th Century. Ostfildern 2005, pp. 103-138, here: p. 128 ( online ).
136. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 278.
137. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1970. Göttingen 2005, p. 177.
138. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: "Summit of Medievalists". The Constance Working Group for Medieval History. In: Ulrich Pfeil (Hrsg.): The return of German history to the “ecumenism of historians.” An approach to the history of science. Munich 2008, pp. 73-89, here: pp. 79 f. ( online ).
139. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: In the shadow of the Third Reich. Medieval research in the Federal Republic of Germany 1945–1970. Göttingen 2005, p. 156.
140. ↑ Reto Heinzel: From folk studies to the Constance working group. Theodor Mayer and the interdisciplinary German community research. In: Stefan Albrecht, Jiří Malíř, Ralph Melville (eds.): The "Sudeten German Historiography" 1918–1960. On the prehistory and establishment of the Historical Commission of the Sudetenland. Munich 2008, pp. 43–59, here: p. 44 ( online ); Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 255.
141. ^ Anne Christine Nagel: "Summit of Medievalists". The Constance Working Group for Medieval History. In: Ulrich Pfeil (Hrsg.): The return of German history to the “ecumenism of historians.” An approach to the history of science. Munich 2008, pp. 73–89, here: p. 78 ( online ); Hans-Werner Goetz: Modern Medieval Studies. Status and perspectives of medieval research. Darmstadt 1999, p. 82.
142. ↑ Helmut Maurer: Theodor Mayer (1883–1972). His work mainly during the time of National Socialism. In: Karel Hruza (Ed.): Austrian Historians 1900–1945. CVs and careers in Austria, Germany and Czechoslovakia in portraits of the history of science. Vienna et al. 2008, pp. 493-530, here: p. 517.
143. ↑ Traute Endemann: History of the Constance Working Group. Development and structures 1951–2001. Stuttgart 2001, p. 15 ( full text online ).
144. ^ Frank-Rutger Hausmann: "German Spiritual Science" in the Second World War. The "Ritterbusch Action" (1940–1945). 3rd, expanded edition. Heidelberg 2007, p. 196.
145. ^ Theodor Mayer: Two Passau toll books from the years 1400/01 and 1401/02. In: Negotiations of the Historisches Verein für Niederbayern 44 (1908), pp. 1–258.
146. ^ Theodor Mayer: On the question of the Vienna stacking right. In: Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte 10 (1912), pp. 299–382.
147. ↑ See the review by Marc Bloch in Revue Historique 164 (1930), p. 134 f.
148. ^ Pavel Kolář: History in Central Europe. The universities of Prague, Vienna and Berlin around 1900. Half-vol. 1. Leipzig 2008, p. 215.
149. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 56.
150. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 59.
151. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 67.
152. ^ Theodor Mayer: On the history of national conditions in Prague. In: From social and economic history. Commemorative writing for Georg von Below. Stuttgart 1928, pp. 254-278.
153. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, pp. 69–74.
154. ^ Theodor Mayer: Tasks of the settlement history in the Sudetenland. In: Deutsche Hefte für Volks- und Kulturbodenforschung 1 (1930/31), pp. 129–151, here: p. 145; Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 72.
155. ^ Theodor Mayer: Tasks of the settlement history in the Sudetenland. In: Deutsche Hefte für Volks- und Kulturbodenforschung 1 (1930/31), pp. 129–151, here: pp. 145 f. Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 72.
156. ^ Theodor Mayer: Tasks of the settlement history in the Sudetenland. In: Deutsche Hefte für Volks- und Kulturbodenforschung 1 (1930/31), pp. 129–151, here: p. 150; Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 73.
157. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 116.
158. ^ Theodor Mayer: Upper Rhine literature. In: Deutsches Archiv für Landes- und Volksforschung 1 (1937), pp. 205-215, here: p. 206. Quotations from Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 117.
159. ↑ Classical contributions collected in Hellmut Kämpf: Rule and State in the Middle Ages. Darmstadt 1956. Overviews of this paradigm shift by Michael Borgolte : Social history of the Middle Ages. A research balance sheet after German unification. Munich 1996, pp. 37-48; Hans-Werner Goetz : Modern Medieval Studies. Status and perspectives of medieval research. Darmstadt 1999, p. 174 f .; Werner Hechberger : Nobility in the Frankish-German Middle Ages. On the anatomy of a research problem. Ostfildern 2005, pp. 34-69 ( online ); Steffen Patzold : The king as sole ruler? An experiment on the possibility of monarchy in the early Middle Ages. In: Stefan Rebenich with the collaboration of Johannes Wienand (Ed.): Monarchical rule in antiquity. Berlin / Boston 2016, pp. 605–633.
160. ↑ See also the similar development in the constitutional history of modern times: Ewald Grothe : Between history and law. German constitutional historiography 1900–1970 , R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2005.
161. ↑ A collection of his essays, some of which were considerably revised to the versions before 1945, appeared in 1959. Theodor Mayer: Mittelalterliche Studien. Collected Essays. Lindau and Konstanz 1959.
162. ^ Theodor Mayer: Historical foundations of the German constitution. Gießen 1933, again in: Theodor Mayer: Medieval Studies. Collected Essays. Lindau 1959, pp. 77-97.
163. ^ Walter Pohl: Person Association State. In: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 22, Berlin / New York 2003, pp. 614–618.
164. ^ Thomas Zotz : From Badischer Hausgeschichte to the New German Constitutional History. Approaches to Zähringer research from the 18th to the 20th century. In: Jürgen Dendorfer, Heinz Krieg, R. Johanna Regnath (ed.): The Zähringer. Rank and rule around 1200. Ostfildern 2018, pp. 53–66, here: p. 64.
165. ↑ Quoted from Thomas Zotz: From Badischer Hausgeschichte to the New German Constitutional History. Approaches to Zähringer research from the 18th to the 20th century. In: Jürgen Dendorfer, Heinz Krieg, R. Johanna Regnath (ed.): The Zähringer. Rank and rule around 1200. Ostfildern 2018, pp. 53–66, here: p. 63.
166. ↑ See Wolfgang J. Mommsen : "Falling Monuments"? The "cases" of Aubin, Conze, Erdmann and Schieder. In: Jürgen Elvert, Susanne Krauss (ed.): Historical debates and controversies in the 19th and 20th centuries. Stuttgart 2003, pp. 96-109, here: p. 98.
167. ↑ Theodor Mayer: The state of the dukes of Zähringen. Freiburg im Breisgau, p. 31.
168. ↑ Theodor Mayer: The state of the dukes of Zähringen. Freiburg im Breisgau, p. 35.
169. ↑ Theodor Mayer: The state of the dukes of Zähringen. Freiburg im Breisgau, p. 5.
170. ^ Jürgen Dendorfer: Land and rule. The “New Constitutional History” and its effects on the national history in southern Germany. In: Christina Mochty-Weltin, Roman Zehetmayer (Ed.): Nobility and Constitution in the High and Late Medieval Empire. The lectures of the conference in memory of Maximilian Weltin (February 23 and 24, 2017). St. Pölten 2018, 30–55, here: p. 42.
171. ↑ Quoted from Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 114.
172. ^ Karl Weller: The free farmers in Swabia. in: Journal of the Savigny Foundation for Legal History. German Department 54 (1934), pp. 178-226; Karl Weller The free farmers of the late Middle Ages in today's Württemberg. In: Zeitschrift für Württembergische Landesgeschichte 1 (1937), pp. 47–67. See Werner Hechberger Nobility in the Frankish-German Middle Ages. On the anatomy of a research problem. Ostfildern 2005, p. 46 ( online ).
173. ↑ Theodor Mayer: Basics and basic questions. In: Basic questions of Alemannic history. Lindau 1955, pp. 7–38, here: p. 13 ( online ).
174. ↑ Michael Borgolte: Social history of the Middle Ages. A research balance sheet after German unification. Munich 1996, p. 53.
175. ↑ Theodor Mayer: The royal free and the state of the early Middle Ages. In: The problem of freedom in German and Swiss history. Lindau 1955, pp. 7-56 ( online ).
176. ^ Peter Stadler: Between class struggle, corporate state and cooperative. Political ideologies in Swiss history of the interwar period. In: Historische Zeitschrift 219 (1974), pp. 290–358, here: p. 339; Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, pp. 187–196.
177. ^ Karl Meyer: The sworn association as the basis of the Swiss Confederation. Essays and Speeches , pp. 83–93. First published in the “Anzeiger für Schweizerische Geschichte”, New Series 17 (1919), pp. 183–194. See also Peter Stadler: Between class struggle, corporate state and cooperative. Political ideologies in Swiss history of the interwar period. In: Historische Zeitschrift 219 (1974), pp. 290–358, here: p. 334.
178. ^ Karl Meyer: The origin of the Confederation. In: Zeitschrift für Schweizerische Geschichte 21 (1941), pp. 285–652.
179. ^ Theodor Mayer: The emergence of the Swiss Confederation and German history. In: German Archive for the History of the Middle Ages 6 (1943), pp. 150–187 ( online ); Theodor Mayer: The Swiss Confederation and the German Empire in the Middle Ages. In: German Archive for the History of the Middle Ages 7 (1944), pp. 239–288 ( online ).
180. ^ Theodor Mayer: The emergence of the Swiss Confederation and German history. In: German Archive for the History of the Middle Ages 6 (1943), pp. 150–187, here: p. 150 ( online ).
181. ^ Theodor Mayer: The emergence of the Swiss Confederation and German history. In: German Archive for the History of the Middle Ages 6 (1943), pp. 150–187, here: p. 155 ( online ).
182. ^ Theodor Mayer: The emergence of the Swiss Confederation and German history. In: German Archive for the History of the Middle Ages 6 (1943), pp. 150–187, here: p. 156 ( online ).
183. ^ Theodor Mayer: The emergence of the Swiss Confederation and German history. In: German Archive for the History of the Middle Ages 6 (1943), pp. 150–187, here: p. 168 ( online ).
184. ^ Peter Stadler: Between class struggle, corporate state and cooperative. Political ideologies in Swiss history of the interwar period. In: Historische Zeitschrift 219 (1974), pp. 290–358, here: p. 339.
185. ^ Karl Meyer: From the federal will for freedom. A clarification. In: Zeitschrift für Schweizerische Geschichte 23 (1943), pp. 371–429 and 481–578.
186. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, pp. 192–194.
187. ↑ Quoted from Peter Stadler: Between class struggle, corporate state and cooperative. Political ideologies in Swiss history of the interwar period. In: Historische Zeitschrift 219 (1974), pp. 290–358, here: p. 340.
188. ^ Frantisek Graus: Constitutional History of the Middle Ages. In: Historische Zeitschrift 243 (1986), pp. 529-589.
189. ^ Hans-Werner Goetz: Modern Medieval Studies. Status and perspectives of medieval research. Darmstadt 1999, p. 177.
190. ↑ Gerd Althoff: The high medieval kingship. Accents of an unfinished reassessment. In: Frühmittelalterliche Studien 45 (2011), pp. 77–98.
191. ↑ Gerd Althoff: Rules of the game of politics in the Middle Ages. Communication in peace and feud. Darmstadt 1997.
192. ↑ Gerd Althoff: Control of Power. Forms and rules of political advice in the Middle Ages. Darmstadt 2016.
193. ^ Theodor Mayer: The formation of the foundations of the modern German state in the high Middle Ages. In: Hellmut Kämpf (Ed.): Rule and State in the Middle Ages. Darmstadt 1956, pp. 284-331.
194. ↑ Gerd Althoff: The high medieval kingship. Accents of an unfinished reassessment. In: Frühmittelalterliche Studien 45 (2011), pp. 77–98, here: p. 88.
195. ↑ See Gerd Althoff: Relatives, friends and faithful. On the political significance of group ties in the early Middle Ages. Darmstadt 1990.
196. ^ Jürgen Dendorfer: Land and rule. The “New Constitutional History” and its effects on the national history in southern Germany. In: Christina Mochty-Weltin, Roman Zehetmayer (Ed.): Nobility and Constitution in the High and Late Medieval Empire. The lectures of the conference in memory of Maximilian Weltin (February 23 and 24, 2017). St. Pölten 2018, pp. 30–55, here: p. 54.
197. ^ Werner Hechberger nobility in the Frankish-German Middle Ages. On the anatomy of a research problem. Ostfildern 2005, p. 549 ( online ).
198. ↑ Andreas Rutz: The description of the room. Territorial boundaries in the Holy Roman Empire. Cologne et al. 2018, p. 458.
199. ↑ Hans Kurt Schulze: Freedom of clearing and freedom of king. On the genesis and criticism of more recent theories of constitutional history. In: Historische Zeitschrift 219 (1974), pp. 529-550, here: p. 549.
200. ↑ Hans Kurt Schulze: Freedom of clearing and freedom of king. On the genesis and criticism of more recent theories of constitutional history. In: Historische Zeitschrift 219 (1974), pp. 529-550, here: p. 545.
201. ↑ See the discussion by Wilfried Hartmann in: Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 34 (1978), pp. 297–287 ( online ).
202. ^ Thomas Zotz: From Badischer Hausgeschichte to the New German Constitutional History. Approaches to Zähringer research from the 18th to the 20th century. In: Jürgen Dendorfer, Heinz Krieg, R. Johanna Regnath (ed.): The Zähringer. Rank and rule around 1200. Ostfildern 2018, pp. 53–66, here: p. 65.
203. ^ Josef Fleckenstein: Thanks to Theodor Mayer on his 85th birthday. Attempt an appreciation. Lecture. In: Thanks to Theodor Mayer on his 85th birthday. Konstanz / Stuttgart 1968, pp. 13-29, here: p. 24 ( online ).
204. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 20.
205. ↑ Gottfried Koch: The medieval imperial politics in the mirror of the bourgeois German historiography of the 19th and 20th centuries. In: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswwissenschaft 10 (1962), Issue 8, pp. 1832–1870, here: p. 1863.
206. ^ Johannes Fried: Constance and the Constance Working Group for Medieval History (1951–1991). In the S. (Ed.): Forty Years of the Constance Working Group for Medieval History. Sigmaringen 1991, pp. 11-28 ( online ).
207. ↑ The lectures and discussion contributions of the section on historians in National Socialism in: Winfried Schulze, Otto Gerhard Oexle (Ed.): German Historians in National Socialism. Frankfurt am Main 1999.
208. ↑ Winfried Schulze, Otto Gerhard Oexle (ed.): German historians in National Socialism. Frankfurt am Main 1999.
209. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer - A science organizer with great possibilities. In: Ulrich Pfeil (Ed.): The German Historical Institute Paris and its founding fathers. Munich 2007, pp. 60-77 ( online ).
210. ^ Conference report by Simon Unger-Alvi: The Reich Institute for Older German History 1935 to 1945 - a "War Contribution of the Humanities" ?, November 28, 2019 - November 29, 2019 Rome. In: H-Soz-Kult , January 25, 2020 ( online ).
211. ^ Jürgen Klöckler : Prevented archival theft in Italy. Theodor Mayer and the “Archive Protection” department at the military administration in Verona 1943–1945. In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries 86 (2006), pp. 491–537, here: pp. 492 f. ( Online ); Jürgen Klöckler: From the Alemannic Institute to the "Upper Rhine Institute for Historical Regional Studies". Theodor Mayer as a science organizer in the “Third Reich”. In: Alemannisches Institut Freiburg im Breisgau e. V. (Ed.): The Alemannic Institute. 75 years of cross-border communication and research. (1931-2006). Freiburg (Breisgau) et al. 2007, pp. 135–142, here: p. 139 ( online ); Hans-Werner Goetz : Modern Medieval Studies. Status and perspectives of medieval research. Darmstadt 1999, p. 82; Klaus Schreiner : leadership, race, empire. Science of history after the National Socialist seizure of power. In: Peter Lundgren (Ed.): Science in the Third Reich. Frankfurt am Main 1985, pp. 163-252, here: pp. 200 f.
212. ↑ Cf. on this work the discussions of Rudolf Schieffer in: Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters 72 (2016), pp. 627–628 ( online ); Jürgen Treffeisen in: Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins 164 (2016), pp. 593–595 ( online ); Folker Reichert in: Historische Zeitschrift 305 (2017), pp. 886–888; Jean-Marie Moeglin in: Francia-Recensio 2019/1 ( online ); Simon Groth: New Research on Old Researchers. About biographical approaches to historicizing medieval studies. In: Rechtsgeschichte - Legal History 25 (2017), pp. 311–314 ( online ); Martin Munke in: Archiv für Kulturgeschichte 100 (2018), pp. 466–468; Matthias Berg in: Historians Biographies. in: H-Soz-Kult , February 11, 2020, ( online ).
213. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 20.
214. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, p. 12.
215. ^ Reto Heinzel: Theodor Mayer. A medieval historian under the spell of "Volkstum" 1920–1960. Paderborn 2016, pp. 154, 222.

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