St. Peter's Monastery in the Black Forest

The monastery church

The monastery of St. Peter in the Black Forest was a Benedictine monastery in St. Peter in the Black Forest . The monastery was dissolved in the course of secularization in 1806.

history

The monastic community in St. Peter was the home monastery and burial place of the Zähringer . The origins of the community lie in Weilheim , in an own monastery or monastery founded in 1073 or before, which after 1078 - forced by warlike events that particularly affected Swabia in the decades of the investiture controversy - to the Hirsau monastery , and in 1085 at the earliest to Duke Berthold II. Of Zähringen (1078–1111). He had a house monastery built there, but changed his plans around 1090 and had the spiritual community relocated to St. Peter in the Black Forest by 1093. Berthold's wife Agnes von Rheinfelden was the founder of the foundations of St. Peter in the form of her inherited Burgundian possessions from Buchsee .

In St. Peter, a Benedictine reform monastery developed in a short time - similar to the St. Georgen monks' community . B. with the privilege of Pope Urban II (1088-1099) of March 10, 1095 of the Roman Church. The outcome of the increasing prosperity of the monastic community, which was endowed with donations from the Zähringer dukes and their ministerials , was the Rotulus Sanpetrinus , a parchment scroll, etc. a. with traditional notes that give a good insight into the developing monastic manorial system. The monastery was guarded by the Zähringer dukes , whereby the legal act of December 27, 1111, in which the Zähringian waiver of inheritance claims to monastery and monastery property was regulated, also helped found the ducal bailiwick over St. Peter. Until 1218 the Zähringian monastery and donor bailiwick remained undisputed, the disputes after the death of the sonless Duke Berthold V (1186–1218) ended with the takeover of the bailiwick by Berthold's nephew, Count Egino the Younger of Urach (Freiburg; 1221/26) who now became advocatus ac defensor of the monastic community. The bailiwick remained with the Freiburg counts , who sometimes had monastic goods and rights at their own discretion (1284, 1314). The oppression by the bailiffs became so great that the monastery turned to Emperor Charles IV (1347–1378) and - perhaps in recourse to any existing relationships with Emperor Friedrich II (1212 / 15–1250) - the umbrella of the Empire (1361). The privilege was confirmed in 1443, in 1498 the Roman-German king and later Emperor Maximilian I (1493–1519) spoke of the monastery belonging to the empire. In the meantime, the bailiwick had finally reached Margrave Wilhelm von Hachberg-Sausenberg (1428–1441) (1441) on the way of pledging (from 1371 ). In 1526 the Habsburgs took over the monastery bailiwick.

In the 11th and 12th centuries, the community of monks in St. Peter - not least thanks to donations from the founding family - acquired important properties in the vicinity, in the Breisgau , on the Baar , near Weilheim, in central Switzerland . The monastery and monastery location were on the Seelgut ( Salland ) in the immediate immunity area of ​​the monastery, while a compact monastery area was formed in the surrounding valleys. Im Breisgau there was Villikationen , fronhofmäßig organized owned, in the Black Forest existed on clearing land farming hereditary fief (feoda), and by dividing and selling a pronounced land fragmentation occurred (13-14. Century). As a result of the population loss in the 14th century, there was desertification and a decline in manorial income. The Dingrodel from 1416 and 1456 name the resulting difficulties between the monastery and the Vogt. They also show the type of goods: dinghouses and Meierhöfe, self-managed goods of the Seelgut, rural fiefs.

In 1238 and 1437 the St. Peter monastery fell victim to fire disasters, in 1436 the abbot Johannes Tüffer (1427–1439) was awarded the pontificals . The monastery lost its importance in the late Middle Ages , the monastery reforms of the 15th century were not implemented, but the property was largely preserved, even in the age of the Reformation . Abbot Peter Gremmelsbach (1496–1512) renewed the Zähringer tradition and donor memorial, the monastery buildings were rebuilt in baroque style in the 17th and 18th centuries. In addition, in 1507, when he bought a house, he laid the foundation stone for the Peterhof , which later became the Freiburg branch of the Abbots of St. Peter.

At the time of Abbot Gremmelsbach, the later Anabaptist martyr Michael Sattler was appointed prior of the St. Peter monastery. In this role he led negotiations with the rebellious peasants . In 1523 he left the monastery, married the beguin Margaretha and in the spring of 1525 turned to the Anabaptist movement. Sattler became known as the initiator and author of the Schleitheim article , an early Anabaptist creed. On May 21, 1527 he was executed at the stake in Rottenburg am Neckar because of his convictions.

From 1842 to 2006 the former monastery housed the pastoral seminary of the seminary for the newly created Archdiocese of Freiburg . In 2006 it was merged with the Konvikt in Freiburg, which is now called the Archbishop's Seminary Collegium Borromaeum as a full seminar . Since November 19, 2006 the monastery has been used as a "spiritual center".

church

Monastery church, outside

Monastery church, inside

The Baroque monastery church , which is preserved today, with a facade made of red sandstone and flanked by two onion domes , was built in the 1720s under the building of Abbot Ulrich Bürgi . The architect was Peter Thumb , the rich baroque furnishings come from, among others, Franz Joseph Spiegler (55 frescos from 1727) and Joseph Anton Feuchtmayer (sculptures).

Today the former monastery church is the parish church of the Catholic parish of St. Peter in the Upper Black Forest.

High altar

A special feature of the baroque church is the high altar from 1727, the main picture of which is laid out above the altar table as a changing picture. There are eight different images that are changed in the course of the year to match the individual sections of the church year . In the past, this was done by hand, but today the pictures are on rollers in a sliding device. The matching picture is pushed into the golden baroque version of the altar from behind and locked in place. The eight motifs of the pictures are:

• "Maria Coronation by the Holy Trinity", Johann Christoph Storer , 1661
• "Annunciation", Hans Michael Saur , 1727
• "Christmas picture", Franz Joseph Spiegler , 1727
• "Last Supper", Hans Michael Saur, 1727
• "Crucifixion of Christ", Hans Michael Saur, 1727
• “Resurrection of Christ”, Hans Michael Saur, 1727
• "Ascension of Christ", Hans Michael Saur, 1727
• “Pentecost”, Hans Michael Saur, 1727

Organs

There are two organs in the church. The main organ is located on the gallery above the entrance area in the rear part of the church. The choir organ is on the south side of the choir. Both organs can be used individually or together from the two gaming tables on the gallery and in the choir room.

Main organ

Monastery church, main organ

The main organ on the gallery above the entrance area was built in 1966/67 as Opus 1349 by the organ building company Klais from Bonn as a replacement for a Walcker organ from 1880 in the existing baroque organ front, probably still created by Johann Georg Fischer . It has three manuals and a pedal unit with a total of 46 stops . The organ was renovated in 2014. She has the following disposition :

Rückpositiv C – g 3 Wooden dacked 8th' Distant flute (from f 0 ) 8th' Praestant 4 ′ Wooden truss 4 ′ Principal 2 ′ Capstan flute 2 ′ Larigot 1 1 ⁄ 3  ′ Scharff III 1' Cromorne 8th' Tremulant

II Hauptwerk C – g 3 Pommer 16 ′ Principal 8th' Hollow pipe 8th' Gamba (from Fis) 8th' Octav 4 ′ Reed flute 4 ′ Salicional 4 ′ Quint 2 2 ⁄ 3  ′ Super octave 2 ′ Cornett V 8th' Mixture IV 1 1 ⁄ 3  ′ Cymbel III 1 ⁄ 2 ′ Trumpet 8th' shelf 8th' Tremulant

III Kronwerk C – g 3 Reed flute 8th' Quintad 8th' Principal 4 ′ recorder 4 ′ Nasard 2 2 ⁄ 3  ′ Octav 2 ′ third 1 3 ⁄ 5  ′ Super octave 1' Acuta IV-V 1' Dulcian 16 ′ oboe 8th' Clairon 4 ′ Tremulant

Pedal C– Principal 16 ′ Sub bass 16 ′ Octav 8th' Pipe pommer 8th' Super octave 4 ′ Coupling flute 4 ′ recorder 2 ′ Rauschpfeife V 2 2 ⁄ 3  ′ trombone 16 ′ zinc 8th' Clairon 4 ′

• Coupling : I / II, III / I, III / II, I / P, II / P, III / P
• Remarks:

1. ↑ ^{a b} in the prospectus.
2. ↑ ^{a b} ab c ¹ conical.
3. ↑ covered.
4. ↑ slightly conical.
5. ↑ eng.
6. ↑ Gabler.

Choir organ

The choir organ on the south side of the choir was built in 2015 by the Vorarlberg organ building company Rieger . It replaces a choir organ, which was built in 1964 by the Freiburg organ building company Späth in place of the former organ by Blasius Bernauer . The choir organ from 1964 stood on the north side of the choir and had 19 stops on two manuals and a pedal.

Due to technical defects, a 2013 report recommended that the organs be renovated. In the course of this, it was decided to rebuild the choir organ, as the organ was so badly damaged, among other things by the appearance of mold, that renovation would have been disproportionately expensive. The instrument was placed on the south side of the choir in order to get better climatic conditions for the instrument and to avoid mold damage. It has 20 stops on two manual works (including a swell ) and a pedal. On the north side one makes mock of symmetry . On July 26th, 2015 the choir organ was consecrated and put into operation with a concert. The disposition is:

I chorale work C – g 3 Principal 8th' Viola di gamba 8th' Bourdon 8th' Octav 4 ′ Flûte d'amour 4 ′ Quint 2 2 ⁄ 3  ′ Octav 2 ′ Mixture III 2 ′

II Swell Cg 3 Salicet 16 ′ Violin principal 8th' Salicional 8th' Beat 8th' Covered 8th' Transverse flute 4 ′ Fugara 4 ′ Trumpet 8th' oboe 8th' Tremulant

Pedal Cf 1 Sub bass 16 ′ Violon 8th' trombone 16 ′

• Coupling: II / I (also as sub-octave coupling), I / P, II / P

Library

The library room of the monastery was also built by Peter Thumb. The library building was built up to the vaults under Abbot Ulrich Bürgi. Its construction stalled after his death under the successor Abbot Benedikt II. Wülberz for eleven years, because the French army occupied the Breisgau with 70,000 men on April 28 and 29, 1744 and besieged the city of Freiburg . There were also - admittedly only a few - farmers who strictly refused to do the necessary labor to continue building. But since they owed it legally, an amicable settlement was ultimately reached. After the war, Abbot Philipp Jakob Steyrer immediately started the expansion as it is today. The monastery had to make contributions of 14,000 guilders to the enemy in this war and to feed the poor and students. Every day during these years up to 600 people came to the monastery gate. The subjects (farmers) donated 6,000 guilders.

The artists involved in furnishing the library were the plasterer Johann Georg Gigl , the painters Benedikt Gambs and Franz Ludwig Herrmann as well as Johann Christian Wentzinger and the sculptor Matthias Faller . The collection catalog from 1774 lists around 13,000 titles in around 14,000 volumes. By the time of secularization, the collection had grown to around 20,000 books. Most of the books went to the Badische Hofbibliothek , some of them to the University Library of Freiburg , some remained on site for use by the St. Peter seminary, founded in 1842.

Up until 2008, it was assumed that the old leather-bound books that still adorned the library were merely "antiquarian yard goods" that served as a backdrop when, when moving out of the seminary, it was noticed that there were still 1000 books out on the shelves the original holdings , including a copy of the German Koberger Bible from 1483 and a Basel first edition of Thomas More's “ Utopia ” . The incunabula from the 15th century comprised 120 volumes. There were also a number of manuscripts, the best known of which is probably the Markusblatt, which is related to the Egbert Codex, from the end of the 10th century. These books are now kept in the monastery treasury.

Science and Research

Before secularization, St. Peter blossomed once again as a spiritual center under the Abbot Ignatius Speckle , who was in close contact with scholars of his time, including the Abbot of St. Blasien Martin Gerbert ; here the Benedictines worked as teachers at the University of Freiburg. Became known Thaddeus Rinderle with his inventions, less known were others, such as St. Basil Meggle .

When the monastery was dissolved in 1806, around 20,000 volumes from the library went to the Grand Duchy of Baden . In addition to a small collection that remained in St. Peter, these came to new owners, such as the Karlsruhe Court Library, the Freiburg University Library and various private individuals or were lost. Since 2009, the Freiburg University Library, the Badische Landesbibliothek and the Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg together with the General State Archive Karlsruhe have been trying to unite the holdings again. After the holdings have been reconstructed, digitized and integrated into a library database, parts of them can be viewed online in the St. Peter's Virtual Library .

Abbots of the monastery

1093-1100 Adalbero 1100–1108 Hugo I. 1108-1132 Eppo venerabilis 1132-1137 Gerward 1137-1154 Gozmann 1154-1183 Markward 1183–1191 Rudolf von Reutenhalden 1191-1220 Berthold I. 1220–1255 Heinrich I. 1255-1275 Arnold 1275–1291 Walther I. 1291-1295 Eberhard 1295–1322 Gottfried von Lötschibach 1322–1349 Berthold II. 1350–1353 Walther II. 1353-1357 John I of Immendingen 1357-1366 Peter I of Thannheim 1367–1380 Jakob I. Stähelin 1380–1382 Hugo II. 1382–1390 Heinrich II. Von Stein 1390–1392 Heinrich III. Salati 1392 John II of Stein 1392-1401 Erhard 1401–1402 Benedict I of Thannheim 1402-1404 John III. 1404–1409 John IV Chancellor 1409–1414 Heinrich IV of Oettlingen 1414–1427 Heinrich V von Hornberg

1427–1439 Johannes V. Tüffer 1439–1443 Jakob II. Vogt 1443–1449 Konrad von Hofen 1449–1453 Burkhard von Mansberg 1453–1469 John VI. from Küssenberg 1469–1492 Peter II. Emhardt 1492-1496 Simon Budner 1496-1512 Peter III. Gremmelsbach 1512–1531 Jodocus Kaiser 1531–1544 Adam Guldin 1544–1553 Magnus Thuringian 1553–1566 John VII. Heir 1566–1580 Daniel Wehinger 1580–1585 Johannes Joachim Mynsinger von Frundeck 1585–1597 Gallus Vogelin 1597–1601 Michael Stöcklin Abbot Ignaz Speckle 1601–1609 Johann Jakob Pfeiffer 1609–1612 John VIII. Schwab 1612-1614 John IX. hero 1614–1637 Peter IV. Münzer 1637–1659 Matthäus Welzenmüller 1659–1670 Placidus Rösch 1670–1699 Paulus pastor 1699–1719 Maurus Hoess 1719–1739 Ulrich Bürgi 1739–1749 Benedict II. Wülberz 1749–1795 Philipp Jakob Steyrer 1795-1806 Ignaz Speckle

literature

• Michael Buhlmann: Benedictine monasticism in the medieval Black Forest. A lexicon. Lecture at the Schwarzwaldverein St. Georgen eV, St. Georgen im Schwarzwald, November 10, 2004, Part 2: NZ (= Vertex Alemanniae , Issue 10/2). Association for local history, St. Georgen 2004, p. 82 ff.
• Franz Xaver Kraus : The art monuments of the Grand Duchy of Baden , Volume 6: Freiburg district . Mohr (Paul Siebeck), Tübingen and Leipzig 1904, p. 327 ff. ( Digitized version )
• Jutta Krimm-Beumann (arr.): The oldest goods registers of the St. Peter monastery in the Black Forest. The Rotulus Sanpetrinus and fragments of a Liber monasterii sancti Petri. Edition, translation, illustration . (= Publications of the Commission for Historical Regional Studies in Baden-Württemberg Series A: Sources Vol. 54). Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-17-021794-2 .
• Jutta Krimm-Beumann: The Benedictine Abbey of St. Peter in the Black Forest . (= Germania Sacra Third Part 17 = The dioceses of the ecclesiastical province of Mainz. The diocese of Constance 7). Berlin / Boston 2018, ISBN 978-3-11-063474-7 (accessed via De Gruyter Online), fundamental.
• Julius Mayer: History of the Benedictine Abbey of St. Peter in the Black Forest . Herder, Freiburg 1893 ( digitized version of the Badische Landesbibliothek )
• Hans-Otto Mühleisen : St. Peter in the Black Forest. From the history of the abbey . Kunstverlag Fink, Lindenberg / Beuroner Kunstverlag, Beuron 2003, ISBN 3-89870-108-5 or ISBN 3-87071-103-5
• Hans-Otto Mühleisen: St. Peter in the Black Forest. Monastery, church, chapels . Kunstverlag Fink, Lindenberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-89870-790-9 (art guide, 56 pages)
• Hans-Otto Mühleisen (ed.): The legacy of the abbey. 900 years of St. Peter in the Black Forest . Karlsruhe 1993. ISBN 3-7617-0303-1
• Hans-Otto Mühleisen (Hrsg.): The monastery of St. Peter in the Black Forest. Studies of its history from its founding in the 11th century to the early modern period (= publication of the Alemannic Institute Freiburg No. 68). Waldkircher Verlags-Gesellschaft, Waldkirch 2001, ISBN 3-87885-340-8

Library literature

• Klaus Niebler: The manuscripts of the Badische Landesbibliothek in Karlsruhe Vol. 10, 1: The manuscripts of St. Peter in the Black Forest - The paper manuscripts . Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1969 ( digitized version of the Badische Landesbibliothek )
• Felix Heinzer , Gerhard Stamm: The manuscripts of the Badische Landesbibliothek in Karlsruhe Vol. 10, 2: The manuscripts of St. Peter in the Black Forest - The parchment manuscripts . Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1984 ( digitized version of the Badische Landesbibliothek )
• Elmar Mittler , Wolfgang Müller (ed.): The library of the St. Peter monastery. Contributions to their history and their holdings (= publications of the Alemannic Institute. No. 33). Konkordia AG publishing house, Bühl / Baden 1972.

Web links

Commons : St. Peter Monastery in the Black Forest  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Wikisource: St. Peter (Hochschwarzwald)  - Sources and full texts

• Benedictine Abbey of St. Peter in the Black Forest in the database of monasteries in Baden-Württemberg of the Baden-Württemberg State Archives
• Virtual library St. Peter in the Black Forest of the University Library Freiburg
• Spiritual center in the former monastery of St. Peter
• Press overview on St. Peter
• Pastoral care unit St. Märgen – St. Peter
• St. Peter's Monastery on badischewanderungen.de.tl with numerous pictures
• Presentation of the University of Freiburg on the ceiling frescoes (1981; PDF; 2.2 MB)
• The manuscripts of the St. Peter monastery in the Black Forest on the website of the Badische Landesbibliothek

Individual evidence

1. ^ Friedrich Kempf: The chapel of the Peterhof . In: Freiburg im Breisgau. The city and its buildings , HM Poppen & Sohn, Freiburg im Breisgau 1898, p. 364 ff.
2. ↑ Lebenshaus / Wolfgang Krauß : Michael Sattler - Benedictine monk, radical reformer, public enemy and arch heretic , June 8, 2003, accessed on October 19, 2013.
3. ↑ The name of his wife can be found in G. Arnold Snyder: The Life and Thought of Michael Sattler , 1984, p. 29ff (chapter Margaretha Sattler )
4. ↑ Monika Rombach: Baroque Church of St. Peter: interplay at the high altar ( memento from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), Badische Zeitung , June 2, 2012, accessed on June 2, 2012.
5. ↑ ^{a b} Johannes Adam: Baroque church in St. Peter gets new choir organ ( Memento from August 17, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), Badische Zeitung, July 24, 2015, accessed on July 26, 2015.
6. ↑ To the disposition
7. ↑ Disposition Choir Organ St. Peter (PDF)
8. ↑ The diary of Ignaz Speckle, Abbot of St. Peter in the Black Forest . Edited by Ursmar Engelmann . (= Publications of the Commission for Historical Regional Studies in Baden-Württemberg , Series A, Volumes 12-14). Stuttgart 1965-1968.
9. ↑ Christian John: St. Peter: By clicking the mouse in the virtual library ( memento from March 14, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), Badische Zeitung, May 26, 2012, accessed on July 27, 2012.

Coordinates: 48 ° 0 '59.8 "  N , 8 ° 1' 57"  E